W4188: Soil, Water, and Environmental Physics to Sustain Agriculture and Natural Resources

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Active

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Date of Annual Report: 01/01/1970

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/02/2020 - 01/03/2020
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2018 - 09/30/2019

Participants

Majdi Abou Najm, UC Davis; Hoori Ajami, UC Riverside; Markus Tuller, University of Arizona; Brian Hill, Oregon State University; Joan Wu, Washington State University; Thomas Harter, UC Davis; Robert Heinse, University of Idaho; Jingyi Huang, University of Wisconsin Madison; Scott Jones, Utah State University; Thijs Kelleners, University of Wyoming; John Nieber, University of Minnesota; Hanna Ouaknin, UC Davis; Elia Scudiero, UC Riverside; Manoj Shukla, New Mexico State University; Jiri Simunek, UC Riverside; Ryan Stewart, Virginia Tech; Markus Tuller, University of Arizona; Ole Wendroth, University of Kentucky; Michael Young, University of Texas at Austin; Wei Zhang, Michigan State University

Participants Attachment:

W3188 Annual Report 2019.docx

Brief Summary of Minutes

Wei Zhang (Chair) and Ryan Stewart (Secretary)

January 02, 2020. Chair brought the house to order at 8:30 AM.

Ole Wendroth (University of Kentucky) discussed spatial variability of soil properties, including zone delineation mapping using soil sampling versus Veris electrical conductivity mapping. He performed a clustering analysis using clay + normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) + topography. Future work will add variable rate irrigation to a center pivot. He also discussed testing the RZWQM2 model with measured versus generated parameters and developing pedotransfer functions (PTFs) that include spatial correlations.

Michael Young (University of Texas at Austin) discussed a study to characterize desert tortoise habitats. He is using remote sensing and other data products to examine uncharacterized basins and determine abiotic factors controlling shrub canopy characteristics. He found that aspect was more important than slope and shrub volume and spacing decreased as soils aged and pavements formed. Michael also talked about a new project looking at multi-sector modeling of natural/human interactions related to water, energy, ecosystems services, and urbanization in Texas. The project partially arose from considering Hurricane Harvey’s impacts on the state.

Joan Wu (Washington State University) discussed three ongoing projects: urban stormwater management, measuring river sediment from Landsat, and studying water erosion for inland areas of the Pacific Northwest. The latter used the WEPP model to examine water erosion processes, examining environmental factors such as climate, soil type, and slope, along with different tillage practices (intense, reduced, and no-till). The results showed that reduced tillage can produce more surface runoff than intense tillage, while no-till always had the least surface runoff. Shallow soils had less surface runoff but more erosion than deeper soils.

Jirka Simunek (UC Riverside) updated the group on activities related to training and usage of HYDRUS, including four short-courses taught in locations around the world. Research included hydrological applications (e.g., dry well simulations, neutron flux measurements of soil moisture, coupled water and solute transport in HYDRUS plus Modflow), fate and transport modeling (e.g., virus transport), and agricultural applications (e.g., ring-shaped irrigation emitters, salinization in olives, dynamic plant water uptake modeling). He is also serving as Editor-in-Chief for Journal of Hydrology.

The business meeting was called to order at 10:30 AM. Steve Loring (Administrative Advisor, New Mexico State University) joined the meeting through video conferencing.

The meeting started with introductions.

Steve provided a USDA NIFA update.

Group members were reminded to submit their REEport materials and materials for the annual report due to NIMSS (60 days after meeting). Members were encouraged to include strong impact statements that detail the differences that were or will be made by the project.

Steve recommended that W3188 be nominated for the excellence in research award, with a deadline of February 15^th. A committee was formed to prepare the nomination materials, with committee members including Manoj Shukla, Michael Young, Majdi Abou Najm, Robert Heinse, and Ryan Stewart.

The group discussed the project fund and treasurer. Currently, Robert Heinse manages the funds for the annual meeting. After some talk about previous history of the fund management, Michael Young motioned for Robert to continue to serve as treasurer, which was seconded by Majdi Abou Najm. The motion carried with unanimous approval.

The group next discussed the need to acknowledge NIFA support in publications, including referencing collaborations made possible through W3188/W4188.

Nominations were solicited for the 2020 group secretary. Fred Zhang was nominated by Wei Zhang, and seconded by Ryan Stewart. Fred was elected with a unanimous vote.

The 2021 meeting will be held from January 3^rd (noon start) until January 5^th (noon end), 2021. The Desert Research Institute will again host the meeting.

A discussion ensued about possible corporate sponsorship for a social during the 2021 meeting. Pros, cons and expectations were mentioned. The conversation then shifted towards the possibility of bringing in an external speaker to help the group think about other challenges that may be addressed by soil physics. The group had support for that idea, and a subsequent session had people provide ideas for potential topics.

Sean Schaeffer (University of Tennessee) discussed microbial carbon utilization and aggregate stability response to precipitation and drought. The project goals were to analyze microbial resistance and resilience to perturbation, analyze long-term shifts in carbon utilization due to cyclical wetting and drying cycles, and evaluate effects of chronic versus acute stress. The results showed that wetting alters microbial enzymatic ratios of C:N, C:P, and N:P, and soil organic matter can be destabilized with more frequent wetting.

Ray Anderson (USDA ARS) discussed persistent effects of brackish groundwater use on almonds. He and collaborators used eddy covariance methods to partition evaporation, transpiration, and gross primary production, and found that high salinity resulted in higher mortality and lower gross primary production. Under low salinity conditions evaporation was constant from 15 to 30 degrees C, then all treatments have less evaporation when air temperatures exceed 30 degrees C.

Toby Ewing (Climate Corp) discussed the possibilities and potential pitfalls of digital agriculture, placing different technologies on the “innovation hype curve”. Soil physics has a role to play as agriculture becomes increasingly data-driven.

Gabrielle Boisrane, Yuan Luo, and Rose Shillito presented updates from the Desert Research Institute. Gabrielle showed results comparing soil moisture measurements in different lysimeters; Yuan talked about moisture dynamics of near-surface desert soil; and Rose presented her measurements and models regarding infiltration dynamics into water repellent soils.

John Nieber (University of Minnesota) discussed several ongoing projects, including stormwater management in highway swales, characterization of moisture retention and hydraulic properties for oil-contaminated soils, mapping water content storage in Minnesota, evaluating nitrogen reducing BMPs, modeling soil piping processes, and using machine learning to model hydrological processes.

Markus Tuller (University of Arizona) presented results from the TERRA-REF project, which included physicochemical characterization of soil properties. He presented data from a beta-test of the Campbell Scientific SoilVUE sensor, and showed issues with compaction around the installation borehole when installed under saturated conditions versus preferential flow along the instrument in other situations.

Fred Zhang (PNNL) discussed modeling approaches to characterize performance of surface barriers to prevent migration of radioactive materials in subsurface storage units. He considered pore-size specific flows, and showed that drainage and solute transport velocities differed.

Thijs Kelleners (University of Wyoming) presented results from a student on subsurface structure and flow regime for Rocky Mountain hillslopes with different geologies. He used time-lapse ERT, seismic refraction, and hydrological monitoring and modeling. His techniques could identify water- versus air-filled soil and water- versus air-filled rock, and he then discussed some efforts to inverse solve for porosity profiles.

Meeting closed for the day at 5:30 PM.

January 3, 2020. Chair brought the house to order at 8:30 AM.

Ryan Stewart (Virginia Tech) described projects to better quantify soil health, measure aggregate stability, soil respiration and soil organic carbon dynamics, and studies to quantify antibiotic transport and urban hydrology.

Jack Brookshire (Montana State University) discussed nutrient cycling dynamics in tropical forests and the northern Great Plains. The northern Great Plains are becoming greener, due to a 30% increase in water-use efficiency since 1970 (likely due to CO₂ ferilization). Nitrogen availability is decreasing, meaning that a bottleneck will likely form. The tropics are likely to be nitrogen saturated, which may explain why they export 10x as much DIN as temperate forests.

