W4147: Managing Plant Microbe Interactions in Soil to Promote Sustainable Agriculture

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

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Date of Annual Report: 02/19/2019

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 11/30/2018 - 12/01/2018
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2017 - 09/30/2018

Participants

James Borneman, Dept. Plant Pathology, UC Riverside, CA
Ole Becker, Dept. Nematology, UC Riverside, CA
Antoon Ploeg, Dept. Nematology, UC Riverside, CA
Tim Paulitz, USDA-ARS, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
Chuan Hong, Virginia Tech, Virginia Beach, VA
Maren Friesen, Dept. Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
Jianjun Hao, School of Food and Agriculture, The University of Maine, ME
Bode Olukolu, Dept. Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
Tessie Wilkerson, Delta Res. and Extn. Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS.
Anissa Poleatewich, Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, Univ. New Hampshire, Durham, NH.
Gretchen Sassenrath, Southeast Research and Extension, Kansas State University, Parsons, KS.
Jenifer McBeath, School of Natural Resources and Extension, Univ. of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK.

Brief Summary of Minutes

The annual Multistate W4147 meeting was held on November 30, 2018 at the Azure Hotel, Ontario, CA. The meeting was opened at 8:30 am by James Borneman.

Tim Paulitz reported that our 5 year renewal for the W4147 has been approved.

Antoon Ploeg volunteered to take the minutes of the meeting.

Attendees introduced themselves:

James Borneman, Dept. Plant Pathology, UC Riverside, CA

Ole Becker, Dept. Nematology, UC Riverside, CA

Antoon Ploeg, Dept. Nematology, UC Riverside, CA

Tim Paulitz, USDA-ARS, Washington State University, Pullman, WA

Chuan Hong, Virginia Tech, Virginia Beach, VA

Maren Friesen, Dept. Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA

Jianjun Hao, School of Food and Agriculture, The University of Maine, ME

Bode Olukolu, Dept. Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN

Tessie Wilkerson, Delta Res. and Extn. Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS.

Anissa Poleatewich, Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, Univ. New Hampshire, Durham, NH.

Gretchen Sassenrath, Southeast Research and Extension, Kansas State University, Parsons, KS.

Jenifer McBeath, School of Natural Resources and Extension, Univ. of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK.

Research presentations and discussions:

Tim Paulitz presented current research on soil communities as influenced by cropping systems, location, and time.

Anissa Poleatewich presented research on the management of plant – microbe interactions in soil to promote sustainable agriculture.

Tessie Wilkerson presented work on the management of charcoal rot in soybean.

Ole Becker presented research on the correlation between enzymatic activity and virulence of the fungus Hyalorbilia oviparasitica on the sugarbeet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii.

Bode Olukolu presented research on the modulation of the plant defense response by host-association microbial communities and host genetic factors unpinning their recruitment.

Chuan Hong presented research on the biological control of boxwood blight (Calonectria pseudonaviculata, Cps).

Antoon Ploeg presented recent research on nematode problems in vegetable crops.

Gretchen Sassenrath presented research on production systems to control charcoal rot and other soil- borne diseases.

James Borneman presented research on the analysis of the microbiome of HLB (greening disease) infected citrus trees.

Jianjun Hao presented research on tracking the source of blackleg bacterial disease of potato in the Northeastern US.

Maren Friesen presented research on the evolutionary ecology of symbiotic nitrogen-fixation.

The group then went to the Citrus Variety Collection, at the Agricultural Operations Fields, UC Riverside. There they were met by curator of the collection, Dr. Tracy Kahn, who gave us an overview of the history, purpose, and extent of the citrus collection. We discussed current issues with respect to citriculture in California, in particular the threat of greening disease (HLB) for the California citrus industry.

The group then met on the UC Riverside campus for the W4147 business meeting. There was some discussion on how to get more people involved, and where to have the 2019 meeting. Jenifer McBeath offered to have the 2019 meeting at Fairbanks Alaska. After some discussion it was decided to poll the W4147 members by e-mail to decide on the location for the 2019 meeting.

Meeting was concluded.

The group met for dinner at a Riverside restaurant.

Antoon Ploeg.

Accomplishments

Objective 1 To identify and characterize new biological agents, microbial community structure and function, naturally suppressive soils, cultural practices, and organic amendments that provide management of diseases caused by soilborne plant pathogens.  CA - To date, we have identified several fungi involved in suppressing sugarbeet cysts nematodes (Dactylella oviparasitica and Fusarium oxysporum) and root-knot nematodes (Pochonia chlamydosporium and a Tetracladium sp.).  We have also identified new Dactylella oviparasitica phylotypes, which suggests that these fungi may represent a large group of potentially effective biological control agents, and which can be found worldwide.  In addition, we have determined that soils with no detectable Dactylella populations can harbor this fungus, and which can dramatically increase during one host cropping cycle.  This is a key finding, suggesting that standard methods for screen soils for putatively protective microorganisms will not work.  We have also presented a new approach and supporting data for using Dactylella population densities in planting decisions models.  CA - We used probit regression models to show that there was a strong relationship between pre-planting population levels of the fungus Dactylella oviparasitica in sugar beet soils in the Imperial Valley (CA) and post-planting levels of the nematode Heterodera schachtii. We expect that this will lead to the development of new cropping decision models that will enable growers to be create and maintain soils that suppress H. schachtii, which we anticipate will lead to higher crop yields and profitability for the growers.  KS - Changes in biological activity of claypan soils for crop and pasture fields were tested with soil depth and change through the year for different production systems (conventional and no-tillage) and crop rotations. Ratios of extracellular enzymatic activities in the soil profile indicate microbial nutrient demand changed as a function of tillage. Dynamics of soil microbial activities indicated significantly greater activated in no-till production systems, and with higher residue crops  ME - Identified signal molecules that regulate the pathogen Phytophthora erythroseptica in zoosporic germination and infection. This will help researchers to understand the biology of pathogen, help growers to pick disease tolerant varieties and may lead to a novel strategy of biological control.  Examined microbial association in blackleg and soft rot disease of potato. This helps researchers to understand how the outbreak of the bacterial disease occurred in order to find a better solution in disease control. Studied in field trials for fungicide efficacies. Potato growers benefit from the updated results.  NE - Assessing isolated microbes for biocontrol activity. Before now, very little was known about the properties of Bacillus simplex, one of the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) bacilli strains identified in our study. An outcome of our work is the elucidation of the mechanism of action of this little known group of organisms. Evaluation of physiological traits of twelve strains continued from the previous year and was completed. Some of the traits examined included phosphate solubilization; production of biosurfactants, siderophores, proteases, and auxins  NE - Examining naturally suppressive soils. After bulk DNA extraction and library development, sequence reads were generated. The data are being analyzed to profile the microbial community. The potential outcome from the analysis of microbial communities associated with continuous corn is the generation of information as to how different cropping practices (continuous corn vs. conventional rotation) might alter the microbial community composition, particularly those members of the community that can influence root diseases. This information has the potential to generate better understanding and help in developing cropping strategies that can create natural disease suppressive soils or the identification of novel species of bacteria and fungi from the disease suppressive soils.  NJ - We isolated and identified several endophytic microbes that are effective at promoting plant growth and suppressing pathogens and competitor weeds. We tested microbes in the laboratory for effectiveness against several pathogens and competitor weed species. In the long term we intend to take microbes into greenhouse and eventually field tests. In this work we published or have in press 7 peer-reviewed journal articles, 3 book chapters, and 1 book (Seed Endophytes: Biology and Biotechnology, Springer 2019). NY - Rolled cereal rye for white mold control. No-till planting soybean (Glycine max) into rolled-crimped cereal rye is increasing in popularity and can provide organic farmers with a number of benefits including improved weed suppression, enhanced soil health, increased water infiltration, and reduced labor requirements compared to standard management practices. A field trial was conducted in 2017-2018 to evaluate the potential of rolled-crimped cereal rye mulch to suppress white mold in soybean and dry bean. Treatment effects on agronomic yield attributes (crop population, crop biomass, and yield components) varied between crops. Cereal rye mulch reduced the incidence of white mold in both main crops. In both crops, cereal rye mulch decreased the incidence of carpogenic germination, but increased the incidence of sclerotial germination resulting in nonfunctional stipes, defined as those that failed to produce the expanded cup where asci containing ascospores are formed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to document the potential of cereal rye mulch for white mold control in no-till leguminous crops.  OR - Analyzed oomycete communities in river water and irrigation water sources in two horticultural nurseries (OR and CA) with Illumina MiSeq to determine the need for water disinfestation.  OR - Conducted a Hazard Analysis at two nurseries in OR and CA to identify sources of Phytophthora contamination and recommend mitigation strategies.  OR - Analyzed soil microbial communities using Illumina MiSeq to determine how fungi, bacteria and oomycetes are affected by soil solarization.  Replicated field trials were conducted for two years in three locations in OR and WA.  TN - Using a low-cost reduced-representation genome/metagenome sequencing strategy, we were able to catalogue organisms living within and on leaves of several sweetpotato cultivars/ accessions. With a similar cost to using 16S rRNA- and ITS-based sequencing approaches, our method captures the community structure of bacteria, fungi, and DNA-viruses (including 3 sweetpotato DNA-viruses) and allows for quantification of each taxon and retrieves sequences of several genes for each taxon to provide identification down to the isolate-  WA - Glyphosate (Roundup) has subtle and minor effects on soil microbes.  The herbicide glyphosate (Roundup) is the most widely used herbicide in the U.S. and is a key tool in the direct-seed no-till system which reduces soil erosion and fossil fuel inputs. But growers in the Pacific Northwest have been concerned about non-target effects on soil microbes such as bacteria and fungi, which perform beneficial functions.  ARS scientists, using next-generation sequencing, compared microbial communities in treatments with and without glyphosate, that were taken from fields with a long history and no history of use. They showed that location and cropping system had much larger effects on fungal and bacterial communities. The effects of glyphosate were very minor, and in fact more communities were increased with glyphosate use, because of the habitat provided by dying roots. This is important information for farmers who are concerned about glyphosate and want to continue to use this important tool, but until now there was no good scientific literature to answer this question.  WA - Correlation of changes in the soil metabolome and microbiome predict mechanisms of ASD-induced disease control.  ARS scientists in Wenatchee, WA utilized metabolic and microbial community profiling to generate highly dimensional datasets and network analysis to identify sequential transformations through aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, and anaerobic soil phases during application of anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD). Distinct linkages in groups of metabolites and microorganisms were identified in the dynamic transformations that occur during the process of ASD. Multiple potential modes of disease control were identified during ASD while revealing the importance of the carbon amendment and “community metabolism” for supplying specific classes of labile compounds for each phase (aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, and anaerobic soil phases) characterizing ASD and multiple potentially antagonistic compounds. Knowledge of the temporal accumulation of specific anti-microbial metabolites and identification of the microorganisms responsible for their production is an important finding for optimization of ASD application in the field.  WA - Fungal communities change with soil depth.  Fungi play important roles in residue breakdown, nutrient cycling and attacking roots of cereal crops. In the Palouse region of the eastern WA. Washington, the loess soils are very deep (10 feet or more) and wheat roots can grow down to these layers to extract water. But little is known about the fungal communities at these depths. ARS scientists at Pullman, Washington sampled soils down to 5 feet and used next-generation sequencing to examine fungal communities. Fungi in the top layers are involved in residue breakdown, but in the lower layers the fungi are root colonizers, pathogens, or symbionts; and communities are less diverse.  This work leads to a greater understanding of how fungi may play important functions for no-till wheat growers, especially for soil and plant health. WA - Efficacy of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculants in commercial onion crops limited by fertility practices. A 3-year WSDA SCBG project evaluating arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculants for enhancing onion production and management of soilborne pathogens in the Columbia Basin was completed in 2018. Results of 20 grower-cooperator field trials and companion growth chamber trials demonstrated clearly that moderate to high soil P levels typically used by onion growers in this region significantly reduce root colonization by AMF, negating the benefits of AMF inoculants in onion crops. Objective 2  To understand how microbial populations and microbial gene expression are regulated by the biological (plants and microbes) and physical environment and how they influence disease.  CA - The fungus Hyalorbilia aff. oviparasitica (basionym: Dactylella aff. oviparasitica) is a hyperparasite of the sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. It is the primary biological entity responsible for long-term population suppression of H. schachtii in field 9E at the University of California Riverside’s Agricultural Operations. Of three genetically different but closely related strains of H. oviparasitica only strain Do50 significantly reduced the number of J2 in an in vitro assay. Trypsin-like protease activity was uniquely detected in Do50 grown on PDA and H. schachtii females. Protease production, and specifically trypsin-like activity, may be an important component of virulence in H. oviparasitica parasitism of H. schachtii.  NE - Impact of corn stalk removal practices on microbial community profile and crop disease’: Study included evaluation of ecosystem health with four different methods of corn stalk removal (heavy grazing, light grazing, bailing, and no removal). Sequence reads generated from 16S, ITS, and 18S primers through paired-end Illumina HiSeq platform in this study is being analyzed. Species diversity from the analysis of the operational taxonomic unit is being evaluated with targeted isolations of beneficial bacteria and fungi. This study will show some of the merits and demerits of the integration of crop and livestock production systems. NJ - Our research on the rhizophagy cycle increases understanding in how microbes within plant tissues are regulated using reactive oxygen produced by the host plants.  Articles and chapters (below) address this application of host-produced reactive oxygen in regulation of microbes within plant tissues.  We were able to attend several (4) meetings where we shared research on the roles of endophytes and rhizophagy cycle in promoting plant growth and keeping plants healthy.  NY - Genetic diversity and differentiation in Phoma betae populations on table beet in NY. Phoma betae is an important seedborne pathogen of table beet worldwide that is capable of causing foliar, root and damping-off diseases. Ten microsatellite markers and mating type markers were developed to investigate the genetics of P. betae populations in table beet root crops in NY and in table beet seed crops in Washington (WA), from where table beet seed is predominantly sourced. The markers were used to characterize 175 isolates comprising five P. betae populations (2 from NY and 3 from WA) and were highly polymorphic with an allelic range of 4 to 33 and an average of 11.7 alleles per locus. All populations had high genotypic diversity (Simpson’s index = 0.857 to 0.924) and moderate allelic diversity (Nei’s unbiased gene diversity = 0.582 to 0.653). Greater differentiation observed between populations from the two states compared to populations within the same state suggested that an external inoculum source, such as windblown ascospores, may be homogenizing the populations. These findings can be useful in designing more effective management strategies for diseases caused by P. betae in table beet production.  NY - Change in a Phytophthora capsici population over time. To identify control strategies, it is important to know how a pathogen population in a field is changing over time.  Sexual, endemic populations of the heterothallic Phytophthora capsici continue to devastate vegetable crops in the northeast. In continuing studies, we are following a biparental population of P. capsici that was established in a research field in Geneva NY in 2008. Based on genotyping using nearly 10,000 SNPs, we have been able to differentiate F1 oospore progeny from more recent generations. F1 progeny were identified commonly for the first three field seasons, and then were only rarely or not at all identified for the next three years. In recent collections, we have again identified a significant percentage of F1 isolates. This is significant as we now know that the oospores can survive under field conditions in NY for more than 8 years.  OR - Conducted controlled environment studies to test the thermal tolerance of selected plant pathogenic fungi, oomycetes, and bacteria. Results will be used to improve and expand the online predictive model for soil solarization.  WA - Phenazine producers enhance biofilm production on roots.  Dryland wheat on the Columbia Plateau of the Pacific Northwest selects for phenazine antibiotic-producing Pseudomonas spp. that suppress a wide range of soilborne plant pathogens. Scientists at ARS Pullman, Washington State University, and the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratories demonstrated that the phenazine producers promote biofilm production on roots. This enhances water retention and likely influencing crop nutrition and soil health in dryland wheat fields. These results provide evidence that biocontrol agents provide benefits to crops that extend beyond pathogen control. WA - Molecular communication in the wheat rhizosphere.  Plant roots secrete exudates that sustain and mediate communication with their rhizosphere microbiome. But the biochemical basis of these processes in cereals is poorly understood. ARS scientists, with collaborators at Southern Mississippi University, identified amino acids and compatible solutes in exudates of the wheat cultivar Tara, which supports superior populations of the suppressive bacterium Pseudomonas brassicacearum. These compounds, and the technology developed to recover and analyze the exudates, are important because they can help to explain the persistence of populations of disease-suppressive rhizobacteria on the roots of wheat suppressive of take-all throughout the Pacific Northwest.  WA - Genotype-specific resistance gene expression of apple rootstocks cultivated in Brassicaceae seed meal amended soil. Seed meal-induced soil-borne disease control is reliant, in part, in specific transformations in the rhizosphere microbiome.  In addition, apple rootstocks recruit and support rhizosphere microbiomes that differ in a genotype-dependent manner. ARS scientists at Wenatchee, WA demonstrated that SM soil amendment induced significant changes in the apple root transcriptome and rhizosphere microbial community dynamics. Comparison across susceptible and ‘tolerant’ rootstock genotypes documented significant differences in the initiation of plant defense responses in SM treated soil that corresponded with rhizosphere microbiomes that were genotype-specific in composition.  Findings indicate that ostensibly tolerant rootstocks may possess an elevated constitutive expression of genes in disease resistance processes, relative to disease susceptible rootstocks, that are amplified in response to planting in SM treated soils.  Objective 3 Implement sustainable management strategies for soilborne pathogens that are biologically based and are compatible with soil health management practices.  KS - Charcoal rot is a soil-borne disease caused by the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina that causes significant yield reductions in crop plants, including soybeans. Research was conducted to quantitate the presence of charcoal rot disease in soybeans and develop alternative management practices. Results demonstrated that the use of a mustard cover crop reduces charcoal rot disease in soybeans. Significantly fewer number of colony forming units (CFUs) of the fungal pathogen were observed in both the soil and plants from the treated plots than in the control plots. The method of managing the cover crop also impacted the number of CFUs in the soil.  KS - Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) or Head Scab is a disease that occurs frequently in southeast Kansas and results in significant reductions in wheat yield. This research tested FHB control in two wheat cultivars varying in FHB disease susceptibility (Everest, moderately resistant, and KanMark, susceptible), four fungicide application treatments, and residue management (tilled or no-till) after corn harvest. The soil microbial activity changed in response to the wheat cultivar. The total microbial biomass, and microbial biomass of beneficial fungal populations (actinomycetes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)) were all less in the soil from KanMark plots in comparison to Everest plots. This indicates a potential mechanism of reduced soil-borne disease infestation in Everest. Results indicate use of fungicides reduce disease and increase yields NY - Development of a species-specific PCR for detection and quantification of Meloidogyne hapla in soil using the 16D10 root-knot nematode effector gene. The Northern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) is an important soilborne pathogen of numerous agricultural crops in temperate regions. Accurate detection and quantification is vital to supporting informed pest management decisions. However, traditional methods of manual nematode extraction and morphology-based identification are time consuming and prone to error from misidentification of species. The Meloidogyne spp. effector gene 16D10 was assessed as a target for a SYBR Green-I quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for detection and quantification of M. hapla. M. hapla-specific qPCR primers were developed and evaluated for specificity against five M. hapla isolates and 14 other plant-parasitic nematodes.  The utility of the qPCR was evaluated using soil samples collected from naturally infested potato fields, resulting in a significant positive relationship between populations estimated using qPCR and populations derived from manual counting. The qPCR developed in this study provides a useful method for detecting and quantifying M. hapla in soil, and demonstrates the utility of effector genes in plant-parasitic nematode diagnostics.  OR - Conducted field trials of soil solarization in nursery crops and organic vegetable farms. Tested effects on soilborne plant pathogens, weed emergence, and crop growth.  OR - Conducted field trials to determine the importance of minimum treatment area and soil moisture on soil solarization effectiveness for soilborne Phytophthora species.  WA - Integration of rootstock genotype and reduced rate Brassica seed meal amendment yields effective replant disease control. A Brassica seed meal (SM) formulation developed by ARS scientists at Wenatchee, WA as a pre-plant soil amendment was previously shown to provide effective control of apple replant disease. Grower adoption of the management tactic has been slowed by implementation cost primarily associated with seed meal acquisition.  In field trials, SM application at 2/3 the 1X rate resulted in no decrease in treatment efficacy when used in conjunction with a susceptible apple rootstock (M.26).  When implemented with a tolerant rootstock (G.41), SM application at 1/3 the 1X rate resulted in replant disease control and apple fruit yields that were equivalent or superior to that attained with the conventional control measure of pre-plant soil fumigation (1,3-dichloropropene/chloropicrin). The integration of host tolerance and reduced rate SM amendment provide and economically viable alternative to manage replant disease in conventional and organic production systems.  WA - Understanding how plant-soil feedbacks interact with plant-plant competition in wild communities. Using diverse Californian clovers as a model system in collaboration with scientists at UC Davis, we found that the complexity of the microbial community influenced the competition between closely related plants. In particular, complex microbial communities tended to weaken competitive interactions and, in one case, converted competition into facilitation. These effects correlated well with field observations of species coexistence. This work could have applied implications for designing improved intercropping practices with attention to the soil microbiome.  WA - Genetic basis of interactions between Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae and spinach. The genomes of seven isolates of the spinach Fusarium wilt pathogen were sequenced in 2018 by MS student Alex Batson, in collaboration with Fusarium genomicists at the University of Amsterdam. From these sequences, two distinct clusters of putative effectors were identified that are unique to this forma specialis compared to the genome sequences of >100 isolates of ~20 other formae speciales. In tandem with this project, postdoctoral research associate Sanjaya Gyawali screened >800 spinach germplasm entries from the USDA NPGS and the Netherlands CGS for resistance to Fusarium wilt. A number of highly resistant lines have been identified and will be used to identify molecular markers for resistance that will enhance efforts to breed for resistance to spinach Fusarium wilt.  Objective 4. Provide outreach, education, extension and technology transfer to our clients and stakeholders- growers, biocontrol industry, graduate and undergraduate students, K-12 students and other scientists.  Becker - gave 19 presentations at scientific symposia, pest control advisor and grower meetings, at field days and to students. The talks addressed various aspects about plant-parasitic nematodes and other soilborne pathogens including diseases nematodes may cause, their natural enemies and potential IPM practices to mitigate plant damage and crop loss. The clientele included University of California Cooperative Extension Specialists, farm and UC IPM advisors, private pest control advisors, golf course and sports facility superintendents, agrochemical and biocontrol industry scientists, commodity representatives, USDA and CDFA scientists, students, faculty and other researchers from various public and private Universities and research institutions, agricultural commissioner’s personnel, growers, Master gardeners as well as the general public.  du Toit - advised one postdoctoral research associate on screening for resistance to Fusarium wilt of spinach, advised 3 MS students (two of whom work on soilborne fungal and oomycete pathogens of vegetables), co-advised one PhD student, and served on four PhD students’ and four MS students’ committees.  Friesen - advised three postdoctoral research associates at WSU and trained three undergraduates in plant-microbe interactions including organismal and molecular techniques. She also advised three postdoctoral research associates and one PhD student at Michigan State University during her adjunct appointment time.  Hao - presented at two field days, and 4 growers meetings, trained 4 graduate and 1 undergraduate students  Mazzola - The USDA-ARS Tree Fruit Research Lab provided training in molecular biology and microbial ecology to two underserved Washington State University undergraduate students (May-August 2018). Mazzola is mentoring one PhD and one MSc student at WSU, one PhD and one MSc student at Stellenbosch University in South Africa, and one MSc student at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo.  Mazzola is mentoring three Postdoctoral Research Associates and serves as mentor of an additional Postdoctoral Research Associate funded through a NIFA-AFRI Postdoctoral Grant.  Okubara - co-supervised 2 Ph.D. students and served on 7 MS committees. Olukolu - We provided summer research experience to two high school students who were interested in working on soil microbiomes that interact closely with the root system. Currently, 2 PhD students and a honors undergraduate student are conducting experiments in sweetpotato and maize rhizosphere/soil microbiome.  Parke - Presented at a field day, gave two invited talks at grower meetings, and organized a half-day grower workshop. Produced and recorded an hour-long lesson for an online course. Published two articles in trade journals and posted two instructional videos for growers. Maintained two educational websites about Phytophthora pathogens.  Paulitz - advised two postdoctoral research associates and one MSc student, co-supervised 2 PhD students (including an African American woman) and served on thesis committee of 2 MS and 1 PhD students. Paulitz was on the planning and program committee for the Joint meeting of the American Phytopathological Society Pacific Division meeting and the 63th Annual Conference on Soilborne Pathogens in Portland, OR in June 2018. He organized a concurrent session “Unlocking the Secrets of Suppressive Soils: Insights From the Microbiome” at the International Congress of Plant Pathology, Boston, MA July 28-Aug 3, 2018. Schlatter, a postdoc in the Paulitz lab, presented a workshop on best practices and methods in amplicon sequencing and data analysis (July 9-11, 2018, Washington State University)  Pethybridge - In 2018, Pethybridge gave 27 extension/outreach presentations on soilborne disease management to the broadacre vegetable industry stakeholders and growers. These presentations were predominantly meetings organized by Cornell Cooperative Extension throughout NY. One undergraduate student was involved in a study quantifying the ratio of mating types within Phoma betae populations in NY and WA.  Sassenrath - Presentations on wheat and soybean disease and corn production were given to producers at field days, extension meetings, and informal extension coffee meetings. One radio interview on disease suppression in soybeans and one interview on corn harvest efficiency was conducted, and broadcast through the K-State Agronomy Radio Network. Two presentations were made to scientific meetings, and three reports of progress were published for farmers. One general press article was written and published on soil health. Three field days and on-farm demonstrations were developed and presented to farmers. Eleven presentations were made to farmers, conservationists, extension agents and agronomist on crop production systems, conservation practices, and soil health. One booklet of information on soil and water health was published and has been distributed extensively in the region to farmers and the general public.  Smart - In 2018, Smart gave 5 talks to growers, extension educators and industry representatives on strategies to control Phytophthora blight.  These included talks at the NY state fruit and veg expo, talks at winter grower meetings, and summer twilight meetings.  Undergraduate research experience.  The Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section on the Geneva Campus of Cornell University established a summer scholars program to increase the involvement of undergraduate researchers in applied agricultural sciences.  In 2018, 36 students presented posters at the end of the program.  Each summer, several students are involved with projects that are part of the W3147 multi-state project.  During the summer of 2018, two students in the Smart lab worked on Phytophthora capsici studying the pathogen biology and host susceptibility.  Outreach to K-12 students.  We have continued our outreach program to third-grade students in the Geneva City School District (Geneva, NY).  Part of this outreach includes a summer science camp, where students study different aspects of food production utilizing a garden that they plant at their school.  One week of the 5-week program focuses on the importance of healthy soil to producing healthy vegetables. During 2018, 12 students took part in the 5 week program.