Thomas Harter and Hanna Ouaknin (UC Davis) discussed basin-scale groundwater sustainability and non-point pollution in irrigated agriculture, focusing on nitrate transport. The groundwater modeling was compiled into a decision-making tool that can help growers in their practices.

Elia Scudiero (USDA ARS and UC Riverside) discussed efforts to use digital agronomy to map and monitor turfgrass cooling effects, forecast orchard yields, and manage irrigation and field salinity. One result presented showed an inverse relationship between distance from irrigation drip source and electrical conductivity (ECe).

Salini Sasidharah (UC Riverside) presented water recharge management strategies, focusing on drywells. She used HYDRUS-2D with various modifications to examine recharge, effect of soil heterogeneity, and pore-scale virus removal in the vadose zone.

Hoori Ajami (UC Riverside) examined global groundwater recharge, then focused on mountain recharge systems and water partitioning. Using Parflow CLM, she found that potential recharge varied by elevation and that 85% of groundwater recovers within 10 years following drought, but recovery time increases with drought severity. Topography was important for lag times in shallow groundwater systems while precipitation was more important in deeper systems.

Robert Heinse (University of Idaho) studied hydraulic properties and spacing/orientation of terrasettes, which are natural soil terraces that likely form from ungulate traffic and freeze thaw. He also discussed work on a farm-to-table collaboration and studying freshwater dynamics in low-lying islands that are experiencing vegetation changes.

Scott Jones (Utah State University) discussed work on an SBIR project to commercialize a thermoTDR sensor. So far, the team has put all circuitry onto a single PCB and is now trying to thermally isolate the rods to improve performance.

Manoj Shukla (New Mexico State University) discussed efforts in teaching soil physics, using machine learning to understand water content dynamics, studying salt stress in tomatoes, and sustainable usage of brackish groundwater and RO concentrate.

Majdi Abou Najm (UC Davis) described efforts to lead a recent special issue in Vadose Zone Journal, and then presented research on studying pore structure using innovative methods such as liquid latex and non-Newtonian fluids. He concluded by discussing challenges and successes in teaching undergraduate soil physics.

Jingyi Huang (University of Wisconsin) discussed applications of proximal and remote sensing in soil management, including soil water mapping, identifying variations in texture and yield, and a case study to compare profile moisture sensors versus other types.

Brian Hill (Oregon State University) presented results from his M.S. project to evaluate and model the effects of solarization on weed suppression. He found that if the peak temperature was less than 48 degrees C there was little mortality and if temperature exceeded 53 deg C there would be 100% seed mortality in one day.

Wei Zhang (Michigan State University) discussed antibiotic resistance in soil, plant and water systems. He found that antibiotic exposure changed antibiotic resistant genes and soil microbes, and that soil type matters more than antibiotic concentration or exposure time.

Iael Raij-Hoffman (UC Davis) presented work studying salt, leaching, and nitrogen dynamics using both SWAT and HYDRUS. She also presented field measurements from an NRCS-funded project on conservation effects on nitrogen leaching in tomatoes.

Meeting adjourned at 5:00 PM.

Accomplishments

Short-term Outcomes   University of Arizona (Markus Tuller) (1) Physically and hydrologically characterized the TERRAPHENOTYPING – REFERENCE (TERRA-REF) field site at 15-cm voxel resolution to establish a comprehensive database for the discovery and modeling of fundamental relationships between soil and plant reflectance, soil water status, and evapotranspiration. (2) Evaluated the applicability of the ecoTech Tensiomark matric potential sensor for in situ determination of the soil water characteristic (SWC). (3) Beta-tested the Campbell SoilVUE TDR soil moisture profiling probe for different soils and boundary conditions. (4) Validated our OPtical TRApezoid Model (OPTRAM) with sub-cm resolution Vis-NIR and SWIR observations obtained with the TERRA-REF platform for potential precision agriculture applications in collaboration with the University of Minnesota and Utah State University. (5) Collaborated with the University of Minnesota and Utah State University to expand our analytical model for estimation of land surface net water flux from near-surface soil moisture observations to the global scale. (6) Developed new approach to determine soil specific surface area from Vis-NIR reflectance spectra and water vapor adsorption isotherms in collaboration with Aarhus University.   University of Arizona (Karletta Chief) (1) Conducted experiments on lysimeter soil to determine water retention characteristics. (2) Through a $3M NSF NRT Grant secured in 2017, 12 Graduate Students began their research in Indigenous Food, Energy, and Water Security and Sovereignty and were trained on how to work with Indigenous Communities on FEWS research topics. Through this grant, we worked extensively with Tribal Colleges and Universities particularly Dine’ College. We built an off-grid solar powered water treatment system that Navajo communities who do not have access to electricity or clean water and are vulnerable to contaminated waters, can use this system to access drinking water. We also worked with farming communities around Dine’ College to address food sovereignty and trained key community leaders in food production. (3) Presented results of analysis of 850 environmental samples collected in Navajo Farming Communities within one year after the Gold King Mine Spill of 2015.   University of California-Riverside (Jirka Simunek) We continue to expand the capabilities of the HYDRUS modeling environment by developing specialized modules for more complex applications that cannot be solved using its standard versions.   University of California-Riverside (Laosheng Wu) (1) Developed numerical and data analysis methods for predicting gas, water and solute transport in porous media and in groundwater; (2) Evaluated management practices to maximize salinity leaching and minimize nitrate leaching in irrigated croplands.   University of California (Thomas Harter) (1) Developed improved fertigation practice in nut crops to reduce nitrate leaching. (2) Continued intensive monitoring of water and nitrogen fluxes, including groundwater recharge and nitrate leaching in a commercial-scale nut orchard. (3) Continued development of a nonpoint source groundwater nitrate effects assessment tool. (4) Worked to better understand the Role of Agricultural Managed Aquifer Recharge in Sustainable Groundwater Management. University of Delaware (Yan Jin) (1) Demonstrated that natural nanoparticles (NNP, 2.3-100 nm) and fine colloids (100-450 nm), which are conventionally considered as part of the dissolved fraction (< 450 nm), are quantitatively significant in depressional wetlands. (2) Continued progress on characterizing both organic and inorganic elements among NNP, fine colloid, and particulate fractions (450-1000 nm) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). (3) Successful progress on examining microbial and oxygen dynamics along preferential flow paths has led to further examination of microbial community structure at these locations for deeper insight into carbon dynamics. (4) Continued progress on examining the effects of rhizobacteria on soil physical and hydraulic properties using novel experimental technique and on elucidating possible mechanisms for these changes using various mutant strains. (5) Studied the role of air-water interface and contact line (in the form of micro- and nano-bubbles) in colloid detachment on rough surfaces. (6) Continued collaborations with former students/postdocs: Dengjun Wang (EPA), Chongyang Shen (China Agricultural University), and Jae-Soo Chang (Korean Maritime and Ocean University).   Iowa State University (Robert Horton) and North Carolina State University (Joshua Heitman) (1) We showed that bulk density changes following disturbance (tillage and traffic) create substantial changes in soil porosity, thermal properties and hydraulic properties. (2) We developed measurement methods using both fabricated and commercial sensors to determine in situ changes in soil density and porosity. (3) We developed and tested models that account for dynamic effects of water content, bulk density, soil hydraulic conductivity and soil thermal properties.   Oregon State University (Maria Dragila) (1) Vadose Zone Aeration: <ol> <li>Completed three manuscripts associated with vadose zone aeration</li> </ol> (2) Soil Solarization: <ol> <li>Processed data from three field seasons</li> <li>Developed model to assess solarization success during application</li> <li>Graduated one MS student</li> </ol>   Oregon State University (Carlos Ochoa) (1) Installed two additional stations to monitor soil moisture, temperature, and conductivity fluctuations in juniper woodlands of central Oregon. (2) Installed two stations to monitor soil moisture, temperature, and conductivity fluctuations in a sagesteppe rangeland location in eastern Oregon. (3) Installed six stations to monitor soil moisture, temperature, and conductivity fluctuations in a riparian area, a meadow pasture, a non-irrigated pasture, and an irrigated pasture in western, Oregon. (4) Performed data collection and analyses of soil physical properties from the three sites mentioned above.   U.S. ARS – Bushland, TX (Robert Schwartz and Steven Evett) (1) Fourth year of beta-testing of irrigation scheduling supervisory control and data acquisition system was completed in four states, with associated testing of new soil water sensors and wireless infrared thermometers. (2) New node and gateway system for SDI-12 sensor data collection and wireless transmission to field edge followed by upload over cellular telephone network to the Internet was developed by ARS partner and CRADA partner (Acclima), used in Jordan on two watersheds, sent to Uzbekistan, used at Bushland, and used by partner in four states. (3) An app for downloading node and gateway data from Hologram was developed and deployed to multiple partners. (4) The TDR-315 sensor was field tested against volumetric soil sampling in South Carolina to ascertain that inconsistencies between sensor reported water contents and supposed field capacity values was not due to sensor error but to soil water dynamics in layered soils that resulted in actual water contents consistently greater than laboratory determined field capacity values.   U.S. Salinity Lab (Todd Skaggs, Scott Bradford, Ray Anderson and Elia Scudiero) (1) Improved flux variance similarity algorithm for partitioning ET and CO2 fluxes into their constitutive components. (2) Improved methods for delineating management zones in precision ag operations. (3) Improved understanding of Managed Aquifer Recharge.   Utah State University (Scott Jones) (1) A prototype thermo-time domain reflectometry (T-TDR) sensor was developed from a USDA-SBIR grant received by Acclima Inc. and Utah State University.  (2) The Utah State-wide soil moisture mapping capability developed in 2018 is being extended in collaboration with the Utah Climate Center to provide forecasting of soil moisture and weather across the state. (3) Morteza Sadeghi (now U Minnesota) developed a net water flux algorithm to employ SMAP estimates of near-surface soil moisture coupled with GRACE satellite estimates of ground water to determine monthly estimate of net water flux in collaboration with The University of Arizona (Markus Tuller and Ebrahim Babaeian). (4) Kshitij Parajuli’s research regarding stony soil influence on hydraulic properties was extended to the Noah-MP Land Surface Model using single column simulations and compared to measured data at the Reynolds Creek Watershed.   Virginia Tech (Ryan Stewart) (1) Tested a new mesh-based datalogger system that was developed from a DOE-SBIR grant received by IWT, Inc., Virginia Tech, and Pacific Northwest National Laboratories. (2) Developed new low-cost and open-source methods using Arduino-based sensors to characterize soil microbial respiration and activity. (3) Developed an analytical model to estimate infiltration and wetting in macroporous soils. (4) Developed an analytical model that differentiates between overland flow mechanisms that is applicable to urban and reference soil profiles. (5) Produced a web-based calculator that farmers and other producers can use to estimate soil health and crop productivity benefits based on cover crop usage.   Washington State University (Markus Flury and Joan Wu) (1) We demonstrated that biodegradable mulch films macroscopically degradation in compost; however, micro- and nanoparticles, most likely carbon black, were released. (2) We showed that biodegradable plastic mulches may be a viable alternative to polyethylene. However, evaluation under long-term studies is needed to better establish their effects on soil health. (3) We assessed the colloidal stability of low and high temperature biochar colloids as a function of solution chemistry (ionic strength, humic acid concentrations). (4) We developed a new method to determine the surface hydrophobicity of clay films.   Outputs   University of Arizona (Markus Tuller) Research results were disseminated in collaboration with various involved groups through 9 peer-refereed international journal publications, 1 book chapter, and 16 conference contributions.   University of Arizona (Karletta Chief) Research results and extension programs were disseminated through 2 referred article, 6 videos, 3 interviews, 3 newsletters, 6 seminars/webinars, 6 symposia presentations, 3 invited international talks, 6 submitted conference presentations, 4 guest lectures, 17 extension presentations, 2 society presentations, 5 tribal IRB presentations, and hosted 6 training workshops.   University of California-Riverside (Amir Haghverdi) Multiple publications (in revision and published) focusing on measurement and estimation of soil hydraulic properties and field-level soil heterogeneity.   University of California-Riverside (Hoori Ajami) Published 3 journal articles related to groundwater recharge processes, quantifying uncertainty of remotely sensed leaf area index (LAI) products in ecohydrologic models, and incorporating hillslope hydrology in Earth System models. Two journal articles are currently under review and 11 conference abstracts were published in 2019 (3 invited talks); co-chaired sessions at SSSA 2019 and AGU Fall meeting 2019. Gave 2 invited public presentations as part of the Cadiz Water project and California Agriculture summit at UC Riverside. Taught 2 upper division undergraduate course regarding principles of Groundwater science (4 units), and Spatial analysis and remote sensing for environmental sciences (4 units). Served on 1 MS thesis committee and 5 PhD qualifying exams, and served as an Associate Editor of California Agriculture and Hydrological Sciences Journals.   