Publications

Peer-reviewed  Aiello, D, Hansen, ZR, Smart, CD, Polizzi, G, and Guarnaccia, V 2018 Characterization and mefenoxam sensitivity of Phytophthora spp. from ornamental plants in Italian nurseries. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 57:17-28  Akinrinlola, R. J., Yuen, G. Y., Rhae A. Drijber, and Adesemoye, A. O. 2018. Evaluation of bacillus strains for plant growth promotion and predictability of efficacy by in vitro physiological traits. International Journal of Microbiology Volume 2018 (ID 5686874): 1-11. Doi.org/10.1155/2018/5686874.  Bowsher, Alan W; Evans, Sarah; Tiemann, Lisa K; Friesen, Maren L. 2018.  Effects of soil nitrogen availability on rhizodeposition in plants: a review. Plant and Soil  423(1-2):59-85  Cho, G., Kim, J., Park, C., Nislow, C., Kwak, Y., Weller, D.M. 2018. Caryolan-1-ol, an antifungal volatile produced by Streptomyces spp., inhibits the endomembrane system of fungi. The Open Biology Journal. 7:170075. Cheng, W., Cheng, J., Nie, Q., Huang, D., Yu, C., Zheng, L., Cai, M., Yu, Z., Zhang, J., Thomashow, L.S., Weller, D.M. 2017. Volatile organic compounds from Paenibacillus polymyxa KM2501-1 control Meloidogyne incognita by multiple strategies. Scientific Reports. 7:16213.   Coates, R., Bowen, B.P., Oberortner, E., Thomashow, L.S., Hadjithomas, M., Zhao, Z., Ke, J., Silva, L., Louie, K., Wang, G., Robinson, D., Tarver, A., Hamilton, M., Lubbe, A., Feltcher, M., Dangl, J., Pati, A., Weller, D.M., Northen, T.R., Cheng, J., Mouncey, N.J., Deutsch, S., Drake, I., J.F. White, F. Belanger. 2018. Identification of the fungal endophyte of Ammophila breviligulata (American beachgrass) as Epichloë amarillans. Peer J. 6:e4300 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4300(1)  Fuerst EP, James MS, Pollard AT, Okubara PA. 2018. Defense enzyme responses in dormant wild oat and wheat caryopses challenged with a seed decay pathogen. Front. Plant Sci. 8:2259.  Fukada, H., Derie, M.L., Shishido, M, and du Toit, L.J. 2018. Phomopsis black root rot of cucumber in Washington State caused by Diaporthe sclerotioides. Plant Disease 102:1657.  Ge, T., Jiang, H.H., Hao, J.J., Johnson, S.B. 2018. First report of Pectobacterium parmentieri causing bacterial soft rot and blackleg on potato in Maine. Plant Disease 102: 437. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-05-17-0659-PDN.R2.  Ginnan NA, Dang T, Bodaghi S, Ruegger PM, Peacock, BB, McCollum G, England G, Vidalakis G, Roper C, Rolshausen P, Borneman J. 2018. Bacterial and Fungal Next Generation Sequencing Datasets and Metadata from Citrus Infected with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Phytobiomes 2:64-70.  Gorny, A. M., Hay, F. S., Wang, X., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2018. Isolation of nematode DNA from 100 g of soil using Fe3O4 super paramagnetic nanoparticles. Nematology 20:271-283.<a href="http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/15685411-00003140">10.1163/15685411-00003140</a>.  Han, S., Jiang, N., Li, Q., Kan, Y., Hao, J., Li, J., and Luo, L. 2018. Detection of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in viable but nonculturable state from tomato seed using improved qPCR. PLoS One. 2018; 13(5): e0196525. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196525. 10.1371/journal.pone.0194436.  Hsiao, C.-J., Sassenrath, G.F., Zeglin, L., Hettiarachchi, G.M., Rice, C.W. 2018. Vertical stratification of soil microbial properties in claypan soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 121L154-164. doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.03.012  Irizarry, I., J. F. White. 2018. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alters gene expression, ROS production, and lignin synthesis in cotton seedling roots.  J. Applied Microbiology 124: 1589-1603. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13744">10.1111/jam.13744</a>  James, M.S., Pollard, A.T., Okubara, P.A., Fuerst, E.P. 2018. Defense enzyme responses in dormant wild oat and wheat caryopses challenged with a seed decay pathogen. Frontiers in Plant Science. Vol. 8, article 2259.  Knerr, A.J., Wheeler, D., Schlatter, D., Sharma-Poudyal, D., du Toit, L.J., and Paulitz, T.C. 2019. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in organic and conventional onion crops in the Columbia Basin of the Pacific Northwest USA. Phytobiomes 2: in press. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10/.1094/PBIOMES-05-18-0022-R">http://dx.doi.org/10/.1094/PBIOMES-05-18-0022-R</a> Leisso, R., Rudell, D., and Mazzola, M. 2018. Novel axenic methods for targeted apple rootstock rhizodeposit metabolic profiling indicate genotype specific differences and validate quantitative contributions from vegetative growth.  Frontiers in Plant Science 9:1336.  Koch, E., J.O. Becker, G. Berg, R. Hauschild, J. Jehle, J. Köhl, and K. Smalla 2018. Biocontrol of plant diseases is not an unsafe technology! Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 125(2): 121–125. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-018-0158-4">https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-018-0158-4</a> <a href="http://em.rdcu.be/wf/click?upn=KP7O1RED-2BlD0F9LDqGVeSOibNEKZ43gv5dFL7BE5VzU-3D_a0z2cjuH3hVHzFa3Mb-2Bppav1QvsmmjJBpRxcETLRhjPQAU4bKt8RRLOp3Nqcg-2FEzxXmWhHsIbZ6-2B2vxgQYqR07PhgUzq5mLROOWnBxYO20KrfkqOZ2bZs3B28i4OvudWPqr6VjiJxKXAnM6hBZgmLZ2uh8ah92iye72K-2Bm1gIJ6dzitpeoWgQ4uPYjXpMpT4kdBLaZ7zo2B-2BI6ffORzAjlcrnucFUpC0QiWyotWbDF6mYyIcA418aUdfKmMmWKOSBhtuBySOVD1SkmitX5HHueWopyiquRpYGIWYcdRzQFQ-3D">http://rdcu.be/JrGD</a>  Lata, R., S. Chowdhury, S. K. Gond, J.F. White, Jr. 2018. Induction of abiotic stress tolerance in plants by endophytic microbes. Letters in Applied Microbiology. DOI: 10.1111/lam.12855.  Mahoney, A.K., Babiker, E.M., See, D.R., Paulitz, T.C., Okubara, P.A., Hulbert, S.H. 2017. Analysis and mapping of Rhizoctonia root rot resistance traits from the synthetic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) line SYN-172. Molecular Breeding. https://doi 10.1007/s11032-017-0730-9  Manici, L. M., Caputo, F., Sacca, M. L., Kelderer, M., Nicoletti, F., Topp, A. R. and Mazzola, M. 2018. Involvement of Dactylonectria and Ilyonectria spp. in tree decline affecting multi-generational apple orchards. Plant and Soil 425:217-230. Mavrodi, D., Mavrodi, O., Elbourne, L., Tetu, S., Bonsall, R., Parejko, J., Yang, M., Paulsen, I., Weller, D.M., Thomashow, L.S. 2018. Long-term irrigation affects the dynamics and activity of the wheat rhizosphere microbiome. Frontiers in Plant Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00345.  Okubara, P.A., Kumar, N., Hohenarter, L., Graham, D., Kandel, S., Doty, S.L., Micknass, U., Kogel, K.H., Imani, J. 2017. Inhibition of plant-interacting microbes by Vegelys®, an Allium-based antimicrobial formulation. Journal of Biology and Nature. 8,issue2, pp. 40-51. Mazzola, M., Muramoto, J., and Shennan, C. 2018. Anaerobic disinfestation induced changes to the soil microbiome, disease incidence and strawberry fruit yields in California field trials. Applied Soil Ecology 127:74-86.  Moein, S., Mazzola, M., Ntushelo, N. S., and McLeod, A. 2018. Apple nursery trees and irrigation water as external inoculum sources of apple replant disease in South Africa. European Journal of Plant Pathology (in press).  Obasa, K., Adesemoye, A.O., Obasa, R., Moraga-Amador, D., Shinogle H., Alvarez, S. Endohyphal Bacteria Correlated with Virulence, Increased Expression of Fumonisin Biosynthetic Genes, and Production of Fumonisin and Macroconidia in a Fusarium fujikuroi Isolate from Wheat. Phytobiome (Submitted). Parikh L. and Adesemoye, A. O. 2018. Impact of delivery method on the efficacy of biological control agents and the virulence of Fusarium root rot pathogen in the greenhouse. Biocontrol Science and Technology 28:12, 1191-1202. DOI:10.1080/09583157.2018.1520198: 1-12.  Parikh, L., Eskelson, M. J., Adesemoye, A. O. 2018. Relationship of in vitro and in planta screening: improving the selection process for biological control agents against Fusarium root rot in row crops. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 51: 156-169.  Paulitz, T.C., Schlatter, D.C., Kinkel, L., Thomashow, L.S., Weller, D.M. 2017. Disease Suppressive Soils:  New Insights from the Soil Microbiome. Phytopathology 107:1284-1297  Peritore-Galve, F.C., Schneider, D.J., Stodghill, P., Yang, Y., Thannhauser, T.W., and Smart, CD (2018) Proteogenomic protein profile of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Proteome in press.  Pethybridge, S. J., and Nelson, S. C. 2018. Estimate, a new iPad application for assessment of plant disease severity using photographic standard area diagrams.  Plant Dis. 102:276-281. <a href="http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS-07-17-1094-SR">http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS-07-17-1094-SR</a>.  Pethybridge, S. J., Hay, F. S., Gorny, A. M., and Kikkert, J. R. 2018. Spatiotemporal attributes and crop loss associated with tan spot epidemics in baby lima bean in New York.  Plant Dis. 102:405-412. <a href="http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS-07-17-1096-RE">http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS-07-17-1096-RE</a>. Pethybridge, S. J., Kikkert, J. R., Hanson, L. E., and Nelson, S. C. 2018. Challenges and prospects for building resilient disease management strategies and tactics for the New York table beet industry. Review Article. agronomy 8(7):112. <a href="http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/8/7/112">http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/8/7/112</a>. Selected as cover story and home page for issue: <a href="http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/8/7">http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/8/7</a>.  Rowe, Shawna L; Norman, Jeffrey S; Friesen, ML; 2018. Coercion in the Evolution of Plant–Microbe Communication: A Perspective. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 31(8):789-794 Schillinger, W., Paulitz, T.C. 2018. Canola versus Wheat Rotation Effects on Subsequent Wheat Yield. Field Crops Research 223:26-32.  Schlatter, D.C., Burke, I., Paulitz, T.C. 2018. Succession of fungal and oomycete communities in glyphosate-killed wheat roots. Phytopathology 108:582-594.  Schlatter, D.C., Yin, C., Hulbert, S., Burke, I., Paulitz, T.C. 2017. Subtle impacts of repeated glyphosate use on wheat-associated bacteria are small and depend on glyphosate use history. Applied and Environmental Microbiology https://doi.10.1128/AEM.01354-17.  Sharma-Poudyal, D., Schlatter, D.C., Yin, C., Hulbert, S., Paulitz, T.C. 2017. Long-term No-Till: A Major Driver of Fungal Communities in Dryland Wheat Cropping Systems. PLoS One. 12:10.1371/journal.pone.0184611.  Schlatter, D.C., Schillinger, W.F., Bary, A.I., Sharratt, B.S., Paulitz, T.C. 2017. Biosolids and conservation tillage: Impacts on soil fungal communities in dryland wheat-fallow cropping systems. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 115:556-567. Schlatter, D.C., Yin, C., Hulbert, S., Burke, I., Paulitz, T.C. 2017. Location, Root Proximity, and Glyphosate-use History Modulate the Effects of Glyphosate on Fungal Community Networks of Wheat. Microbial Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-017-1113-9.  Schlatter, D.C., Schillinger, W.F., Bary, A.I., Sharratt, B.S., Paulitz, T.C. 2018. Dust-associated Microbiomes from Dryland Wheat Fields Differ with Tillage Practice and Biosolids Application. Atmospheric Environment. 185:29-40.  Schlatter, D.C., Kahl, K., Carlson, B.R., Huggins, D.R., Paulitz, T.C. 2018. Fungal community composition and diversity vary with soil depths and landscape position in a no-till wheat cropping system. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiy098.  Shah, D. A., Dillard, H. R., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2018. <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ppa.12724/epdf">Hierarchical models for white mould in snap bean</a>. Plant Pathol. 67:145-155.  Shennan, C., Muramoto, J., Koike, S., Baird, G., Fennimore, S., Samtani, J., Bolda, M., Dara, S., Daugovish, O., Lazarovits, G., Butler, D., Rosskopf, E., Kokalis-Burelle, N., Klonsky, K. and Mazzola, M. 2018. Anaerobic soil disinfestation is a potential alternative to soil fumigation for control of certain soil-borne pathogens in strawberry production. Plant Pathology 67:51-66.  Siefert, Andrew; Zillig, Kenneth W; Friesen, Maren L; Strauss, Sharon Y; 2018. Soil microbial communities alter conspecific and congeneric competition consistent with patterns of field coexistence in three Trifolium congeners Journal of Ecology 106(5):1876-1891  Sun, W., Z. Xiong, L. Chu, W. Li, M. Soares, J. F. White, H-Y. Li. 2018. Bacterial communities of three plant species from Pb-Zn contaminated sites and plant-growth promotional benefits of endophytic Microbacterium sp. (strain BXGe71).  J. Hazardous Materials DOI 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.02.003. Wang, X., Glawe, D.A., Kramer, E., Weller, D.M., Okubara, P.A. 2018. Biological control of Botrytis cinerea: interactions with native vineyard yeasts from Washington State. Phytopathology 108:691-701. <a href="https://apsjournals-apsnet-org.nal.idm.oclc.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PHYTO-09-17-0306-R">https://apsjournals-apsnet-org.nal.idm.oclc.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PHYTO-09-17-0306-R</a>. Wang, L., and Mazzola M. 2018. Effect of soil physical conditions on emission of allyl isothiocyanate and subsequent microbial inhibition in response to Brassicaceae seed meal amendment. Plant Disease <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-18-1389-RE">doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-18-1389-RE</a>  Verma, S., J. F. White. 2018. Indigenous endophytic seed bacteria promote seedling development and defend against fungal disease in browntop millet (Urochloa ramosa L.). J. Applied Microbiology. DOI 10.1111/jam.13673  Verma, S.K., K.L. Kingsley, M.S. Bergen, K.P. Kowalski, J.F. White. 2018. Fungal disease protection in rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings by growth promoting seed-associated endophytic bacteria from invasive Phragmites australis. MDPI: Microorganisms.  2018 Mar 8;6(1). pii: E21. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms6010021.  Wang, L., and Mazzola, M. 2018. Interaction of Brassicaceae seed meal soil amendment and apple rootstock genotype on microbiome structure and replant disease suppression. Phytopathology 108: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-07-18-0230-R">doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-07-18-0230-R</a>  White, J.F.; Kingsley, K.L.; Verma, S.K.; Kowalski, K.P. Rhizophagy Cycle: An Oxidative Process in Plants for Nutrient Extraction from Symbiotic Microbes. Microorganisms 2018, 6, 95; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms6030095">https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms6030095</a>  Yoshikuni, Y. 2018. An integrated workflow for phenazine biosynthetic gene cluster discovery and characterization. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-018-2025-5.  Zhang, X. M., Jiang, H. and Hao, J. 2018. Evaluation of the risk of development of fluopicolide resistance in Phytophthora erythroseptica. Plant Disease. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-02-18-0366-RE.  Zhai, Y., Shao, Z., Cai, M., Zheng, L., Li, G., Huang, D., Cheng, W., Thomashow, L.S., Weller, D.M., Yu, Z., Zhang, J. 2018. Multiple modes of nematode control by volatiles of Pseudomonas putida 1A00316 from Antarctic soil against Meloidogyne incognita. Frontiers in Microbiology.  https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00253.   Books and book chapters  Mazzola, M. and Hewavitharana, S. S. 2018. Advances in understanding tree fruit-rhizosphere microbiome relationships for enhanced plant health. In, Achieving sustainable cultivation of temperate zone tree fruits and berries. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing. Cambridge, UK  Verma SK, White JF. (Eds.) 2019. Seed Endophytes: Biology and Biotechnology. 21 chapters, Springer, Germany.  White JF, Torres MS, Verma SK, Elmore MT, Kowalski KP, Kingsley KL. 2019. Evidence for widespread microbivory of endophytic bacteria in roots of vascular plants through oxidative degradation in root cell periplasmic spaces. In: PGPR Amelioration in Sustainable Agriculture: Food Security and Environmental Management (Eds. Kumar A, Singh A, Singh V), Elsevier.  White JF, Kingsley K, Harper CJ, Verma SK, Brindisi L, Chen Q, Chang X, Micci A, Bergen M 2018.  Reactive Oxygen Defense Against Cellular Endoparasites and the Origin of Eukaryotes. Chapter in: Krings M, Harper CJ, Cuneo NR, Rothwell GW (Eds.). Transformative Paleobotany: Papers to Commemorate the Life and Legacy of Thomas N. Taylor.  Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.  