University of California-Riverside (Jirka Simunek) Research findings were disseminated via refereed journal publications, conference proceedings, and a number of presentations at national and international meetings (see the publication section below). HYDRUS models have been updated with several new capabilities and options that have been developed for various research projects, which in turn have been published in peer-reviewed journals.   University of California-Riverside (Laosheng Wu) Research results were disseminated through peer-refereed international journal publications, outreach presentations, and classroom teaching.   University of California-Davis (Majdi Abou Najm) Research findings were disseminated via: 4 publications in peer-reviewed journals; 1 Editorial; Special Issue on nonuniform preferential flow in porous media was completed with 17 peer reviewed contributions published in Vadose Zone Journal; and 8 invited talks.   University of California-Davis (Thomas Harter) Research results were disseminated through publications, white papers, and over 90 presentations, invited lectures, workshop presentation, public outreach event presentations and discussions, short course lectures, stakeholder meetings, grower meetings.   University of Delaware (Yan Jin) Initiated collaboration with Dr. Kravchenko and publication in Vadose Zone Journal. Research results were presented at regional, national and international conference.   Iowa State University (Robert Horton) and North Carolina State University (Joshua Heitman) Research results were disseminated in collaboration with various involved groups through peer-reviewed journals and presentations at regional, national, and international conferences.   University of Kentucky (Ole Wendroth) Research results were disseminated in 8 scientific peer-reviewed journal articles (+3 accepted but not yet in press), during field days, and commodity group meetings, and to audiences at scientific meetings (Kentucky Water Resources Research Institute Meeting, Soil Science Society of America, and Tri-Society ASA-CSSA-SSSA meeting). One invited short courses on Spatial and Temporal Statistics was held at University of Lleida, Spain, 01/19/19 – 01/30/19. Three invited presentations, and nine conference presentations. Three Ph.D. dissertations (2 major advisor, 1 committee member) completed and defended; one M.S. thesis completed and defended (committee member). Handled 275 scientific manuscripts as journal chief editor (Soil & Tillage Research), and reviewed 19 manuscripts for various journals.   Michigan State University (Wei Zhang) Studied environmental processes and impacts of engineered nanoparticles and antibiotic resistance in soil, water and plant systems. Published 10 peer-reviewed journal articles and gave 15 conference presentations that were relevant to this project.   University of Minnesota (John Nieber) Research results were disseminated in three peer-reviewed journal articles, and to audiences at scientific meetings/seminars (Minnesota Water Resources Conference, American Geophysical Union, COMSOL Conference, and to the Water Resource Sciences Graduate Student seminar). Ten conference/seminar presentations. Four MSc. theses (3 major advisor, 1 committee member) completed and defended. Handled 95 scientific manuscripts as journal editor (Hydrological Processes Journal), and reviewed 20 manuscripts for various journals.   New Mexico State University (Manoj Shukla) Research findings were disseminated via refereed journal publications, conference proceedings, and a number of presentations at national and international meetings (see the publication section below). A low-cost datalogger was developed for recording soil moisture and soil temperature data, and is currently in use in the experimental farm.   Oklahoma State University (Tyson Ochsher) Published a paper describing a new approach for estimating deep drainage in Vadose Zone Journal (Zhang et al., 2019). Made available deep drainage estimates for the state of Oklahoma at <a href="http://soilmoisture.okstate.edu/html/drainage-map.html">http://soilmoisture.okstate.edu/html/drainage-map.html</a>. Published an extension fact sheet on nutrient loss and water quality, as impacted by deep drainage (Wyatt et al., 2019).   Oregon State University (Maria Dragila) Published three journal articles. Gave five conference contributions.   Oregon State University (Carlos Ochoa) Presented findings related to soil moisture differences at different depth in under-canopy and inter-canopy locations in juniper dominated landscapes at conferences. Presented soil moisture monitoring in three long-term, watershed-scale, study sites being established in western, central, and eastern OR locations.   University of Texas at Austin (Michael Young) Research was disseminated in 3 published manuscripts, 5 manuscripts submitted and in various stages of review, two lectures used for Continuing Education Credits by attendees, and through presentations made at various scholarly meetings (e.g., SSSA, GSA, AGU, etc.). Gave five invited presentations, and published invited op-ed.                                                       Texas A&M (Binayak Mohanty) Research findings were disseminated via refereed journal publications, conference proceedings, and a number of presentations at national and international meetings. Completed the development of the Texas Water Observatory on Brazos River Basin in Texas, a testbed for better understanding of coupled water, carbon, and energy cycle at different scales.   Texas Tech University (Sanjit Deb) Research findings were disseminated via refereed journal publications, conference proceedings, and a number of presentations at national and international meetings (see the “Publications” section below). Different water management practices were evaluated to improve our understanding of different soil- and crop-based properties and processes that affect soil-crop water relations, water balance, crop abiotic stresses and phenological responses, water use efficiency, and water withdrawals for irrigation in groundwater-dependent cotton production or other land uses (e.g., pastures, golf courses) in the southern High Plains.   U.S. ARS – Bushland, TX (Robert Schwartz and Steven Evett) CRADA partner Acclima introduced commercial version of ARS node and gateway system, which was deployed by ARS in five states and by ICARDA and an NGO in Jordan. The node and gateway hardware and firmware allow inexpensive, low-power (solar powered) collection of data from SDI-12 sensors (CS655, TDR-315L, TDR-310S, SapIP-IRT) and transmission from node to gateway using LoRa radio protocol across cropped fields and to the Internet via cellular telephony. CRADA partner Acclima introduced new TDR-315H and TDR-310H sensors with higher speed electronics and shorter pulse rise time. Published 9 peer reviewed journal articles in 2018 and 10 in 2019. Published 8 proceedings full papers. Made 3 invited and 5 volunteered presentations.   U.S. Salinity Lab (Todd Skaggs, Scott Bradford, Ray Anderson and Elia Scudiero) Research findings were disseminated via refereed journal publications, conference proceedings, and presentations at national and international meetings. Updated software for partitioning water and carbon fluxes measured with eddy covariance systems (<a href="https://github.com/usda-ars-ussl/fluxpart">https://github.com/usda-ars-ussl/fluxpart</a>). Improved design of drywells to enhance recharge and avoid clogging.   Utah State University (Scott Jones) Research results were disseminated in collaboration with colleagues in the US and China through 9 peer-refereed international journal publications, one professional magazine article and 12 conference oral/poster- or invited talk-contributions. practices   Virginia Tech (Ryan Stewart) Research findings were disseminated via 10 publications in peer-reviewed journals and 21 conference abstracts and presentations (2 invited).   Washington State University (Markus Flury and Joan Wu) Published research results in peer-reviewed journals and presented the research results in national and international conferences (Soil Science Society Annual Meeting; American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers; European Geoscience Union), and invited talks in China and Germany. Gave several interviews regarding the use of biodegradable plastics in agriculture to news outlets (BBC, scienceline.org). Served on an expert panel and testified before the USDA Organic National Standard Board on the use of biodegradable plastic mulch films. Published a review article on biodegradable plastic mulch films in agriculture.   University of Wisconsin Madison (Jingyi Huang) Research results were disseminated in 6 scientific peer-reviewed journal articles, during the visits with stakeholders and to audiences at Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting and Proximal Soil Sensing Workshop   University of Wyoming (Thijs Kelleners) Two journal papers on cold region hydrology were published as part of the PhD dissertation research of Andrew Fullhart. One additional paper was published on soil reclamation as part of the MS thesis research of Samantha Day.   Activities   University of Arizona (Markus Tuller) (1) Remote Sensing of Earth Surface Processes. In collaboration with the University of Minnesota and Utah State University we continued to extensively work on the development of novel measurement and remote sensing techniques for characterization of large-scale near surface processes and basic soil properties. Below are a few research highlights accomplished in 2019. (2) Hydrologic and Physical Characterization of the TERRAPHENOTYPING – REFERENCE (TERRA-REF) field site (Ebrahim Babaeian, Juan R. Gonzalez Cena, Mohammad Gohardoust, Xiaobo Hou, Scott A. White, and Markus Tuller): We physically and hydrologically characterized the root zone (0-90 cm) of the TERRA-REF field site in Maricopa, AZ at 15-cm voxel resolution. We first applied Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) sounding to strategically select sampling locations with EASP-RSSD, a response surface sampling design software package for generation of the optimal sampling locations. Once the optimal locations were determined, 90-cm long and 3.2-cm diameter core samples were immediately extracted and split into 15-cm increments. The extracted samples were analyzed for water content, bulk density, porosity, OM, pH, EC, CaCO3 content, and texture (sand, silt, clay) and ordinary kriging was applied to generate the 3-D data volumes. In addition, we extracted a number of core samples across the field to determine the soil water characteristic (SWC) and hydraulic conductivity with a HYPROP instrument (METER Group, Inc., Pullman, WA, USA). We also measured the SWC in situ at several locations, pairing Acclima True-TDR moisture sensors (Acclima, Inc., Meridian, Idaho, USA) with ecoTech Tensiomark matric potential sensors (ecoTech Umwelt-Meßsysteme, Bonn, Germany). The data will be published in Earth System Science Data (ESSD) in 2020. Together with the sub-cm resolution TERRA-REF scanner data (i.e., Vis-NIR, SWIR, thermal, laser, etc.) to be published in Nature Scientific Data in 2020, this will provide an unprecedented dataset for the discovery of fundamental relationships between soil and plant reflectance, soil water status, and plant physiological responses, and allow the development of novel physical remote sensing top-of-canopy/root-zone models linking belowground processes to evapotranspiration, biomass production, and plant health. (3) A New Optical Remote Sensing Technique for High-Resolution Mapping of Soil Moisture (Ebrahim Babaeian, Paheding Sidike, Maria Newcomb, Maitiniyazi Maimaitijiang, Scott White, Jeffrey Demieville, Richard Ward, Morteza Sadeghi, David LeBauer, Scott Jones, Vasit Sagan, and Markus Tuller): The recently developed OPtical TRapezoid Model (OPTRAM) has been successfully applied for watershed scale soil moisture (SM) estimation based on remotely sensed shortwave infrared (SWIR) transformed reflectance (TRSWIR) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). We evaluated OPTRAM for field scale precision agriculture applications using ultrahigh spatial resolution optical observations obtained with one of the world’s largest field robotic phenotyping scanners located in Maricopa, Arizona. We replaced NDVI with the soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), which has been shown to be more accurate for cropped agricultural fields that transition from bare soil to dense vegetation cover. The OPTRAM was parameterized based on the trapezoidal geometry of the pixel distribution within the TRSWIR-SAVI space, from which wet- and dry-edge parameters were determined. The accuracy of the resultant SM estimates was evaluated based on a comparison with ground reference measurements obtained with Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) sensors deployed to monitor surface, near-surface and root zone SM. The obtained results indicate an SM estimation error between 0.045 and 0.057 cm3 cm-3 for the near-surface and root zone, respectively. The high resolution SM maps clearly capture the spatial SM variability at the sensor locations. These findings and the presented framework can be applied in conjunction with Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) observations to assist with farm scale precision irrigation management to improve water use efficiency of cropping systems and conserve water in water-limited regions of the world. (4) Global Estimates of Land Surface Water Fluxes from SMOS and SMAP Satellite Soil Moisture Data (Morteza Sadeghi, Ardeshir Ebtehaj, Wade Crow, Lun Gao, Adam Purdy, Joshua Fisher, Scott Jones, Ebrahim Babaeian, and Markus Tuller): In-depth knowledge about the global patterns and dynamics of land surface net water flux (NWF) is essential for quantification of depletion and recharge of groundwater resources. Net water flux cannot be directly measured and its estimates as a residual of individual surface flux components often suffer from mass conservation errors due to accumulated systematic biases of individual fluxes. Here, for the first time, we provide direct estimates of global NWF based on near-surface satellite soil moisture retrievals from the Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellites. We apply a recently developed analytical model derived via inversion of the linearized Richards’ equation. The model is parsimonious, yet yields unbiased estimates of long-term cumulative NWF that is generally well correlated with the terrestrial water storage anomaly from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite. In addition, in conjunction with precipitation and evapotranspiration retrievals, the resultant NWF estimates provide a new means for retrieving global infiltration and runoff from satellite observations. However, the efficacy of the proposed approach over densely vegetated regions is questionable, due to the uncertainty of the satellite soil moisture retrievals and the lack of explicit parameterization of transpiration by deeply rooted plants in the proposed model. Future research is needed to advance this modeling paradigm to explicitly account for plant transpiration. (5) Combining visible near-infrared spectroscopy and water vapor sorption for soil specific surface area estimation (Maria Knadel, Lis de Jonge, Markus Tuller, Hafeez Rehman, Peter Jensen, Per Moldrup, Mogens Greve, and Emmanuel Arthur). The soil specific surface area (SSA) is a fundamental property that governs a wide range of soil processes and behaviors relevant for numerous engineering, environmental, and agricultural applications. Capitalizing on the excellent reproducibility and rapidity of spectroscopic and vapor sorption measurements, we developed a method for SSA determination based on a combination of visible near-infrared spectroscopy (vis–NIRS) and vapor sorption isotherm measurements. Two models for water vapor sorption isotherms (WSI) were used: The Tuller–Or (TO) model and the Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer (GAB) model. They were parameterized with sorption isotherm measurements and applied for SSA estimation for a wide range of soil types (N=270) from 27 countries. The generated vis–NIRS models were further compared with models where the SSA was determined with the ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME) method. Moreover, three types of regression techniques including machine-learning methods (partial least squares; PLS, support vector machines; SVM, and artificial neural networks; ANN) were tested and compared. The performance of all SSA models was mainly dependent on the range and variation in SSA values. However, an independent validation indicated very good and nearly identical estimation capabilities for SSATO, SSAGAB, and SSAEGME, with an average standardized root mean square error (SRMSE= RMSE/range) of 0.05, 0.06 and 0.05, respectively. In general, the machine-learning techniques (especially SVM) performed better than PLS regression. The results of this study indicate that the combination of vis–NIRS with the WSI as a reference technique for training vis–NIRS models can provide SSA estimations akin to the EGME method.   University of Arizona (Karletta Chief) (1) Under the Superfund Research Program, I am working with tribal communities impacted by mining activities. The largest project is the Gold King Mine Dine’ Exposure Project where we have focused on disseminating results, gaining approval from the Navajo Nation to disseminate results, and writing up the results. Also, I have hosted 6 training workshops (listed below) and involve outreach and training in tribal communities as well as training on-campus scientists about environmental challenges facing Indigenous communities, learning about Indigenous Knowledge and how to work with Indigenous communities. Six videos were developed to summarize the research, partnership and outreach with the Navajo Nation in the aftermath of the Gold King Mine Spill. (2) I am the PI of the NSF NRT Indigenous Food Energy and Water Security and Sovereignty. I have recruited 12 graduate students and developed a new PhD Minor entitled Indige FEWS. We developed a video to recruit and advertise our program at: NSF NRT "<a href="https://energy.arizona.edu/indigefewss">Indigenous Food Energy and Water Security & Sovereignty or Indige-FEWSS</a>." During the summer 2019, we conducted a FEWS Training at Dine’ College for tribal college students and held a community outreach event where trained tribal college students presented on an off-grid mobile solar powered water treatment system. Two of the tribal college students came to the UA to conduct their research on FEWS. One student presented at the Society for the Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in Science National Conference and won an award for Exceptional Presentation in <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Engineering?src=hashtag_click">‪#Engineering</a>. His poster is entitled “Using Organic Photo-Voltaics to Regulate Photobioreactor Temperatures & Improve Algae Growth’. (3) I have an NSF Workshop Grant called “Water in the Native World” in collaboration with Indigenous hydrology and water related professors including a professor from the Salish Kootenai Tribal College (SKC). SKC has the only tribal bachelors hydrology program in the United States. In 2018, I wrote an opinion piece during Native American Heritage Month in On the Prow “A Challenge to AGU to Include Indigenous Perspectives in Science. American Geophysical Union Blogosphere. From the Prow, November 26, 2018. <a href="https://fromtheprow.agu.org/in-honor-of-native-american-heritage-month-a-challenge-to-agu-to-include-indigenous-perspectives-in-science/">https://fromtheprow.agu.org/in-honor-of-native-american-heritage-month-a-challenge-to-agu-to-include-indigenous-perspectives-in-science/</a>. This piece stimulated more activities including the following. I presented at the GeoScience Alliance meeting by holding a session. We explored international collaboration with the Maori people of New Zealand in regards to water challenges their communities face. We attended an international conference and visited Maori communities. We also gained traction at AGU through an annual session on Native Science to Action session in Public Affairs that bridges western science with Indigenous knowledge and science. We also wrote an article in EOS. (4) I am Co-PI on USDA grant “Native Waters on Arid Lands” and work with tribes on water challenges such as drought, water management, and climate change. We are looking at how Indigenous Knowledge plays a role in tribes’ adapting to climate change. Interviews were analyzed and preliminary results were written up. (5) I received 2 national awards 2019 Friends of UCOWR Award, University Council on Water Resources (UCOWR) and 2019 Area/Regional Impact Award, National Indian Health Board. (6) I have 9 active grants funding my tribal extension hydrology programs. University of California-Riverside (Amir Haghverdi): In 2019, undisturbed soil samples were collected from multiple irrigation fields in Southern and Central California. The samples were analyzed using state of the art HYPROP and WP4C instruments for high-resolution measurement of soil hydraulic properties including the soil water retention curve and the soil hydraulic conductivity.   University of California-Riverside (Hoori Ajami) (1) Added new uncertainty quantification framework to SMART, in collaboration with Mojtaba Sadegh, Boise State University. (2) Evaluated SMART model performance across Australian catchments, in collaboration with Ashish Sharma, University of New South Wales Australia. (3) Quantified the combined impacts of woody plant encroachment and climate change on groundwater recharge processes. (4) Improved mountain system recharge predictions in the Sierra Nevada. (5) Performed multi-criteria assessment of integrated land surface-groundwater models for mountain system recharge prediction in Sierra Nevada. (6) Assessed the impacts of droughts on groundwater response time.   University of California-Riverside (Jirka Simunek) (1) In 2019, we offered three-day short courses on how to use HYDRUS models at a) Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic, b) Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, c) Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India, and d) the Sede Boker Campus of the Ben Gurion University, Israel. About 100 students participated in these short courses. (2) Attended the following meetings: <ol start="2019"> <li>Annual Meeting of Soil Science Society of America, San Diego, California, 9-11, 2019.</li> <li>W-3188 Western Regional Soil Physics Group Meeting, U.S. Salinity Laboratory, Riverside, California, January 10-11, 2019.</li> </ol> <ul> <li>W-3128 Western Regional Soil Physics Group Meeting (Scaling Microirrigation Technologies to Address the Global Water Challenge), San Antonio, Texas, November 10, 201.</li> </ul> <ol start="2019"> <li>Annual Meeting of Soil Science Society of America, San Antonio, Texas, November 10-13, 2019.</li> </ol> (3) Taught the following courses related to HYDRUS: <ol start="2019"> <li>A short course “Advanced modeling of water flow and contaminant transport in porous media using the HYDRUS software packages” organized by Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resource, Prague, Czech Republic, March 25-27, 2019. Sole instructor (30 participants).