White, JF, Kathryn L. Kingsley, Susan Butterworth, Lara Brindisi, Judy W. Gatei, Matthew T. Elmore, Satish Kumar Verma, Xiang Yao,, Kurt P. Kowalski. 2019. Seed-vectored microbes: Their roles in improving seedling fitness and competitor plant suppression. Chapter in: Verma SK and White JF, Seed Endophytes: Biology and Biotechnology, Springer, Germany.  Extension and technical bulletins  Adesemoye, A. O. 2018. Root and Soilborne Diseases Update. CropWatch July 2, 2018.  Adesemoye, A. O. 2018. Soilborne and early seedling pathogens and delayed planting in corn and soybean. CropWatch May 3, 2018.  Adesemoye, A. O. 2018. Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome in West Central Nebraska. August 24, 2018.  Adesemoye, A. O. 2018. Weather: Root and Soilborne Diseases. Proceedings of the 2018 Nebraska Crop Management Conference. University of Nebraska Extension. Pp. 13-14.  Adesemoye, A. O., Eskelson, M. J., and Kodati, S. 2018. Evaluation of biological products for the management of fungal leaf spots of wheat in Nebraska, 2017. Plant Disease Management Reports. Report 12:CF089.  Becker, J.O., and B. Westerdahl 2017. Citrus: Nematodes. Pp. 183-185. In: UC IPM Pest Management Guideline: Citrus, UC ANR Publication 3441, Publication URL: <a href="%20http:/www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.citrus.html"> http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.citrus.html</a> (<a href="http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PDF/PMG/pmgcitrus.pdf">http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PDF/PMG/pmgcitrus.pdf</a>) (major revision).  Dankwa, A.S., Ge, T.L., Marangoni, N.F., Giggie, E., Hao, J.J. 2018. Evaluation of Elumin alone or tank mixed  du Toit, L., and Yorgey, G. 2018. Onion stunting after cereal cover crops. Page 6. Timing of glyphosate applications to wheat cover crops to reduce onion stunting caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Page 7. Efficacy of fungicide applications to manage onion stunting caused by Rhizoctonia spp. Pages 7-8. In: Strip-tillage for onions and sweet corn, Lorin Grigg. Farmer to Farmer Case Study Series on Increasing Resilience among Farmers in the Pacific Northwest. Washington State University Extension PNW702.  du Toit, L.J., Derie, M.L., and Holmes, B.J. 2018. Evaluation of natamycin seed treatments for Stemphylium, Verticillium, and other fungi on spinach seed, 2017. Plant Disease Management Reports 12:ST003.  du Toit, L.J., Derie, M.L., Holmes, B.J., and Batson, A. 2018. Evaluation of natamycin seed treatments for Stemphylium botryosum and other necrotrophic fungi on spinach seed, 2017. Plant Disease Management Reports 12:V050.  du Toit, L.J., Derie, M.L., Holmes, B.J., and Correll, J.C. 2018. Evaluation of seed treatments for Colletotrichum dematium, Stemphylium botryosum, and Verticillium dahliae on spinach seed, 2017. Plant Disease Management Reports 12:V051.  du Toit, L.J., Derie, M.L., Holmes, B.J., and Stearns, T. 2018. Steam treatments for necrotrophic fungi on spinach seed, 2017. Plant Disease Management Reports 12:ST004. du Toit, L.J., Derie, M.L., Holmes, B.J., Henrichs, B.A., Winkler, L.R., Waters, T.D., and Darner, J. 2018. The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculants on pink root and yield in an onion crop near Paterson, WA, 2016. Plant Disease Management Reports 12:V102.  Dupont, T., Hewavitharana, S. S., and Mazzola, M. 2018. Phytophthora crown, collar and root rot of apple and cherry. <a href="http://treefruit.wsu.edu/crop-protection/disease-management/phytophthora/">http://treefruit.wsu.edu/crop-protection/disease-management/phytophthora/</a>  Fukada, H., and du Toit, L.J. 2018. Cucumber – black root rot. Page 4C-91 in: 2018 Pacific Northwest Pacific Northwest Disease Management Handbook, J.W. Pscheidt and C.M. Ocamb, editors. A Pacific Northwest Extension Publication, Oregon State University, Washington State University, University of Idaho. <a href="https://pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease/host-disease/cucumber-cucumis-sativa-black-root-rot">https://pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease/host-disease/cucumber-cucumis-sativa-black-root-rot</a>  Ge, T.L., Liu, Q.L, Marangoni, N.F., Dankwa, A.S., Giggie, E., Hao, J.J. 2018. Evaluation of seed treatments and in-furrow treatments for dry rot and silver scurf control on potato, 2017. Plant Disease Management Reports.  Ge, T.L., Liu, Q.L, Marangoni, N.F., Dankwa, A.S., Giggie, E., Hao, J.J. 2018. Evaluation of Vertisan 1.67 for control of Fusarium dry rot and silver scurf on potato, 2017. Plant Disease Management Reports.  Ge, T.L., Marangoni, N.F., Dankwa, A.S., Giggie, E., Hao, J.J. 2018. Efficacy and crop safety of a20588a for control of black scurf on potato in Presque Isle, ME, 2017. Plant Disease Management Reports.  Ge, T.L., Song, S.Q., Marangoni, N.F., Dankwa, A.S., Giggie, E., Hao, J.J. 2018. Growth and yield enhancement on potatoes, 2017. Plant Disease Management Reports.  Ge, T.L., Song, S.Q., Marangoni, N.F., Dankwa, A.S., Giggie, E., Hao, J.J. 2018. Effects of A19649B for control of Fusarium on potato, 2017. Plant Disease Management Reports.  Hewavitharana, S. S., DuPont, T. and Mazzola, M. 2018. Apple Replant Disease. <a href="http://treefruit.wsu.edu/crop-protection/disease-management/apple-replant-disease/">http://treefruit.wsu.edu/crop-protection/disease-management/apple-replant-disease/</a>  Hsiao, C.J., Sassenrath, G.F., Rice, C., Hettiarachchi, G., Zeglin, L. 2018. Soil Health Profile in Claypan Soils. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: Vol. 4: Iss. 3. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.7575">https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.7575</a>  Hsiao, C.-J., Sassenrath, G.F., Rice, C.W., Zeglin, L.H. 2018. Long-term fertilization and tillage effects on soil microbial properties with depth. Abstract 111912. American Society of Agronomy Annual Meeting, Nov. 4-7, 2018, Baltimore, MD  Kikkert, J. R., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2018. Fungicides registered for control of Cercospora leaf spot in conventional table beet in New York. Cornell VegEdge 14(11):4. Kikkert, J. R., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2018. Increased risk for white mold in bean. Cornell VegEdge 14(16):4.  Kikkert, J. R., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2018. Leaf diseases found on table beets in New York State. Cornell VegEdge 14 (11):4-5.  Koenick, L., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2018. Phoma leaf spot and root rot of table beet. Extension Bulletin. Pp. 1.  Lange, H.W., Seaman, A.J. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/volume12/abstracts/v091.asp"> Evaluation of products allowed for organic production on tomato leaf mold in high tunnel production, 2017.</a> Plant Disease Management Report. Volume 11: V091  <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/volume12/abstracts/v090.asp"> Lange, H.W., Smart, C.D. and Seaman, A.J. Evaluation of materials allowed for organic production of early blight on tomato, 2017.</a> Plant Disease Management Report. Volume 11: V090  Lange, H.W., Smart, C.D. and Seaman, A.J. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/volume12/abstracts/v089.asp">Evaluation of materials allowed for organic production on bacterial spot of tomato, 2017.</a> Plant Disease Management Report. Volume 11: V089  <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/volume12/abstracts/v088.asp"> Lange, H.W., Smart, C.D. and Seaman, A.J. Evaluation of materials allowed for organic production on bacterial speck of tomato, 2017.</a> Plant Disease Management Report. Volume 11: V088  Lange, H.W., Smart, C.D.<a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/volume12/abstracts/v092.asp"> Evaluation of materials for control of bacterial canker of tomato, 2017.</a> Plant Disease Management Report. Volume 11: V092  Lange, H.W., Smart, C.D. Evaluation of materials for control of black rot of cabbage, 2017. Plant Disease Management Report. Volume 11: V087  Marangoni, N.F., Ge, T.L., Dankwa, A.S., Song, S.Q., Liu, Q., Giggie, E., Hao, J.J. 2018. Evaluation of fungicides for control of grey mold and white mold on potato, Presque Isle, ME, 2017. Plant Disease Management Reports.  Marangoni, N.F., Ge, T.L., Dankwa, A.S., Song, S.Q., Liu, Q., Giggie, E., Hao, J.J. 2018. Evaluation of Revus as a seed treatment for the control of pink rot and late blight of potato in Presque Isle, ME, 2017. Plant Disease Management Reports.  Marangoni, N.F., Ge, T.L., Dankwa, A.S., Song, S.Q., Liu, Q., Giggie, E., Hao, J.J. 2018. Developing an A22202A fungicide premix for potato late blight/ pink rot. Presque Isle, 2017. Plant Disease Management Reports.  Parke, J. L.,  Mallory-Smith, C., Dragila, M., Hill, B., Wada, N., Weidman, C., Coop, L., Buckland, K. 2018. Soil solarization – a potential tool for organic growers to manage weeds and improve soil health. Organic Farmer 1(4):12-18. <a href="https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/fullscreen/62280511/organic-farmer-dec-jan-2019">https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/fullscreen/62280511/organic-farmer-dec-jan-2019</a>  Pethybridge, S. J. 2018. Cornell Integrated Crop and Pest Management Guidelines for Commercial Vegetable Production. Chapter 13 – Beans. Updates. Pp. 33.  Pethybridge, S. J. 2018. Cornell Integrated Crop and Pest Management Guidelines for Commercial Vegetable Production. Chapter 14 – Beets. Updates. Pp. 17.  Pethybridge, S. J., and Kikkert, J. R. 2018. Efficacy of fungicides for the control of white mold in light red kidney bean, 2017. Plant Dis. Man. Rep. 12:CF013.<a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/volume12/abstracts/cf013.asp">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/volume12/abstracts/cf013.asp</a>. Pethybridge, S. J., Hansen, Z., Knight, N., and Kikkert, J. R. 2018. Efficacy of fungicides for Cercospora leaf spot control in table beet, 2017. Plant Dis. Man. Rep. 12:CF086.<a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/volume12/abstracts/cf086.asp">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/volume12/abstracts/cf086.asp</a>.  Redekar, N. and Parke, J. L. 2018. Test your irrigation water for Phytophthora. American Nurseryman (March issue) 6 pp.  Redekar, N., Parke, J. L., and Eberhart. 2018. 2018. How to use rapid test kits to detect Phytophthora in plant samples. Video. (8:28 min) <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5BoqflIdNwg">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5BoqflIdNwg</a>  Redekar, N., Parke, J. L., and Eberhart. 2018. Baiting: a method for early detection of Phytophthora. Video. (5:01 min.) <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=SJx7gzXyXoM">https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=SJx7gzXyXoM</a>  Sassenrath, G.F. 2018. To till or not to till? Montgomery County NRCS bulletin and other general press publications  Sassenrath, G.F., Davis, K., Sassenrath-Cole, A., Riding, N. 2018. Exploring the Physical, Chemical and Biological Components of Soil: Improving Soil Health for Better Productive Capacity. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: Vol. 4: Iss. 3. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.7577">https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.7577</a>  Sassenrath, G.F., Mengarelli, L., Lingenfelser, J., Lin, X., Shoup, D.E. 2018. Crop Production Summary, Southeast Kansas – 2017. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: Vol. 4: Iss. 3.https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.7573  Wohleb, C.H., Waters, T.W., and du Toit, L.J. 2018. Washington State University Extension Onion Alerts. Contributed disease information and photos for WSU Onion Alerts released online on 24 Apr., 23 May, 31 May, 3 Jul., 16 Aug., 27 Aug., 1 Oct., and 31 Oct. 2018. <a href="https://us13.campaign-archive.com/?u=2eff8714011ff4bfba18a0704&id=d75dc96e7f">https://us13.campaign-archive.com/?u=2eff8714011ff4bfba18a0704&id=d75dc96e7f</a>  Zhao, H., Sassenrath, G., Lin, X. Evaluation of winter wheat phenology models in eastern Kansas. Abstract 112183. American Society of Agronomy Annual Meeting, Nov. 4-7, 2018, Baltimore, MD  Meeting presentations and proceedings  Curland, R. D., McNally, R. R., Webster, B. T., Charkowski, A., Perry, K. L., Hao, J. G. Secor, C. T. Bull, N. Rosenzweig, S. Johnson, R. Larkin, C. A. Ishimaru. 2018. Phylogeny of pectolytic bacteria associated with recent outbreaks of potato soft rot and black leg in the United States. Annual Meeting of American Phytopathological Society. Boston, MA. Jul. 29-Aug. 3, 2018.  du Toit, L.J. 2018. Spinach seed production in the Pacific Northwest USA. Invited presentation, International Spinach Conference, 14-16 Feb. 2018, Murcia, Spain. <a href="https://spinach.uark.edu/spain-presentations/">https://spinach.uark.edu/spain-presentations/</a> (see Abstracts above)  du Toit, L.J. Case studies of the complexity of seedborne and seed transmitted fungi affecting regional and global seed trade. Guest speaker, joint symposium of American Phytopathological Society (APS) and Società Italiana di Patologia Vegetale (SIPaV), 24th National Congress of SIPaV, 5-7 Sep. 2018, Ancona, Italy. (~250 people)  du Toit, L.J. Complexities and synergies in large-scale conventional and organic agriculture in Washington. Organic Fresh Food Panel. Invited presentation at Spring 2018 University Industry Consortium Meeting, 24-27 Apr. 2018, Walter Clore Wine & Culinary Center, Prosser, WA. (75 people)   du Toit, L.J. Impact of fungicides on plant health. Invited presentation, Pest Management Session of the Pacific Northwest Vegetable Association Annual Convention & Trade Show, 14-15 Nov. 2018, Kennewick, WA. (175 people)  du Toit, L.J. Management of Fusarium basal rot of onion. Invited presentation, Onion Session of the Pacific Northwest Vegetable Association Annual Convention & Trade Show, 14-15 Nov. 2018, Kennewick, WA. (200 people)  du Toit, L.J. Regionally appropriate fungicide programs for common onion pathogens in the Columbia Basin. Invited presentation, Onion Session of the Pacific Northwest Vegetable Association Annual Convention & Trade Show, 14-15 Nov. 2018, Kennewick, WA. (200 people) du Toit, L.J., Solemslie, R, and Waters, T. Early season diseases and pests of sweet corn in the Columbia Basin. International Sweet Corn Development Association Annual Meeting, 26-27 Nov. 2018, Wisconsin Dells, WI. (55 people)  du Toit, L.J., Solemslie, R, and Waters, T. Early season diseases and pests of sweet corn in the Columbia Basin. Invited presentation, General Vegetable Session of the Pacific Northwest Vegetable Association Annual Convention & Trade Show, 14-15 Nov. 2018, Kennewick, WA. (85 people)  Ge, T., Johnson, S.B., Larkin, R. and Hao, J. 2018. Isolation and Identification of Bacteria Causing Blackleg and Soft Rot of Potato. Annual Meeting of American Phytopathological Society. Boston, MA. Jul. 29-Aug. 3.  Hewavitharana, S.S., Leisso, R.S., Honaas, L.A., Rudell Jr, D.R., Mazzola, M. Temporal dynamics of the soil metabolome and microbiome in response to anaerobic soil disinfestation. International Congress of Plant Pathology, Boston, Massachusetts, July 29-August 3, 2018.  Marangoni, N., Hao, J. and Haynes, K.G. 2018. Resistance to soft rot bacteria in diploid S. phureja-S. stenotomum potatoes. Annual Meeting of Potato Association of America. Fargo, ND. Jul. 22-27.  Mazzola organized concurrent session “Unlocking the Secrets of Suppressive Soils: Insights From the Microbiome” at International Congress of Plant Pathology, Boston, MA July 28-Aug 3, 2018. Presented invited talk at Rhizoctonia Workshop.  Mazzola, M. “Mobilizing the rhizosphere microbiome to enhance orchard system resilience.” Bonares Conference: Soil as a Sustainable Resource, Berlin, Germany, February 26, 2018.  Mazzola, M. 2018. Mobilizing the rhizosphere microbiome to enhance orchard system biologically-based methods to control soil-borne diseases. Proceedings of the 10th Australasian Soilborne Disease Symposium. p. 106.1-106.2.  Mazzola, M., Wang, L. and Hewavitharana, S. S. Development and application of biologically-based methods to control soil-borne diseases. 10th Australasian Symposium on Soilborne Diseases. Adelaide, South Australia, September 4-7, 2018. Okubara, P. Botrytis and Native Grape Yeasts—Not All Interactions Are Created Equal. Plant & Animal Genome XXVI, San Diego, CA, January 13, 2018. Workshop number W775.  Okubara, P. Enhanced Phytoremediation with Plant-Microbe Partnerships. Rem Tech 2018, Rome, Italy, September 19, 2018. (remote presentation)  Okubara, P. Harnessing the Power of the Plant Microbiome to Increase Crop Health, Growth, and Yield. The 3rd Partnerships in Biocontrol, Biostimulants & Microbiome: USA, Philadelphia, PA, October 1-2, 2018.  Okubara, P. Mechanisms for Conferring Tolerance to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses by the Plant Microbiome. Yosemite Symbiosis Workshop, Sierra Nevada Research Institute, Wawona, CA, May 4-6, 2018.  Okubara, P. The Plant Microbiome: Key to Sustainable Food Production, Forestry, Bioenergy, and Reduction of Environmental Pollutants. Third International Conference on Applied Microbiology and Beneficial Microbes, Osaka, Japan, June 6-7, 2017. (remote presentation)  Okubara, P. The Poplar Tree Microbiome:  Implications of the Ecosystem Within. Plant & Animal Genome XXVI, San Diego, CA, January 2018.  Okubara, P. Using Plant-Microbe Symbiosis to Increase Plant Resilience. Recent Advances in Microbial Control Microbiomes Matter, Clearwater Beach, FL, Nov 4-6, 2018.  Okubara, P. Using Plant-Microbe Symbiosis to Increase Resilience to Environmental Challenges. 2018 International Symbiosis Society Congress, July 16-20, 2018, Corvallis, OR.  Paulitz, T. C. 2018 Washington State Report”, W-3147 Multistate Meeting, Managing Plant Microbe Interactions in Soil to Promote Sustainable Agriculture.  Ontario, CA Dec. 1, 2017  Winslow, J., Mazzola, M., Holmes, G.J., Ivors, K. Integrating host resistance and organic amendments in a chemical-independent approach to managing Macrophomina crown rot in strawberries. International Congress of Plant Pathology, Boston, Massachusetts, July 29-August 3, 2018.  Abstracts  Akinrinlola, R., Adesemoye, A. O., and Yuen G. Y. 2018. Evaluation of PGPR strains in multiple crop hosts and predictability of growth promotion efficacy by PGPR traits. International Congress of Plant Pathology (ICPP)-American Phytopathological Society (APS) Joint Conference, Boston, MA. August 1 to 5, 2018.  Batson, A.M., Peever, T.L., and du Toit, L.J. 2018. Determining the genetic basis of pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae on spinach. Abstract for International Spinach Conference, 14-16 Feb. 2018, Murcia, Spain. <a href="https://spinach.uark.edu/spain-presentations/">https://spinach.uark.edu/spain-presentations/</a>  Batson, A.M., Peever, T.L., and du Toit, L.J. 2018. The Secreted in Xylem gene profile of the spinach Fusarium wilt pathogen. International Congress of Plant Pathology, 29 Jul.-5 Aug. 2018, Boston, MA. Phytopathology 108 :S1.207 <a href="https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PHYTO-108-10-S1.1">https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PHYTO-108-10-S1.1</a>  Becker, J.O. 2018. A Cooperative Extension Specialist in Nematology: a California perspective. Journal of Nematology 50: 627.  Becker, J.O., and J. Borneman 2018. An Appraisal of a Cyst Nematode-Suppressive Soil. International Symposium on Plant Parasitic Nematodes, June 15, 2018, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan. Abstract book page 18-19.  Curland, R. D., McNally, R. R., Webster, B. T., Charkowski, A., Perry, K. L., Hao, J. G. Secor, C. T. Bull, N. Rosenzweig, S. Johnson, R. Larkin, C. A. Ishimaru. 2018. Phylogeny of pectolytic bacteria associated with recent outbreaks of potato soft rot and black leg in the United States. Annual Meeting of American Phytopathological Society. Boston, MA. Jul. 29-Aug. 3, 2018.  du Toit, L.J. 2018. Spinach seed production in the Pacific Northwest USA. Invited presentation at International Spinach Conference, 14-16 Feb. 2018, Murcia, Spain. <a href="https://spinach.uark.edu/spain-presentations/">https://spinach.uark.edu/spain-presentations/</a>  du Toit, L.J., and Correll, J.C. 2018. Case studies of the complexity of seedborne and seed transmitted fungi affecting regional and global seed trade. Guest speaker, joint symposium of American Phytopathological Society (APS) and Società Italiana di Patologia Vegetale (SIPaV), 24th National Congress of SIPaV, 5-7 Sep. 2018, Ancona, Italy.  Ge, T., Johnson, S.B., Larkin, R. and Hao, J. Isolation and Identification of Bacteria Causing Blackleg and Soft Rot of Potato. Annual Meeting of American Phytopathological Society. Boston, MA. Jul. 29-Aug. 3, 2018.  Hao, J. Pink rot control with foliar applications. Annual Meeting of Maine Potato Conference. Caribou Inn, Presque Isle, ME. Jan. 16-17, 2018.  Hao, J. Updates on blackleg and soft rot of potato. Annual Meeting of Maine Potato Conference. Caribou Inn, Presque Isle, ME. Jan. 16-17, 2018.  Hao, J.J. and Jiang, H. Ecological perspectives on Phytophthora erythroseptica regulated by signal molecules. Soilborne Oomycete International Conference, Cheeca Lodge & Spa, Islamorada, FL, Dec. 4-6, 2018.  Hao, J.J., Ge, T., Marangoni, N., Jiang, H., Johnson, S.B., Larkin, R.P. Characterization of the pathogens that cause blackleg of potato in Maine and their responses to chemical treatments and varieties. Euphresco III Dickeya/Pectobacterium Workshop. NAK, Emmeloord, The Netherlands, Nov. 15-16, 2018.  Hao, J.J., Ge, T., Marangoni, N., Jiang, H., Johnson, S.B., Larkin, R.P., Tracking the bacteria associated with the outbreak of blackleg of potato in the Northeastern US. Euphresco III Dickeya/Pectobacterium Workshop. NAK, Emmeloord, The Netherlands, Nov. 15-16, 2018.  Hewavitharana, S.S., Leisso, R.S., Honaas, L.A., Rudell Jr, D.R., Mazzola, M. 2018. Temporal Kodati, S. and Adesemoye, A. O. 2018. Biology-based strategies for integrated management of Rhizoctonia solani in soybean fields. The 9th International Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Symposium, Baltimore, Maryland. March 19-22, 2018.  Koenick, L., Knight, N., Vaghefi, N., du Toit, L., and Pethybridge, S. 2018. Genetic structure of Phoma betae populations in New York and Washington States, USA. International Congress of Plant Pathology, 29 Jul.-5 Aug. 2018, Boston, MA. Phytopathology 108:S1.87. <a href="https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PHYTO-108-10-S1.1">https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PHYTO-108-10-S1.1</a>  Loffredo, A., J. Smith Becker, R. Fukui, and J.O. Becker 2017. Combination of microbial antagonists and a seed-delivered nematicide mitigated root-knot nematode-caused disease in tomato greenhouse and microplot trials. Journal of Nematology 49: 513.  Marangoni, N., Hao, J. and Haynes, K.G. Resistance to soft rot bacteria in diploid S. phureja-S. stenotomum potatoes. Annual Meeting of Potato Association of America. Fargo, ND. Jul. 22-27, 2018.  Parikh, L. and Adesemoye, A. O. 2018. Co-inoculation of Burkholderia ambifara C628 and Bacillus simplex R180 reduced Fusarium root rot disease in corn. The 9th International Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Symposium, Baltimore, Maryland. March 19-22, 2018.  Parikh, L. and Adesemoye, A. O. 2018. Metabolomics approach to elucidate the mechanisms underlying biological control of Fusarium root rot by PGPR. International Congress of Plant Pathology (ICPP)-American Phytopathological Society (APS) Joint Conference, Boston, MA. August 1 to 5, 2018.   Parikh, L., Albala, S. A., and Adesemoye, A. O. Characterization and bioactivity of lipopeptides produced by Bacillus simplex and Burkholderia ambifaria. The 11th International Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Workshop, June 17-211, 2018 at Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.  Ploeg, A., and J.O. Becker 2016. Abamectin as a microbial-derived nematicidal seed coating. European Society of Nematologists 32nd Symposium, abstract Book p. 73.  Ploeg, A., J.O. Becker, and J. Nunez 2017. Managing root-knot nematodes in organic carrot production – an overview of California studies. International Carrot Conference, Bakersfield, CA. PM-107.  Qiong, He, H.Y. Wu, J.S. Becker, and J.O. Becker 2017. Aspergillus japonicus strain ZW1 and its toxicity against root-knot nematodes. SON 56th Annual meeting, Williamsburg, Virginia. Abstract booklet p. 103-104.  Schlatter, D. C., Kahl, K., Carlson, B., Huggins, D. and Paulitz, T. C.  2018. The mycobiome of deep soil profiles in no-till dryland wheat Phytopathology 108(10):S1.77  Shi, A., Correll, J., Feng, C., Mou, B., Avila, C., du Toit, L., Stein, L., Hogan, R., Qin, J., Zhou, W., Battharai, G., Zia, B., Waltram, R., Weng, Y., Liu, B., and Gyawali, S. 2018. Developing genetic and molecular resources to improve spinach production and management. Annu. Meeting American Soc. Hortic. Sci., 30 Jul.-3 Aug. 2018, Washington, DC.  Simon, P., Colley, M., McKenzie, L., Zystro, J., McCluskey, C., Hoagland, L., Silva, E., Roberts, P., Dawson, J., du Toit, L., Waters, T., and Nunez, J. 2018. CIOA 2 - Carrot Improvement for Organic Agriculture with Added Grower and Consumer Value. Annu. Meeting American Soc. Hortic. Sci., 30 Jul.-3 Aug. 2018, Washington, DC.  Simon, P., Ellison, S., Spooner, D., Senalik, D., Colley, M., McKenzie, L., Dawson, J., Tanumihardjo, S., Nunez, J., Roberts, P., van Deynze, A., Sumner, D., Matthews, W., Lee, H., Iorizzo, M., du Toit, L., Waters, T., and Diaz-Ramirez, J. 2018. Identifying phenotypes, markers, and genes in carrot germplasm to deliver improved carrots to growers and consumers. Annu. Meeting American Soc. Hortic. Sci., 30 Jul.-3 Aug. 2018, Washington, DC.  Smith Becker, J., J. Borneman, and J.O. Becker 2018. Trypsin-like Activity Correlated to Virulence of Hyalorbilia oviparasitica on Heterodera schachtii. Journal of Nematology 50: 657. strawberries. Phytopathology 108(10):S1-175.  Winslow, J., Mazzola, M., Holmes, G.J., Ivors, K. 2018. Integrating host resistance and organic amendments in a chemical-independent approach to managing Macrophomina crown rot in dynamics of the soil metabolome and microbiome in response to anaerobic soil disinfestation. Phytopathology 108(10):S1.101.  Extension Talks/Field Days/Workshops/Consultations  Batson, A., and du Toit, L.J. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae: What makes this a pathogen of spinach? Western Washington Seed Workshop and Puget Sound Seed Growers’ Association Annual Meeting, 12 Jan. 2018, Mount Vernon, WA. (90 people)  Becker, O. 2018 Annual Fresh Carrot Research Conference, Bakersfield, CA. March 20, 2018. “Impact of novel nematicides on carrot health in root-knot nematode-infested fields.” (presentation)  Becker, O. 2018 UCR Turfgrass and Landscape Research Field Day, UCR Agricultural Operations, September 13, 2018. “Nematode issues in turfgrasses.” (Field Day/hands-on demonstrations, invited)  Becker, O. 29th Annual Fall Desert Crops Workshop, Imperial, CA, December 4, 2018. “Novel Nematicides: Not Your Dad’s Pesticides.” (Invited presentation)  Becker, O. 57th Annual Meeting, Society of Nematologists, Albuquerque, New Mexico. July 22-25, 2018. “Trypsin-like Activity Correlated to Virulence of Hyalorbilia oviparasitica on Heterodera schachtii” (poster) Becker, O. 57th Annual Meeting, Society of Nematologists, Albuquerque, New Mexico. July 22-25, 2018. “A Cooperative Extension Specialist in Nematology: a California perspective” (Invited workshop presenter “Career Paths in Extension Nematology”)  Becker, O. Educational course for Ag Industry group. South Coast Research and Extension Center, Tustin, CA. July 30, 2018. “Introduction to plant parasitic nematodes and field research” (presentation)  Becker, O. Field demonstration for ag industry members. South Coast Research and Extension Center, Tustin, CA. July 30, 2018. “Crop protection against nematodes in carrots, beans, okra and pepper” (together with Antoon Ploeg)  Becker, O. Industry training field day, Syngenta Western Region of Field Scientists, South Coast REC, March 6, 2018. “Field trials: Experimental issues”  Becker, O. Multistate Research Project meeting, W4147, "Managing Plant Microbe Interactions in Soil to Promote Sustainable Agriculture." Riverside, CA. Nov 30, 2018.  Becker, O. Nem250 Department Seminar, University of California, Riverside, CA, May 30, 2018. “Cyst nematode suppression” (invited presentation).  Becker, O. Pitahaya/Dragon Fruit Festival/Field Day 2018, UC South Coast Research & Extension Center, Irvine, August 25, 2018. “Plant-Parasitic Nematode Issues for Pitahaya and Specialty Crop Production.” (Field Day/ hands-on demonstrations, invited)  Becker, O. Pitahaya/Dragon Fruit Production Seminar 2018, San Diego County Farm Bureau, Escondido, August 24, 2018. “Nematode Issues for Pitahaya Production.” (invited presentation)  Becker, O. PLPA 120/BIOL120/MCBL 120, PLPA210-001, November 6, 2018. “Introduction to Plant Pathology: Nematodes and Parasitic Plants.” (invited presentation)  Becker, O. Seminar in the Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, June 14, 2018. “Phytonematology in California: Changes in Research and Extension” (invited presentation).  Becker, O. The International Symposium on Plant Parasitic Nematodes, June 15-16, 2018, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan. “An appraisal of a cyst nematode-suppressive soil” (invited keynote speaker).  Becker, O. Undergraduate student group from Southwest University, Chongqing,  Becker, O. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, Statewide Conference 2018. Soilborne Plant Pathogen Workgroup meeting, Ontario, CA, Wednesday, April 11, 2018. “Biological Control of Cyst Nematodes” (invited presentation).  Becker, O. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, Statewide Conference 2018. Poster Session, Ontario, CA, Tuesday, April 10, 2018. “Sting nematode, a subterranean invasive species in the Coachella Valley” (poster presentation).  Becker, O. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, Nematology Workgroup meeting, Ontario, CA, Monday, April 9, 2018. ”Program overview.” (presentation)  Bennett, L. and Parke, J. L. 2018. Soil solarization. Talk and demonstration at a field day for native plant nursery growers, NORS-DUC, San Rafael, CA. Sept. 9, 2018.  Borneman, J.  Indigenous Populations of Dactylella oviparasitica Suppress Nematodes in Several Regions & Crops. Joint Meeting of Conference on Soilborne Plant Pathogens and APS Pacific Division. Portland Oregon, June 27, 2018.  Borneman, J. CUTRALE-UCR Meeting in Riverside CA, March 13, 2018. Metabolic Modeling Based Strategies to Manage HLB.  Borneman, J. CUTRALE-UCR Meeting in Riverside CA, March 13, 2018. Metabolic Modeling Based Strategies to Manage HLB.  Borneman, J. Indigenous Populations of Dactylella oviparasitica Suppress Nematodes in Several Regions & Crops. Joint Meeting of Conference on Soilborne Plant Pathogens and APS Pacific Division. Portland Oregon, June 27, 2018.  Borneman, J. Sugarbeet Work Group Meeting, January 31 2018, Holtville CA, Title: Improving Sugar Beet Economics, Productivity & Sustainability by Modifying the Cropping Decision Model.  Borneman, J. Sugarbeet Work Group Meeting, January 31 2018, Holtville CA, Title: Improving Sugar Beet Economics, Productivity & Sustainability by Modifying the Cropping Decision Model.  China. Organized by International Education Programs, UC Riverside Extension Center, August 20, 2018. “Introduction to plant parasitic nematodes” (Invited presentation)  du Toit, L.J. 9th Annual Spinach Fusarium Wilt Soil Bioassay Open House, WSU Mount Vernon NWREC, 22-23 Feb. 2018. Open house for spinach seed growers and seed company personnel to observe spinach parent lines ranging from highly susceptible to partially resistant fare in a bioassay of soil from growers’ fields to assess relative risk of Fusarium wilt. Soil samples received from 55 fields ($200/field), as well as seed of 70 spinach parent lines to screen for resistance. Stakeholders used results to decide which fields to plant to spinach seed crops in 2018. >300 fields in western WA have been tested since 2010.  du Toit, L.J. A review of onion diseases – identification and management. 4-hour invited presentation at the 2018 Walla Walla Onion Growers’ Meeting organized by CHS Primeland, 18 Jan. 2018, Walla Walla, WA (12 people)  du Toit, L.J. Allium, bean, and crucifer seed quarantines in Washington: Current status and future needs. Annual Basin Producers’ 2018 Pesticide Recertification Day, 19 Jan. 2018, Moses Lake, WA (175 people)  du Toit, L.J. Allium, bean, and crucifer seed quarantines in Washington: Current status and future needs. Columbia Basin Crop Consultants’ Assoc. Short Course, 17 Jan. 2018, Moses Lake, WA (150 people)  du Toit, L.J. Bacterial diseases in Washington’s bean seed crops. Columbia Basin Vegetable Seed Assoc. Annual Meeting, 16 Jan. 2018, Moses Lake, WA (70 people)  du Toit, L.J. Battles of the brassicas: Common brassica diseases in western Washington. Invited presentation for a Hot Topic session at Focus on Farming XV, Snohomish Co. Extension, 8 Nov. 2018, Monroe, WA. (50 people)  du Toit, L.J. Conventional and organic disease control strategies for specialty crops. Invited presentation at 2018 Colorado Fruit & Vegetable Growers’ Association Annual Meeting, 19-20 Feb. 2018, Denver, CO (50 people)  du Toit, L.J. Diseases in Brassica vegetable seed crops in the Pacific Northwest. Invited presentation to Bejo Zaden Brassica Team, 3 May 2018, Mount Vernon, WA. (20 people)  du Toit, L.J. Seedborne and seed transmitted plant pathogens. Columbia Basin Crop Consultants’ Assoc. Short Course, 17 Jan. 2018, Moses Lake, WA (100 people)  du Toit, L.J. Washington Pest Control Tour or central WA, Washington State Commission on Pesticide Registration, 24-26 Jul. 2018. Presented on vegetable seed production and research needs, including pathology research, to ~50 federal/state legislators or staff, agricultural industry representatives, WA State Dept. of Agriculture, Ecology, and Labor & Industries; WSU CAHNRS administrators, National Marine Fisheries Service, US Environmental Protection Agency, etc. Othello, WA. (75 people)  du Toit, L.J. What’s the deal with black leg and black rot of brassicas? Invited presentation to brassica seed growers, fresh market growers, and Master Gardeners in Island Co. Extension following a false positive report of black leg on Whidbey Island and a true positive report of black rot in Skagit Co. in 2018, 10 Dec. 2018, Coupeville, WA. (22 people)  du Toit, L.J. What’s the deal with black leg of brassicas? Columbia Basin Vegetable Seed Assoc. Annual Meeting, 16 Jan. 2018, Moses Lake, WA (70 people)  du Toit, L.J. WSU Extension Onion Field Day, 30 Aug. 2018, Hartley Farms, Benton City, WA. Presented onion mycorrhizae research to growers, seed industry, extension personnel, researchers. (125 people).  