</li> <li>A short course “Modeling Water Flow and Contaminant Transport in Soils and Groundwater Using the HYDRUS Computer Software Packages”, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, June 10-12, 2019. Sole instructor (11 participants).</li> </ol> <ul> <li>A short course “International Workshop on Modeling Water Flow and Contaminant Transport in Soils and Groundwater Using the HYDRUS Computer Software Packages”, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India, September 9-11, 2019. Sole instructor (35 participants).</li> </ul> <ol start="2019"> <li>A short course “Modeling Water Flow and Contaminant Transport in Soils and Groundwater Using the HYDRUS Computer Software Packages”, at the Sede Boker Campus of the Ben Gurion University, Israel, September 17-19, 2019. Other instructor: N. Lazarovitch (25 participants).</li> </ol>   University of California-Riverside (Laosheng Wu) Outreach: Organized a workshop on salinity management in Central California; Gave presentations to various academic and non-academic groups; Research: Worked on the following on-going projects: <h1>(1) Worked on decision Support for Water Stressed FEW Nexus Decisions (DS-WSND). NSF INFEWS.  Collaborator. 01/01/2018 to 12/30/2020.</h1> <h1>(2) Worked on Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSI) Education Grants Program. USDA/NIFA. Co-PI. 10/01/2016 to 08/01/2020.</h1> (3) Optimized Water Management Practices to Minimize Soil Salinity and Nitrate Leaching in California Irrigated Cropland. UC Division of Agri. & Natural Res. PI. 03/2017-02/2019. (4) Enhanced site-specific turf irrigation management and developing turf deficit irrigation strategies using soil moisture sensors, smart ET-based irrigation controllers, and remote sensing. US Golf Association. Co-PI. 01/2018-12/31/2019.    University of California-Davis (Majdi Abou Najm) (1) Developed a physically based model for extracting dual-permeability parameters using non-Newtonian fluids: a model was derived and validated with experimental sand columns and capillary tubes simulating a dual permeability soils, and showing that the new approach can be used for extracting dual permeability parameters of soils using physically based experimental approaches. (2) Developed a validation method of previously developed model for characterization of the pore structure of porous media using non‐Newtonian fluids: the model was validated with synthetic soils (using combinations of different numbers of different capillary tube-sizes) and sand columns. The model provided good predictions of the number and sizes of the capillary tubes, as well as demonstrated good agreement with pore size distributions obtained from micro-CT scans of the sand columns, thus providing a validation to the newly developed method for pore structure characterization using non-Newtonian fluids. (3) Developed educational tools for visualization of flow and transport processes in porous media using transparent soils: polyacrylamide beads were packed in transparent acrylic large column, generating a transparent porous medium, and infiltration and flow were demonstrated using dyed water. The effectiveness of this method was tested in SSC 107:Soil Physics course at UC Davis and students highly appreciated this addition. Next steps include further testing and development, followed by dissemination to the wide soil physics community. (4) Incorporated UN Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs) into soil physics curriculum: several soil physics students expressed frustration in seeing a connect between the concepts they study in soil physics and what they foresee as “the real world”. I developed a one-week (three lectures) educational module that connects key soil physics elements into policy, and contemporary concepts including regional development, SDGs, and the water-energy-food nexus. One question from the take-home final was on the connections between soil and the SDGs which was highly appreciated by the students, and gave them a better perspective of how helpful soil physics can be at scales that they could not make the connection before.   (5) Served as lead guest editor in Vadose Zone Journal: Special Issue on nonuniform preferential flow in porous media was completed with 17 peer reviewed contributions published in Vadose Zone Journal.   University of California-Davis (Thomas Harter) (1) For the second year, we managed a privately owned and operated 140-acre almond orchard, jointly with the grower, to reduce the nitrogen inputs to the orchard while maintaining yields.  The grower is managing the orchard in 4 irrigation blocks, all of which utilize micro-irrigation. Prior to 2018, the grower fertigated the orchard in six split applications. Beginning in 2018, the orchard was fertigated in 14-16 split application. Pending leaf sampling, the fall application was omitted. In 2018, we achieved a 90% nutrient use efficiency. The improved grower practice has been demonstrated to over 200 growers in three on-site field days. We presented the management practices and harvest results in over ten conferences and workshops, reaching over 1000 growers. Publications in preparation. (2) We used the same orchard to also evaluate various monitoring strategies to assess the loss of nitrate-nitrogen to groundwater at the orchard scale (>100 acres).  Prior to the 2017 growing season, we installed three monitoring networks. The first two years of monitoring demonstrated that vadose zone water and nitrate concentrations follow closely the anticipated levels based on water and nitrogen fluxes into and out of the orchard at the land surface. Groundwater concentrations were consistent with management practices prior to 2018, which have resulted in recharge water quality to the exceed nitrate drinking water limit by a factor 2. The design of this study and results of the monitoring have been presented in three on-site field days to growers and state as well as federal regulatory agency personnel.  Presentations given at over ten conferences and workshops have been reaching over 1000 growers. Publications in preparation. (3) We continued our efforts to develop and validate a nonpoint source assessment tool, but also began to collaborate with interested parties that may ultimately be using this tool.  Most of our efforts have focused on the validation of the tool and understanding the role of nonpoint source heterogeneity in recharge and nitrate loading, driven by the crop, soil, and agronomic management practice variability across the landscape, aquifer heterogeneity, and the mixing of waters in well screens and gaining stream sections.  Henri and Harter (2019) assessed nitrate and salt transport under highly heterogeneous aquifer conditions typical of the alluvial basins in the southwestern United States and demonstrated the wide range of nitrate and salt travel times to production wells, as a function of pumping rates and well depth. They also quantified the difference in predicting nitrate concentration at wells using simple spreadsheet calculations versus complex model predictions that account for much of the natural aquifer variability. Significant work was undertaken to better understand how further upscaling of spatio-temporal variability in nonpoint source loading to groundwater affects the ability to appropriately predict the dynamics and range of nitrate concentrations across an ensemble of wells (county, district, township). We are particularly interested in assessing the loss of accuracy when representing groundwater flow with a steady-state flow approximation of typically highly transient seasonal groundwater flow conditions.  We use the steady-state flow assumption in our regional nonpoint source effects toolbox and understanding the degree to which predictive capacity is affected by such an assumption is a critical to further development of our toolbox.  The steady-state assumption allows the tool to be built in a manner allowing for several orders of magnitude speedup in nonpoint source transport modeling. We will be building an online decision-support tool. We have presented the concept of the toolbox to agricultural stakeholder representatives in three halfday workshops and are in dialogue with agricultural coalitions representing nonpoint source dischargers to evaluate the possibility of using this tool in conjunction with coalitions tools to support their nonpoint source compliance efforts (Publications submitted). (4) The work of Ghasemizade et al. (2019) and Kourakos et al. (2019) considered the benefits of agricultural managed aquifer recharge (AgMAR) as a tool to enhance groundwater supplies in stressed aquifer systems. The approach takes advantage of winter flood flows and reservoir reoperation to increase the amount of groundwater recharge with surface water available during the wettest portion of the winter. Our work considers various temporal and spatial arrangements for AgMAR operations, considering soil suitability, recharge rates, and density of AgMAR sites across a region. The analysis further considers the benefits to groundwater storage, land subsidence, future availability of water resources, and long-term improvements in baseflow. (5) Bastani and Harter (2019) considered several alternative best management practices to evaluate the dynamics and magnitude of groundwater quality improvements that may be achieved when targeting these practices specifically in the source area of public supply wells. The work focused on public supply wells in economically disadvantaged communities, which are often hardest hit by agricultural nitrate pollution, given their geographic locations. We evaluated three practices:  agricultural managed aquifer recharge (AgMAR, winter recharge in orchards and fields), improved nutrient management / crop change, and the combination of both. (6) The work by Owen et al. (2019) analyzed policy challenges faced by groundwater sustainability agencies attempting to bridge conflicting objectives between federal and state laws operating at the interface between surface water management, groundwater management and ecosystem protection. Through a series of workshops we solicited a broad range of perspectives, which we further classified and structured from legal and hydrological perspectives to outline potential approaches to meeting these challenges and guidance to groundwater management agencies. University of Delaware (Yan Jin) (1) We successfully completed 2-year long filed sampling form a freshwater Delmarva Bay depressional wetland. Pore-water samples were collected from 50, 100, and 200 cm depths below the soil surface along the transects delineated as upland, transition, and lowland to determine the effects of wetland hydrology on the dynamics of colloids and associated colloidal organic carbon. We measured changes in different environmental parameters (pH, Ec, Eh, water table depth, precipitation), stable δ13C and δ15N isotope signatures, and elemental composition of size-fractionated particles. (2) Conducted laboratory experiments using 2D chambers to further demonstrate that preferential flow paths are biological hotspots and evaluate the changes in microbial community structure upon carbon addition. (3) Conducted neutron and X-ray tomography imaging of pure sand samples with or without the presence of rhizobacteria to exam the difference of water distribution affected by rhizobacteria. (4) Conducted infiltration and evaporation experiments to quantify the patterns of rhizobacteria's influence on water retention. To understand the mechanisms involved, we measured pellicle formation, contact angles, and surface tension profile of both the wild type and its mutant strains.   Iowa State University (Robert Horton) and North Carolina State University (Joshua Heitman) (1) We tested approaches for combining remote and in-field measurements for determining evapotranspiration, water stress, and energy balance in vineyards. (2) We evaluated changes to soil porosity, pore size distribution, water retention, hydraulic conductivity, and thermal properties following tillage and field traffic. (3) We examined relationships between intrinsic soil properties, agronomic management, and soil health metrics. (4) We developed and tested new measurement approaches for soil ice content, heat flux, water content, bulk density, porosity, and sap flow. (5) We examined theoretical and empirical relationships between basic soil properties (density, texture, organic matter content) and thermal and hydraulic properties. (6) We measured the environmental impacts and changes to soil properties associated with the application of concrete grinding residue. (7) We compared the effects of tillage system, planting date, and irrigation on the growth and productivity of cotton.   University of Kentucky (Ole Wendroth) (1) Performed mapping Zone delineation: Manuscript submitted and accepted (part of dissertation Javier Reyes). (2) Submitted FFAR pre-proposal for on-farm site-specific N management; rejected. (3) Submitted NIFA proposal letter of intent on water balance and soil structure in hemp. (4) Continued to use RZWQM2 to simulate crop growth of different crops, nitrogen management (part of dissertation Saadi Shahadha). (5) Completed a four-state research project on irrigation management between Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, and Tennessee. (6) Worked on two research projects, funded by Kentucky Small Grain Growers’ Association: “On-Farm Characterization of Soil Spatial Variability for Model-Based Site-Specific Management” and “Field-scale Characterization of Soil Structure and Hydraulic Properties for Variable-Rate Irrigation”. (7) Taught PLS 575 Soil Physics, PLS 576 Soil Physics Lab, and PLS 486G (50%) of Soil Use and Management. (8) Acted as faculty mentor for four Assistant Professors in our department.   Michigan State University (Wei Zhang) We primarily focused on understanding the fate and transport of emerging contaminants as influenced by soil physical, chemical and biological factors. In addressing Objective 1, we investigated the internalization of silver nanoparticles through plant leaf stomata and the uptake of silver nanoparticles by radish in soils with and without biochar amendment (0%, 0.1% and 1% biochar by weight). Using high throughput qPCR and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing techniques, we examined the level and type of ARGs and bacterial communities in soil, lettuce root, and shoot samples under soil-surface and overhead irrigations. Lettuce shoots under soil-surface irrigation had lower abundance and diversity of ARGs and bacteria than those under overhead irrigation, probably suggesting lower risks of producing fresh produce with high abundance of ARGs by soil-surface irrigation. We were also studying the Salmonella survival, bacterial microbiome and antibiotic resistance genes on lettuce shoots under soil surface irrigation with antibiotics-contaminated water using culture-dependent isolation method, metagenomics and high throughput qPCR. We developed an effective and quick method to characterize organic carbon released from biochars. We studied the photocatalytic degradation of cephalexin by ZnO nanowires. Finally, we participated in MSU Multicultural Apprenticeship Program and trained two high school students on laboratory research.   University of Minnesota (John Nieber) (1) Conducted analysis of the relation between lake volume and lake surface area and land slope in a buffer area surrounding the lake (MSc. Thesis research for Chelsea Delaney). (2) Conducted analysis for estimation of mean travel time in the groundwater of seventeen HUC-8 watersheds located in the Upper Mississippi River Basin in central Minnesota; analysis was used to estimate the change in storage of water in groundwater within the watersheds based on the use of baseflow recession data (MSc. Thesis research for Xiang Li). (3) Conducted assessment of the impact of implemented stream and riparian area BMPs on the water quality (nitrate, phosphorus, sediment) of Minnehaha Creek, a stream within the urbanized Twin Cities Metro Area. Analysis based partly on the use of the USGS EGRET model (MSc. Thesis for Jack Distel). (4) Applied the SWAT model to assess the impact of nitrogen BMPs on water quality for streams in the South Branch of the Root River, Southeast Minnesota (MSc. Thesis for Mark Greve; thesis still in revision). (5) Developed a model of turbulent flow through a full-flowing soil pipe, and the erosion of the pipe walls and transport of eroded sediment out of the pipe. (6) Conducted infiltration measurements for highway swales at two highway locations using three methods, and analysis of data provided to us related to infiltration measurements conducted at other locations around the U.S. (7) Conducted analysis of watershed water storage (for seventeen HUC-8 watersheds) using three methods; GRACE satellite, water balance model, and integration of pointwise water storage estimates. (8) Initiated a new project (funded by the Legislative-Citizen Committee for Minnesota Resources) for modeling the transport of nitrate through karst dominated watersheds in southeastern Minnesota. The project will involve groundwater age-dating, groundwater modeling, and development of a model for nitrate transport using a simplified travel-time model. (9) Initiated a new project (funded by the National Science Foundation) coupling physically-based models with machine learning algorithms for prediction of hydrologic and water quality outcomes in watersheds. (10) Co-taught five courses, three fall semester and two spring semester. (11) Served as President of the American Institute of Hydrology. (12) Served as Director of Graduate Studies, Water Resource Sciences Graduate program.   New Mexico State University (Shukla Manoj) In 2019, field and laboratory experiments were designed for using brackish groundwater and reverse osmosis concentrate for irrigating glycophytes and halophytes. These experiments provided new and further insight in to the ion uptake patterns, physiology, salt tolerance, and potential for use in arid saline environment. Meetings attended: <ol start="2019"> <li>Annual Meeting of Soil Science Society of America, San Diego, California, 9-11, 2019.</li> <li>W-3188 Western Regional Soil Physics Group Meeting, U.S. Salinity Laboratory, Riverside, California, January 10-11, 2019.</li> </ol> <ul> <li>W-3128 Western Regional Soil Physics Group Meeting (Scaling Microirrigation Technologies to Address the Global Water Challenge), San Antonio, Texas, November 10, 201.</li> </ul> <ol start="2019"> <li>Annual Meeting of Soil Science Society of America, San Antonio, Texas, November 10-13, 2019.</li> <li>2nd annual WIN workshop, BGNDRF, Alamogordo, Oct. 28-29.</li> <li>Two Nation One Water Conference, WRRI, Las Cruces</li> </ol> <ul> <li>EBID workshop with growers, Las Cruces</li> </ul>   Oklahoma State University (Tyson Ochsner) Objective 2: During this project period, we have analyzed, interpreted, and published new findings on the effectiveness of coupling deep soil moisture measurements and Hydrus 1D simulations to estimate deep drainage.   Oregon State University (Maria Dragila) Objective 1: (1) Analysis of soil temperature data to investigate the relationship between short weather patterns and soil heat storage which could impact solarization effectiveness. (2) Development of a model to more accurately determine the minimum time necessary for plastic application during solarization in the Pacific Northwest. (3) Analysis of data associated with limestone erosion during water infiltration.   Oregon State University (Carlos Ochoa) Objective 1: (1) Investigate soil water relations in irrigated pastures to assess water transport through the vadose zone and into the shallow aquifer [Collaboration with D. Godwin and S. Ates (OSU)]. (2) Field and laboratory work related with soil physical properties and water transport through the unsaturated zone. (3) Investigate soil water relations in juniper-sage steppe landscapes to assess water transport through the vadose zone and into the shallow aquifer [Collaboration with T. Deboodt (OSU)]. (4) Automated field data collection at multiple locations in one watershed with juniper and one where juniper was removed 13 years ago.   University of Texas at Austin (Michael Young) (1) Mentored undergraduate research scholar toward completion of manuscript on assessing basin scale canopy structure in the Mojave Desert. (2) Directed research group of ~50 researchers, staff and students in environmental geosciences. (3) Mentored three MS students, main advisor for one MS student. (4) Member of proposal writing team for W-4188 renewal. (5) Conducted regional scale analysis of landscape impacts from energy development, including oil and gas, wind and solar. Project initiated in 2019 and includes nearly 10 different organizations and substantial stakeholder engagement and input. (6) Continued fundraising efforts to local foundations for the support of the Texas Soil Observation Network, which consists of ~100 monitoring stations across central and west Texas, and activities related to the NASA SMAP mission. (7) Lead organizer of UT campus-wide initiative known as “Planet Texas 2050” that aims to build resiliency to urban and natural systems, especially those related to land and water resources. Program led to several proposals to NSF and local foundations.  Received several foundation gifts to enhance community engagement and improve resiliency to hydrologic extremes. (8) Published one computer program that uses machine learning to classify permafrost soil and a dataset on soil water content in Texas from the TxSON monitoring network.   Texas A&M University (Binayak Mohanty) In 2019, field monitoring and laboratory experiments were designed at Texas Water Observatory sites under different land use land covers for improved understanding of soil moisture, temperature, and carbon dynamics and soil hydraulics variation from local scale to regional scale. Using ground monitoring stations, Eddy Covariance towers, and satellite observations and improved process modeling concepts, we developed a number of new soil moisture and ET retrieval, scaling, fusion, gap-filling, and forecasting techniques at multiple space-time scales. Meetings attended: <ol start="2019"> <li>Annual Meeting, Soil Science Society of America, San Antonio, Texas, November 10-13, 2019.</li> <li>American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, California, December 8-13, 2019.</li> </ol>   Texas Tech University (Sanjit Deb) In 2019, field and laboratory experiments and numerical simulation (Hydrus 2D/3D) were carried out to evaluate rootzone soil water processes and efficient water use in drip-irrigated cotton, vegetable and forage crop production systems under both dryland conditions and  deficit subsurface drip irrigation in west Texas. Field experiments and numerical simulation were also designed to evaluate interactive effects of rootzone soil water and thermal regime on early planting “cold-tolerant” cotton production. These experiments and simulation would provide an improved understanding of crop root water uptake patterns, crop abiotic stress patterns and crop phenological response patterns under semiarid water-limited environments, as well as would assist growers in making early season planting decisions without compromising cot