Hao, J. Title: “Biological control: an ecological tool for managing plant disease.” Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China. Mar. 22, 2018.  Hao, J. Title: “Biologically Managing Potato Common Scab.” Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China. Mar. 20, 2018.  Hao, J. Title: “Biologically Managing Potato Common Scab.” Plant Protection Institute, China Academy of Agriculture, Beijing, China. Mar. 28, 2018.  Hao, J. Title: “Management of common scab of potato using biological control.” 2018 Ontario Potato Conference & Trade Show. Delta Hotel & Conference Center, Guelph, Canada. Mar. 6, 2018.  Hao, J. Title: “Pink rot of potato and its management.” 2018 WPVGA / UW Grower Education Conference. Holiday Inn in Stevens Point, WI. Feb. 6-8, 2018.  Hao, J. Title: “Understanding the black side of blackleg of potato.” 2018 WPVGA / UW Grower Education Conference. Holiday Inn in Stevens Point, WI. Feb. 6-8, 2018.  Hao, J.J. Title: “Ecological perspectives on Phytophthora erythroseptica regulated by signal molecules.” Soilborne Oomycete International Conference, Cheeca Lodge & Spa, Islamorada, FL, Dec. 4-6, 2018.  Hewavitharana, S. S., DuPont, T., and Mazzola, M. Alternative methods to control replant disease. Washington State Horticultural Association Annual Meeting, Yakima, WA. December 3-5, 2018.  Hughes, E., van Aardt, J., Pethybridge, S. J., Kikkert, J. R., and Salvaggio, C. 2018. Progress in the application of remote sensing to white mold management in snap bean. Empire Expo, Syracuse, New York. Attendees = 100. Duration = 60 min. Total contact = 100 hours. 16 January 2018.  Kikkert, J. R., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2018. Foliar diseases of table beets. 2018 Fresh Market Winter Vegetable Meeting, Lockport, New York. Attendees = 37. Duration = 20 min. Total contact = 11 hours.  31 January 2018.  Kikkert, J. R., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2018. Foliar diseases of table beets. 2018 Fresh Market Winter Vegetable Meeting, Irondequoit, New York. Attendees = 12. Duration = 20 min. Total contact = 4 hours.  1 February 2018. Leisso, R. and Mazzola, M. “News from the underground: Recent research in apple root and soil interactions.” Washington State Horticultural Association Annual Meeting. Kennewick, WA, December 5, 2017.  Mazzola, M. “Managing rhizosphere microbiology for improved orchard productivity.” Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market EXPO, Grand Rapids, MI, December 6, 2017.  Mazzola, M. “Managing rhizosphere/soil microbiology via apple rootstock biochemistry.” Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission. Pasco, WA, January 24, 2018.  Mazzola, M. “Managing soil biology for improved blueberry productivity”. Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market EXPO, Grand Rapids, MI, December 6, 2017.  Mazzola, M. “Managing soil biology for improved strawberry productivity”. Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market EXPO, Grand Rapids, MI, December 7, 2017.  Mazzola, M. “Manipulation of soil microbiomes to enhance orchard system resilience.” USDA-ARS Sponsored Workshop to National Vineyard/Grape grower groups. Portland, OR, November 28, 2017 Mazzola, M. “Practices for the management of apple replant disease.”  Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable and Farm Market EXPO, Grand Rapids, MI, December 6, 2017.  Mazzola, M. “Steering soil microbiomes to enhance orchard health.” Science in Our Valley, Wenatchee, WA, April 19, 2018.  Okubara P, Pollard A, Fuest P. 2018. Expression of defense enzymes and mRNAs in wild oat and wheat seeds challenged with the pathogen Fusarium avenaceum. 2018 Dryland Field Day Abstracts, Technical Report 18-1, pp. 61-62.  Okubara, P. Characterization of indigenous yeasts associated with wine grapes and early-stage fermentations in Washington State. 2018 Washington State Wine and Grape Research Review, Prosser, WA.  Okubara, P. What yeast is in your vineyard? Native yeasts have potential to reduce fungicide use by controlling bunch rot. Article by Melissa Hansen for Good Fruit Grower, November 2018.  Okubara, P.A. 2018. Washington Ag Network WAVE Minute podcasts produced by Glenn Vaagen, 610 KONA radio station, Pasco, WA. 1) Native yeasts of grape (http://www.washingtonagnetwork.com/2018/05/03/wave-minute-native-yeasts-part-1/); 2) Additional research (<a href="http://www.washingtonagnetwork.com/2018/05/24/wave-minute-additional-research-into-yeast-and-fermentation/">http://www.washingtonagnetwork.com/2018/05/24/wave-minute-additional-research-into-yeast-and-fermentation/</a>)  Parke, J. L. 2018. Edited the online, open-access journal, Forest Phytophthoras.  Parke, J. L. 2018. Maintained the Forest Phytophthoras website at Oregon State University.  Parke, J. L. 2018. Maintained the Online Phytophthora Training for Nursery Growers website at Oregon State University.  Parke, J. L. 2018. Organized and led a grower workshop on soil solarization at the N. Willamette Research and Extension Center, Aurora, OR. October 29, 2018. 42 participants.  Parke, J. L. 2018. Phytopathogens in irrigation water. Maryland Nursery Grower Workshop, College Park, MD. Aug. 6, 2018. Invited presentation. 63 participants.  Parke, J. L. 2018. Plot size influences effectiveness of solarization to control soil Phytophthoras. Phytophthoras in Native Habitats Work Group. Albany, CA. June 21, 2018. Invited presentation. 45 participants.  Parke, J. L. 2018. Produced and recorded an hour-long lesson on management of waterborne pathogens for an online course on irrigation water quality and treatment. English and Spanish version. Nov. 5-Dec. 7, 2018. University of Florida IFAS Extension.  Parke, J. L., Mallory-Smith, C., Dragila, M., Hill, B., Wada, N., Weidman, C., Nackley, L., Coop, L., Funahashi, F. 2018. Soil solarization for managing weeds and soilborne pathogens in tree seedling nurseries in the Pacific Northwest. Poster presentation. ASHS Annual Meeting, July 30-Aug. 2, 2018. Wash. D.C.  Parke, J. L., Redekar, N., Eberhart, J., Swett, C. L., Del Castillo Múnera, J. 2018.  Phytopathogens, nursery plant production and water. Invited talk. ASHS Annual Meeting, July 30-Aug. 2, 2018. Wash. D.C.  Parke, J. L., Swett, C., Majsztrik, J. 2018. Tools for growers to assess disease risk. Oral presentation. ASHS Annual Meeting, July 30-Aug. 2, 2018. Wash. D.C.  Paulitz, T. C.  2018. “Management of Nematode Diseases with Genetic Resistance”.  Washington Grain Commission Research Review, Pullman WA Feb. 21, 2018  Paulitz, T. C. 2008. “Glyphosate and Soil Microbial Communities: Fake News vs. Facts” Dept. of Crop Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR Feb. 28, 2018  Paulitz, T. C. 2018 “Current research on canola diseases” Washington Oilseeds Cropping System Annual meeting, Pullman, WA Feb. 22, 2018  Paulitz, T. C. 2018 “Fusarium crown rot on wheat: Prebreeding and development of tools for genetic disease management”.  Washington Grain Commission Research Review, Pullman WA Feb. 21, 2018  Paulitz, T. C. 2018 “Glyphosate and the Soil Microbiome”  Wheat Beat Podcast, Wheat and Small Grains Extension, Washington State University, Pullman, WA Feb 12, 2018  Paulitz, T. C. 2018.  “Fake News vs. Facts: Glyphosate and Soil Microbes”.  Lind Field Day, Lind, WA June 14, 2018  Paulitz, T. C. 2018.  “Glyphosate and Soil Microbial Communities: Fake News vs. Facts”  Dept. Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman Jan. 29. 2018  Paulitz, T. C. 2018.  “Glyphosate- What is it Doing to Soil Microbes”?  Direct Seed Meeting, Kennewick, WA Jan 9-10, 2018  Paulitz, T. C. 2018.  “Soilborne Root Pathogens of Wheat”  Wheat Beat Podcast, Wheat and Small Grains Extension, Washington State University, Pullman, WA  Feb. 12, 2018.  Paulitz, T. C. 2018. “Choosing the Correct Wheat Seed Treatment”, Prime Land Cooperative Grower Meeting, Walla Walla, WA Jan. 11, 2018  Paulitz, T. C. 2018. “Diseases of Brassica”. WSU Oilseed Cropping Systems Workshops Colfax, WA Jan 25, 2018  Paulitz, T. C. 2018. “Diseases of Canola”, Washington Oilseeds Cropping System field tour, Paha, WA.  May 22, 2018  Paulitz, T. C. 2018. “Glyphosate and Soil Microbial Communities: Fake News vs. Facts”. Palouse-Rockford Conservation District Annual Meeting, St. John, WA Jan 24, 2018  Paulitz, T. C. 2018. “Interactions of soil pH and soilborne pathogens of wheat”.  Dept of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA Oct 30, 2017  Paulitz, T. C. 2018. “Pathogens in Dryland Cereal Systems” Advances in Dryland Farming in the Inland Northwest, a webinar.  Regional Approaches to Climate Change (REACCH; <a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.reacchpna.org_&d=DwMFAg&c=C3yme8gMkxg_ihJNXS06ZyWk4EJm8LdrrvxQb-Je7sw&r=KGvt2bXMPyMY3t8Ly-KwDA&m=MnDN4HTzCqcgxdGUiCMRk5-A1N1Gvt-Od9PVyzjj-gA&s=DnCOmUY3p5AmZGbKQ0FpzWukZl5aab8_NKgMWHRXYPE&e=">www.reacchpna.org</a>). Pullman, WA  Nov 20, 2017  Paulitz, T. C. 2018. “The Role of Microbial Communities in Disease Suppressive Soils: A Case Study”  Oregon Society of Soil Science, Corvallis, OR March 1, 2018  Paulitz, T. C. 2018. “What’s New in Research on Soilborne Plant Pathogens”. Spokane Farm Forum, Ag Expo, Spokane, Washington.   Feb. 7, 2017  Pethybridge, S. J. 2018. Beet disease research update. Beet Advisory Meeting, Batavia, New York. Attendees = 25. Duration = 2 h. Total contact = 50 hours. 22 February 2018.  Pethybridge, S. J. 2018. Biocontrol and disease management in organic vegetable crops: a case study. Biocontrol USA East Conference, Rochester, NY. Attendees = 110. Duration = 40 min. Total contact = 73.3 hours. 12 October 2018.  Pethybridge, S. J. 2018. Building the profitability of the table beet industry in New York. New York Farm Viability Institute Taking Stock of Agriculture Workshop. Attendees = 100. Duration = 30 min. Total contact = 50 hours. 27 November 2018.  Pethybridge, S. J. 2018. Data-derived decisions in plant disease management. New York State Agricultural Society Conference, Syracuse, NY. Attendees = 75. Duration = 90 min (presentation and discussion panel participation). Total contact = 112.5 hours. 3 January 2018.  Pethybridge, S. J. 2018. Digital agriculture tools for evaluating disease. 2018 Agriculture & Food Systems In-Service, Ithaca, NY.  Attendees = 52.  Duration = 30 min. Total contact = 26 hours. 14 November 2018.   Pethybridge, S. J. 2018. Diseases of processing vegetables in New York. Field Plant Pathology Course, Geneva, New York. Attendees = 50. Duration = 30 min. Total contact = 25 hours. 28 June 2018.  Pethybridge, S. J. 2018. Epidemiology of vegetable diseases in New York. Update on activities in digital agriculture. Discussion with Moog Inc. Geneva, New York. Attendees = 10. Duration = 60 min. Total contact = 10 hours. 10 October 2018.  Pethybridge, S. J. 2018. Epidemiology of Vegetable Diseases in New York (EVADE): Research on the Rotten Veg! 2018 Agriculture & Food Systems In-Service, Ithaca, NY.  Attendees = 45.  Duration = 30 min. Total contact = 22.5 hours. 13 November 2018.   Pethybridge, S. J. 2018. Integrated management of vegetable diseases. Certis USA, Waterloo, New York. Attendees = 200. Duration = 60 min. Total contact = 200 hours. 19 January 2018.  Pethybridge, S. J. 2018. Root crop diseases: from top to bottom. Empire Expo, Syracuse, New York. Attendees = 100. Duration = 60 min. Total contact = 100 hours. 18 January 2018.  Pethybridge, S. J. 2018. Table beet research – update on activities. Love Beets USA, Rochester, New York. Attendees = 20. Duration = 240 min. Total contact = 80 hours. 28 August 2018.  Pethybridge, S. J. 2018. Table beet research in New York. Love Beets Field Day, Carlton, New York. Attendees = 75. Duration = 120 min. Total contact = 150 hours. 13 August 2018.  Pethybridge, S. J. 2018. Towards a durable management strategy for white mold in dry beans in New York. New York State Dry Bean Council, Batavia, New York. Attendees = 50. Duration = 2 h. Total contact = 100 hours. 6 March 2018.  Pethybridge, S. J., and Kikkert, J. R. 2018. Towards a site-specific risk model for white mold in processing snap bean in New York. Processing Snap Bean Advisory Meeting, Canandaigua, New York. Attendees = 70. Duration = 30 min. Total contact = 35 hours. 4 December 2018.  Pethybridge, S. J., Bowden, C., and Kikkert, J. R. 2018. Know your enemy! Fungi associated with root decay in table beet Part II. Processing Table Beet, Corn and Carrot Advisory Meeting, Batavia, New York. Attendees = 45. Duration = 30 min. Total contact = 22.5 hours. 12 December 2018.  Pethybridge, S. J., Sharma, S., and Kikkert, J. R. 2018. Enabling the registration of Miravis Top for Cercospora leaf spot control in table beet. Processing Table Beet, Corn and Carrot Advisory Meeting, Batavia, New York. Attendees = 45. Duration = 30 min. Total contact = 22.5 hours. 12 December 2018.  Redekar, N., Eberhart, J. L., and Parke, J. L. 2018. Spatiotemporal dynamics of Phytophthora and Pythium communities in recycled irrigation water in a container nursery. Poster presentation. Intl. Congress of Plant Pathology, July  29-Aug. 3, 2018, Boston.  Redekar, N., Trammell, C., and Parke, J. L. 2018. Solarization effects on the soil microbiome at an organic vegetable farm in the Pacific Northwest (USA). Poster presentation. Intl. Congress of Plant Pathology, July  29-Aug. 3, 2018, Boston.  Sassenrath, G.F., No-Till Crop Production field day, held on-farm on July 2, 2018 for farmers, agronomists, extension agents, and industry partners. 75 attendees.  Sassenrath, G.F., Presentation to 30 farmers and agronomists at Marmaton WRAPS meeting, Uniontown, KS, Aug. 7, 2018  Sassenrath, G.F., Presentations on soil health and crop production to farmers at the Sumner County Soil Health Day '18, Feb. 22, 2018. 35 attendees.  Sassenrath, G.F., Soil Health Field day for farmers, held at Girard, KS (12 attendees) and Columbus, KS (14 attendees) on soil health, variability, and economics of production  Sassenrath, G.F.. Presentation to 50 attendees at Noxious Weed Directors meeting, Columbus, KS. Aug. 8, 2018  Somera, T., Freilich, S., and Mazzola, M. Exploring function of the rhizosphere microbiome in Brassica seed meal X apple rootstock genotype disease control systems. Washington State Horticultural Association Annual Meeting, Yakima, WA. December 3-5, 2018.  van Aardt, J., Hughes, E., Pethybridge, S. J., and Kikkert, J. R. 2018. Update on the USDA-NIFA CARE funded project – progress in the application of remote sensing to white mold management in snap bean. Processing Snap Bean Advisory Meeting, Canandaigua, New York. Attendees = 70. Duration = 30 min. Total contact = 35 hours. 4 December 2018.  Van Horn, C., and Mazzola, M. “Rootstock genotype succession influences rhizosphere and endophyte microbial community composition”. Washington State Horticultural Association Annual Meeting, Yakima, WA. December 3-5, 2018.  Wang, L. and Mazzola, M. “Activation of apple rootstock resistance genes upon application of seed meal soil treatment.” Washington State Horticultural Association Annual Meeting, Kennewick, WA, December 5, 2017.  Weidman, C.S., Redekar, N. R., Eberhart, J. L., and Parke, J. L. 2018. Impacts of solarization on the soil microbiome in Pacific Northwest tree seedling nurseries. Poster presentation. American Phytopathological Society, Pacific Div., June 25-27, Portland, OR.  Patents  International Patent Application No. PCT/US18/451 (Filed Oct. 23, 2018) “Compositions and Methods Comprising Endophytic Bacterium for Application to Target Plants to Increase Plant Growth, and Increase Resistance to Abiotic and Biotic Stressors, inventors J. White, Kurt Kowalski, K. Kingsley  U.S. Provisional Patent (Filed August 9, 2018), Endophytic Microbes for Growth Promotion of Crop Plants and Suppression of Aggressive Invasive Plant Species. Inventors J. White, Kurt Kowalski, K. Kingsley, M. Elmore.

Impact Statements

Developed an automated bioinformatic pipeline for quantitative microbiome profiling. It takes raw fastq files (DNA sequences) as input data, integrates quality controls at multiple steps of the analyses, and generates visualizations of intermediate and final results. This open source and user-friendly pipeline will be released on Github for community use.

Date of Annual Report: 02/20/2020

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 12/06/2019 - 12/07/2019
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2018 - 09/30/2019

Participants

Timothy Paulitz, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA. co-organizer;
Maren Friesen, Dept. of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, co-organizer;
Antoon Ploeg, Dept. of Nematology, University of California, Riverside;
Ole Becker, Dept. of Nematology, University of California, Riverside;
Tessie Wilkerson, Mississippi State University;
Johan Leveau, University of California, Davis;
Jianjun Hao, University of Maine, Orono;
Jenifer McBeath University of Alaska, Fairbanks;
Scot Hulbert, Associate Dean of Research, Washington State University;
Gary Chastagner, Puyallup Research and Research Center, Washington State University, local arrangements;
Marianne Elliot, Puyallup Research and Research Center, Washington State University, local arrangements;

On Remote by Zoom
James Borneman, University of California, Riverside;
Michael Anderson, Oklahoma State University;
Gretchen Sassenrath, Kansas State University

Brief Summary of Minutes

Meeting commenced at 8:00 am and finished at noon.

Antoon Ploeg discussed Mi breaking Meloidogyne in tomatoes, this widely deployed resistance gene has been overcome by many populations. He also discussed the testing of other hosts against these populations.

Ole Becker- discussed new nematicide products, including Velum, a SDI succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor.

Tessie Wilkerson- discussed a new Xylaria pathogen on soybean in the South

James Borneman- discussed work with Hylobilia (Dactylella)- a fungus that suppresses sugar beet cyst nemadode, and also work with HLB (citrus greening) and microbiomes.

Jenifer McBeath- talked about work with peony pathogens, in collaboration with Gary Chastagner.

Johan Leveau- talked about his work with the soil bacterium Collimonas, which can lyse fungi, produce antifungal compounds and is a potential biological agent for Fusarium wilt of tomato.

Jianjun Hao- talked about soft rot pathogens of potato in Maine, including Dickya and Pectobacterium

Maren Friesen- talked about microbiome work with Rhizobium and other projects

Tim Paulitz- talked about work to correlate soil microbiomes with soil health to identify key members of the community that function in disease suppression.

Gretchen Sassenrath- discussed work on Macrophomina on soybeans and cover crops in SE Kansas

After lunch, attendees had a tour of the Puyallup station and Gary Chastagner’s work on Christmas trees, horticultural crops and sudden oak death and the research of Marianne Elliott. We also visited a local Christmas tree grower.