Publications

<ol> <li>Abdallah, M.A.B., R. Mata-Gonzalez, J.S. Noller, and C.G. Ochoa. 2019. Ecosystem carbon in relation to woody plant encroachment and removal: juniper systems in Oregon, USA. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 290: 1–11.</li> <li>Abolt, C. J., M. H. Young, A. L. Atchley, and C. J. Wilson, 2019, CNN-watershed: A machine-learning based tool for delineation and measurement of ice wedge polygons in high-resolution digital elevation models. Zenodo repository: doi: 10.5281/zenodo.2554542.</li> <li>Abolt, C.J., M.H. Young, A. Atchley, and C. Wilson. 2019. Rapid machine learning-based extraction and measurement of ice wedge polygons in airborne lidar data. The Cryosphere. doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-237-2019.</li> <li>Abolt, C.J., M.H. Young, A.L. Atchley, D.R. Harp, and E.T. Coon. 2020. Thawing ice wedges in the high Arctic stabilized by geomorphic feedbacks. J. Geophys Res: Earth Surface. In revision.</li> <li>Abolt, C.J., M.H. Young. 2020. High-resolution mapping of spatial heterogeneity in ice wedge polygon geomorphology near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. Sci. Data. Provisionally accepted.</li> <li>Abou Najm, M. R., L. Lassabatere, and R. D. Stewart. 2019. Current Insights into Nonuniform Flow across Scales, Processes, and Applications. Vadose Zone Journal. 18(1): 190113. doi: 10.2136/vzj2019.10.0113.</li> <li>Adeel, M., J.Y. Lee, M. Zain, M. Rizwan, A. Nawabe, M.A. Ahmad, M. Shafiq, H. Yi, G. Jilani, R. Javed, R. Horton, Y. Rui, D.C.W. Tsang, and B. Xing. 2019. Cryptic footprints of rare earth elements on natural resources and living organisms. Environment International 127:785–800.</li> <li>Adrian, Y. F., U. Schneidewind, S. A. Bradford, J. &Scaron;imůnek, E. Klumpp, and R. Azzam. 2019. Transport and retention of engineered silver nanoparticles in carbonate-rich sediments in the presence and absence of soil organic matter. Environmental Pollution, 113124.</li> <li>Adrian, Y. F., U. Schneidewind, S. A. Bradford, J. Simunek, T. 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Impact Statements

Monitoring of snow, soil, groundwater, and streamflow conditions in mountain and basin ecosystems, combined with numerical (sub-)surface water flow modeling, is used to better understand storage and flux dynamics under current conditions and future scenarios. The resulting data and computer simulation models facilitate improved decision making to maintain ecosystem health and support human activities related to agriculture, industry, cities, and recreation.

Date of Annual Report: 07/14/2021

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/07/2021 - 01/07/2021
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2019 - 09/30/2020

Participants

Participants Attachment:

W4188 Annual Report 2020.docx

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Accomplishments

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Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 03/31/2022

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/03/2022 - 01/04/2022
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2020 - 09/30/2021

Participants

Participants Attachment:

W4188 Annual Report 2021.pdf

Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes Attachment:

W4188 Annual Report 2021.pdf

Accomplishments

Publications

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 03/01/2023

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/03/2023 - 01/04/2023
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2021 - 09/30/2022

Participants

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W4188 2022 annual report_v3.pdf

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W4188 2022 annual report_v3.pdf

Accomplishments

See Attachment

Publications

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 02/22/2024

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/03/2024 - 01/05/2024
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2022 - 09/30/2023