Accomplishments

Objective 1 To identify and characterize new biological agents, microbial community structure and function, naturally suppressive soils, cultural practices, and organic amendments that provide management of diseases caused by soilborne plant pathogens.  AK- Efforts were made to screen for cold adapted bacillus and other biological agents for the control of Botrytis and other pathogens in Alaska. At the present, more than 100 isolates have been obtained from soils, harvested in the fall, from the rhizospheres of peony plants and from soil samples harvested from the forests. Glycerol stocks of the isolates were stored for biological control studies in the future. and will be compared with data obtained from the microbiome studies.  CA- California (CA) is the major producer of US Cole crops. According to our analysis of the CA DPR pesticide use database, before 1990, the soil fumigant l,3-dichloropropene (1,3D), was widely used to mitigate broccoli crop damage by the sugar beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii. When the permits for 1,3D use were temporarily canceled, the use of other products with nematicidal activity greatly increased. After 1,3D became available again, its use reached less than 15% of the previous demand. By 2014, none of the coastal CA broccoli fields were treated with soil fumigants or contact nematicides with no apparent adverse effect on crop yield. Our project attempts to clarify if the diminished pesticide need was caused by a change in cultural practices, the establishment of an antagonistic microbiome, or if the previous use was promoted by product marketing without thorough data collection and analysis. We conducted a sampling survey of 88 broccoli fields along the Central California coast that found Heterodera cysts in only about one-third of the locations. The cyst nematode population density was surprisingly low and averaged approximately 3.2 eggs/cm3 soil. In subsequent greenhouse experiments, substantial numbers of the collected field samples significantly suppressed cyst nematode reproduction.  CA- We used probit regression models to show that there was a strong relationship between pre-planting population levels of the fungus Dactylella oviparasitica in sugar beet soils in the Imperial Valley (CA) and post-planting levels of the nematode Heterodera schachtii. We expect that this will lead to the development of new cropping decision models that will enable growers to be create and maintain soils that suppress H. schachtii, which we anticipate will lead to higher crop yields and profitability for the growers.  CA- We are currently performing experiments to examine soils used to grow members of the Brassicaceae along the west coast of California between Los Angeles and San Francisco, toward the same goal of developing new cropping decision models that will enable growers to be create and maintain soils that suppress H. schachtii, which we anticipate will lead to higher crop yields and profitability for the growers.  CA- We are also currently performing experiments to determine why some citrus trees in Florida do not decline rapidly (Survivor Tree Phenotype) due to Huanglongbing. Our research to date shows that soil bacteria and fungi appear to correlate best with this Survivor Tree Phenotype, including some that are putatively beneficial and some that are putatively exacerbating Huanglongbing disease.  CA- Our project characterized bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere of tomato grown under conventional or organic cultivation using 16S and ITS amplicon sequencing. In brief, organic farms hosted more diverse communities at most sites, and organic and conventionally managed plots had distinct communities of bacteria and fungi.  CA- Experimental studies examined how soil microbes from each soil type affect tomato defense and herbivore performance. Those results are summarized in Blundell et al, available on biorxiv and in revision at Nature Communications. Briefly, soil microbiota isolated from organically managed soils were sufficient to induce resistance in tomatoes and other crops to piercing/sucking herbivores, likely mediated via increase SA-mediated defenses. This adds an additional mechanism by which soil health and organic practices can enhance IPM.  CA- One new experiment examines if the addition of beneficial soil biota (mycorrhizal fungi) influence plant health, yield and resistance to herbivores and if its effects vary across soil management backgrounds. Initial results suggest that management mediates the outcome of AMF application but we hope to repeat this experiment again in 2020.  CA- The discovery, characterization and application of bacteria belonging to the genus Collimonas, their antifungal properties, and their ability to work synergistically with Bacillus bacteria to protect plants from soilborne fungal pathogens (https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PBIOMES-05-19-0027-R). Long-term goal is a Collimonas-based or -fortified biocontrol product. We use a variety of complementary methods to interrogate the observed Collimonas-Bacillus biocombicontrol. These include but are not limited to: generating and screening bacterial mutants of Collimonas with reduced ability to suppress fungal growth and to contribute to 'biocombicontrol' when mixed with Bacillus; the use of miniaturized rhizotron environments to unravel the interactions of Collimonas, Bacillus, pathogenic fungi, and host plants; comparative genomics of Collimonas to identify gene clusters with potential to code for new types of antifungal chemistries.  KS- Soil microorganisms are critical for good soil function. Inherent soil properties and management practices, including tillage and crop rotation, alter microbial structure and function in the soil profile. Research examined key soil microbial properties by under conventional and conservation management in crop production fields and a hay meadow. Vertical and temporal changes in microbial properties were measured in a corn/winter wheat/soybean rotation, including extracellular enzyme activity, microbial structure as measured by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA), and soil chemical properties (nutrients and texture). The hay meadow had the highest activities of soil C, enzyme activities, and microbial biomass, followed by the no-till fields. Greater enzyme activities in the claypan layer resulted from both the clay-enzyme interaction and impacts from management practices. Microbial properties at the soil surface are determined by the crop (corn, wheat or soybeans) and soil management practices (conventional or conservation); in deeper soil layers, microbial activities are dependent on the interaction of management and pedogenetic properties  KS- Continued research on the control of charcoal rot in soybeans determined that the method of managing the mustard cover crop impacted the disease presence. When the mustard cover crop was rolled instead of being incorporated with tillage, a greater reduction in colony forming units (CFUs) of the disease organisms was measured. This will further benefit soil productive capacity by providing producers with a management system that reduces use of tillage.  ME- Established trials to examine soil biochemistry and microbial communities in improving soil health for better potato production. This 4-year project will greatly broaden the knowledge of potato cropping system in Maine.  ME- Examined microbial association in blackleg and soft rot disease of potato. This helps researchers to understand how the outbreak of the bacterial disease occurred in order to find a better solution in disease control.  MS- Collaborations with neighboring southern states have led to the discovery and confirmation of a pathogen which is new to soybean, Xylaria sp. causing tap root decline of soybean. Research efforts have further characterized this organism in Mississippi soybean fields and has determined to be distributed in the majority of the counties across the state. Experiments have led to determination of soybean varieties either exhibiting resistance or tolerance to the pathogen and management strategies such as seed treatment or in-furrow applications exhibiting activity at controlling the effects of the pathogen. Data from 2018 and 2019 suggest that some commercial products applied in-furrow at planting are effective at reducing the signs of tap root decline, however, additional work is needed to support these findings. To support efforts associated with varietal resistance, field experiments using the complete Mississippi State Soybean Variety Trial seed were initiated in 2019 and will be on-going to determine natural resistance to the Xylaria sp. and to determine yield differences under disease pressure.  NH- Evaluation of cultivars for differential biocontrol efficacy. Replicated experiments were completed to evaluate four tomato cultivars for differential biocontrol activity using a rockwool assay. There was no effect of cultivar on the efficacy of the biopesticides tested. A different (and more genetically diverse cultivar panel) may be needed to see differences. If our results continue to show no interaction between cultivar and biopesticide efficacy, then this will provide evidence that biopesticide inconsistency may not be due to cultivar.  NH- Evaluate the effect of propagation substrates on biocontrol efficacy. Two experiments were conducted using a vegetable crop (cucumber) and a floriculture crop (calibrachoa). We wanted to determine if root rot disease suppression by biopesticides is influenced by the growing media type. Three growing substrates commonly used in greenhouse propagation made from inorganic (Oasis foam) and organic (peat and coconut coir) materials were compared. Three commercially available biopesticides were tested on each of the three substrates and compared to a water control. We found that substrate influenced Pythium root rot severity. Generally, plants grown in coconut coir had higher levels of disease. We also found that substrate had an effect on biopesticide efficacy, in which disease suppression tended to be greatest in coconut coir.  TN- Developed quantitative reduced representation sequencing (qRRS) and computational algorithms for strain-level microbiome profiling and cataloging members of microbial community in sweetpotato. In addition to deploying an inexpensive and quantitative reduced-representation sequencing (qRRS) strategy, omeSeq, for cataloguing microbial communities, we have now developed new bioinformatic software that automates the metagenomic analysis. These bioinformatic tools implement novel algorithms that provide strain-level and quantitative profiling of microbiomes, as well as the ability to handle new features derived from the qRRS protocol that delivers high-fidelity base calls and yields that exceed Illumina’s maximum yield by as much as 50%. The new software is also backward compatibility with amplicon sequencing and shotgun sequencing of metagenomes and metatranscriptomes.  TN- Raw NGS reads can now be processed with ngsComposer that features new algorithms and empirical-based quality filtering of NGS reads (<a href="https://github.com/ryandkuster/ngsComposer">https://github.com/ryandkuster/ngsComposer</a>). High-fidelity base calls are particularly important for strain-level microbiome profiling that delineates taxonomic groups based on SNP level resolution. The resulting high-quality reads are used as input for microbiome/ metagenomic analyses using the Qmatey software (<a href="https://github.com/B-Kristy/Qmatey">https://github.com/B-Kristy/Qmatey</a>). Qmatey, Quantitative Metagenomic Alignment and Taxonomic Exact-matching, can analyze various types of metagenomic/microbiome data (shotgun, amplicon and reduced representation sequencing).  WA- Specific groups of bacteria are associated with soil health. Despite the current interest in soil health and programs by the National Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), little is known about the specific microbial groups that play a role.  ARS scientists at Pullman, Washington used next generation sequencing at a Long Term Agricultural Research (LTAR) site to compare bacterial communities to traditional soil health tests such as Haney and Solvita.  We found significant positive correlations between grain yield and the bacterial family Caulobacteraceae and negative correlations with Micromonosporaceae.  Oxalobacteraceae, Cytophagaceae, Comamonadaceae, Verrucomicrobiaceae and Pseudomonadaceae were positively correlated with the Haney and Solvita tests. Knowledge of specific community components are critical for developing management programs to improve soil health.  WA- Wheat plants have a core microbiome. Plant roots exude carbon, nitrogen, and other nutrients that support a microbial community on the root surface, much like the gut microbiome in humans.  Is there a finite set of core microbes on wheat roots present across a wide range of environments?  ARS scientists in Pullman sampled wheat roots across a range of precipitation zones in eastern Washington. A core set of bacteria and fungi were found in >95% of rhizosphere or bulk soil samples. The most abundant core bacteria in the wheat rhizosphere were members of Bradyrhizobium, Sphingomonadaceae, Massilia, Variovorax, Oxalobacteraceae, and Caulobacteraceae.  These bacteria may play a critical role in plant health and provide an indicator of soil health for wheat growers. WA- Bacterial communities in deep soil depths. In the Palouse region of the eastern Washington, the loess soils are very deep (10 feet or more) and wheat roots can grow down to these layers to extract water. But little is known about the bacterial communities at these depths. We sampled soils down to 5 feet and used next-generation sequencing to examine fungal communities. Bacteria in the top layer are primarily rhizosphere associated, but those in the lower layers are slow growing bacteria adapted to low carbon levels. There was also an acid-adapted community in the low pH layer right below the seed.  Although there was less richness and diversity at deeper depths, more of the sequences were undescribed, indicating that the deep depths harbor unique unknown bacteria. This work leads to a greater understanding of how bacteria may play important functions for no-till wheat growers, especially for soil and plant health  Objective 2  To understand how microbial populations and microbial gene expression are regulated by the biological (plants and microbes) and physical environment and how they influence disease.  AK- Nutrient Recycling Studies: The hypothesis is that in Alaska, plant diseases can facilitate the degradation of plant tissues and hence, impact positively on the recycling of nutrients. In the fall of 2019, fallen leaves from aspen trees were collected and divided into two groups depending on the numbers of sori of Melampsora rust disease—mesh bags contained: 1) leaves with large number of Melampsora rust sori, and 2) leaves with no sori or a limited number of sori. In the spring 2020, after breakup, mesh bags will be excavated. Plant tissues in the mesh bags will be evaluated. Degradation will be evaluated by the loss of weight and minerals.   ME- Studied in field trials on fungicide with biological control agents. Potato growers benefit from the updated results.  TN- Pairwise correlations revealed microbe-microbe interactions that corroborate well-studied interactions. For example, levels of various Fusarium sp. pathogenic in sweetpotato had negative relationship with several species/strains of microbes whose efficacy as biocontrols have been well documented in literature (i.e. Curtobacterium sp, Cladosporium sp., Pantoea sp. and Rhodococcus sp.). The study provides a high-throughput screen to document plausible naturally occurring bio-controls and synergistic relationships.  TN- The high-density marker data enable detection of candidate genes, which was annotated to infer plausible biological relevance underlying plant-microbe interactions. The results from this study provides a proof of concept for increasing the statistical power of detection for disease traits that are heavily impacted by biotic and abiotic factors. This quantitative microbiome profiling method will help to account and model for variation due to biotic factors, hence, improving disease prediction and alleviates difficulty with disease rating. This results also provide preliminary information on biotic factors that modulate the efficacy of biocontrols.  WA- Microbiome shifts under fertilization. WSU researchers, in collaboration with scientists at MSU, investigated the relationship between rhizosphere microbial communities, nitrogen fertilization, plant traits, and performance in the bioenergy crop switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). The data implicate bacteria in the genus Micromonospora as being negatively correlated with root traits and plant performance, despite previous reports that this organism was able to promote plant growth. Intriguingly, this genus has also been identified in wheat as being negatively correlated with yield, suggesting that better understanding the interactions with this organism will be important in optimizing grass crops ranging from bioenergy to cereals. WA- Phenazine producers mediate iron mineral transformation on roots. Dryland wheat on the Columbia Plateau of the Pacific Northwest selects for phenazine antibiotic-producing Pseudomonas spp. that suppress a wide range of soilborne plant pathogens. Scientists at ARS Pullman, Washington State University, and Argonne National Labs demonstrated that these phenazine producers also enhance the reactivity and mobility of Fe (iron) derived from soil minerals, providing increased quantities of bioavailable iron to crop plants. These results provide evidence that biocontrol agents provide benefits to agroecosystems that extend beyond pathogen control.  WA- Molecular communication in the wheat rhizosphere. Plant roots secrete exudates that sustain and mediate communication with their rhizosphere microbiome, but the biochemical basis of these processes in cereals is poorly understood. ARS scientists, with collaborators at Southern Mississippi University, identified amino acids and compatible solutes in exudates of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon and the wheat cultivar Buchanan, which supports increased production on roots of the antifungal metabolite 2,4 diacetylphloroglucinol. These exudate compounds, and the technology developed to recover and analyze them, are important because they can help to explain why cultivars of wheat such as Buchanan are sensitive to colonization by diacetylphloroglucinol-producing strains suppressive of take-all throughout the Pacific Northwest.  WA- The role of bacteriophage in disease-suppressive soils. Phage that lyse bacteria are abundant in agricultural soils, but whether they influence populations of beneficial Pseudomonas strains that suppress root diseases of wheat is unknown. ARS scientists, with collaborators at Washington State University, developed methods for the isolation of phage populations indigenous to dryland and irrigated wheat field soils throughout the Pacific Northwest. These methods will enable the characterization of bacteriophage that may either interfere with or enhance suppressive bacterial populations in wheat field soils.  Objective 3 Implement sustainable management strategies for soilborne pathogens that are biologically based and are compatible with soil health management practices.  AK- Peony Farm Surveys: This study was designed to gain a thorough understanding of the peony farms, especially the health of peony plants and controls. Questionnaires were designed to gather information on: 1) general information (geographic location, crop history, and source of peony rhizomes/root stocks, cultivation and cultural practices), 2) environmental information, 3) disease information and management methods used. The survey was a success: out of the 77 peony farms, 72 farmers (94%) responded.   KS- Fusarium head blight (FHB) infestations in wheat have occurred frequently in recent years, reducing yield and quality. Wheat is particularly susceptible to the disease when high rainfall or humidity occur during the flowering period, which is common in southeast Kansas. Accurate prediction of wheat phenological development is important to provide accurate and timely remediation through use of fungicides. In this research, three wheat phenological models were evaluated: APSIM, SIMPLACE, and Modified-SIMPLACE. The Modified-SIMPLACE model was the best predictor of heading date for each variety in all the locations. The results indicated that the differences between parameter characteristics for the same variety in different locations were not significant, but the varietal differences in the same location were significant. This model may be a useful tool for producers to time application of fungicide for control of FHB in wheat. MS- Research experiments surrounding management strategies, specifically, alternate host for rotation for Xylaria are on-going. To date it has been determined that colonization of the pathogen occurs on all primary rotational crops which limits crop rotation as a management tool for this particular disease.  Management options beyond cultural practices such as crop rotation are needed to reduce taproot decline of soybean such as completely resistant cultivars.  Additional research is on-going to determine organisms present within the soil interface coexisting with Xylaria which could be a potential source of biocontrol.  WA- Developing high-throughput assays for microbial genes involved in soil health. WSU and ARS scientists are using a new qPCR platform enabling over 5K assays to be conducted simultaneously. The first targets are soilborne fungal pathogens and nitrogen-cycling bacteria and archaea. This flexible technology could be applied in the future to any molecular targets of interest that will enable growers to conduct rapid tests for pathogens as well as beneficial microbes important for plant and soil health.  WA- Liming and pH shifts in microbial communities. Soil acidification is an increasing problem in the dryland wheat production, because of long term use of ammonium fertilizer and nitrification. Growers are looking at using lime to raise the pH, but what effect does this have on microbial communities in the soil?  Oregon State University scientists at Pendleton, Oregon and ARS scientists in Pullman analyzed the soil microbiome in replicated field plots with addition of different levels of lime. Liming significantly increased the relative abundance of some bacterial families, including Pseudomonadaceae, Opitutaceae, and Flavobacteriaceae, while decreasing others, such as the Bradyrhizobiaceae, though this effect was often seen only at the 0-3 inch depths. This information is important for growers because liming will reshape soil communities, primarily impacting bacteria, in ways that may influence plant health.  WA- Molecular diagnostic assays for biocontrol strains of native grape yeasts. The wine industry in Washington State and throughout the world sustains yield losses caused by Botrytis cinerea, a fungal pathogen of wine grapes, table grapes and apples. Biological control is an attractive alternative to fungicides, to which Botrytis frequently develops resistance. ARS and Washington State University scientists identified 11 yeasts from Washington vineyards that inhibited the growth of 9 isolates of Botrytis on laboratory media or on whole grape berries. Niche competition appeared to be the predominant mode of biocontrol, and inhibition was dependent on genotypes of both the yeast and the pathogen. The findings suggest that native yeasts or their products could be used in combination when deployed against vineyard Botrytis cinerea.  Objective 4. Provide outreach, education, extension and technology transfer to our clients and stakeholders- growers, biocontrol industry, graduate and undergraduate students, K-12 students and other scientists.  Borneman gave presentations to undergraduate and graduate students in his two Microbiomes courses (MCBL 126 & MCBL 226). These presentations covered biological suppression of plant parasitic nematodes as well as root microbes that may inhibit or exacerbate Huanglongbing disease of citrus. These presentations took place in the spring quarter of 2019 at UC Riverside. Borneman was a senior editor for the journal, Phytobiomes.  Friesen advised four postdoctoral research associates and two technicians, and served on the thesis committee of 1 MS and 6 PhD students. Friesen also co-taught a bacterial pan-genomes seminar course for undergrad and grad students, and taught the bacteriology module of a graduate lab class. Friesen and Paulitz are co-advising a USDA postdoctoral research fellow.  Olukolu. We provided summer research experience to two high school students and a deaf and hard of hearing REU student who were interested in working on soil microbiomes that interact closely with the root system. Currently, 3 PhD students and 2 honors undergraduate student are conducting experiments in sweetpotato and maize microbiome. We are proving training on NGS library prep, NGS data quality filtering, microbiome analytics, and SNP calling/filtering to collaborators, partners and a next-generation sequencing service provider.  McBeath- a survey was sent to the peony farmers, and were also invitations to serve as ”citizen scientists” and ”research collaborators”. Among the survey responses received, 75% of peony farmers expressed strong interest in serving as “citizen scientists”.  Paulitz was the main organizer for the 64th Annual Conference on Soilborne Pathogens at Huntington Gardens in San Marino, CA in March, 2019. He organized a keynote session on Soil Health and Microbial Interactions. Paulitz advised two postdoctoral research associates. Advised one MSc student, co-supervised 2 PhD students (including an African American woman) and served on thesis committee of 2 MS and 1 PhD students. Paulitz hosted a Borlaug Fellow from Turkey in July and Aug., 2019.Paulitz is editor of Pythium Protocol project, an on-line publication of the American Phytopathological Society Press and senior editor of the Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology.  Poleatewich       An undergraduate student was trained in a one-on-one setting as an independent study project. The student learned basic principles of plant pathology and experimental design. The student also gained laboratory and greenhouse skills related to culturing fungi in the lab, preparation of growth media, growing and maintaining plants in the greenhouse, collecting and analyzing data.   A masters student was trained and graduated in August 2019. Sassenrath- Presentations on soil health, erosion, and wheat and soybean disease were given to producers at field days, extension meetings, and information coffee meetings. One radio interview on disease suppression in soybeans using the cover crop system was conducted, and broadcast through the K-State Agronomy Radio Network. This research was also the basis of a publication by the Supporters of Agricultural Research (SoAR) for their Retaking the Field publication. A second interview on general crop production formed the basis of a newspaper article. Two presentations were made at scientific meetings, and nine reports of progress were published for farmers. Two field days and demonstrations were developed and presented to farmers. Ten presentations were made to farmers, conservationists, extension agents and agronomist on crop production systems, conservation practices, and soil health. County Extension Agents were trained at an agent update held in southeast Kansas. One webinar and two short courses were given to landowners; three classroom presentations on site-specific management were given to undergraduate and graduate classes.   Wilkerson- Participated in local educational opportunities. The primary focus of the "Pathways to Possibilities" event was to instill ideas for the future into middle school students in a fairly rural community. This outreach is very valuable to the public and private schools in the area. Many of these students are not aware of the career opportunities available and some settle for low wage jobs without the consideration of what else is out there. For instance, many don't know what soybean looks like or that they pass fields of it every day on the way to school. They see tractors in the field and beyond that image have no understanding of the many career paths agriculture has to offer. This type of presentation provides information about options beyond agriculture's historic stereotype. Washington County MS education outreach to Public and Private secondary school students • Entitled "Pathways to Possibilities" • Booths set up at "career fair" to showcase careers to area 8th grade students • 36 area schools both public and private • 1816 students • Demonstration including crop plants, fungal cultures, microscopes set up for observation. Coordination with American Phytopathology Society Foundation provided handouts, educational games ("What nematode Am I?") and stickers to handout to participants to promote the study of plant pathology. Presentations at professional meetings and field tours have provided information to colleagues, students, and growers on current issues surrounding soil pathogens such as Xylaria sp. (tap root decline of soybean). -"Taproot Decline Update" at Mississippi Agriculture Consultants Association meeting Feb, 5, 2019 Seminar entitled "Root Diseases: What Lies beneath" for EPP1001 first year seminar class-Mississippi State University November 26, 2019

Publications

Peer-reviewed  Bell, T., K.L. Hockett, R.I. Alcalá-Briseño, M. Barbercheck, G.A. Beattie, M.A. Bruns, J.E. Carlson, T. Chung, A. Collins, B. Emmett, P. Esker, K.A. Garrett, L. Glenna, B.K. Gugino, M. del Mar Jiménez-Gasco, L. Kinkel, J. Kovac, K.P. Kowalski, G. Kuldau, J.H.J. Leveau, M.J. Michalska-Smith, J. Myrick, K. Peter, M.F. Vivanco Salazar, A. Shade, N. Stopnisek, X. Tan, A.T. Welty, K. Wickings, E. Yergeau (2019) Manipulating wild and tamed phytobiomes: challenges and opportunities. Phytobiomes Journal 3:3-21.  Biessy, A., Novinscak, A., Blom, J., Leger, G., Thomashow, L.S., Cazorla, F.M., Josic, D., Filion, M. 2018. Diversity of phytobeneficial traits revealed by whole-genome analysis of worldwide-isolated phenazine-producing Pseudomonas spp. Environmental Microbiology. 21:437-455.  Blundell, R, Schmidt JE, Igwe AI, Cheung AL, Vannette RL, Gaudin A, Casteel, C 2019. “Organic management promotes natural pest control through enhanced plant resistance to insects”, in review at Nature Communications and on at biorxiv: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787549v1">https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787549v1</a>  Cai, M., Ma, S., Hu, R., Tomberlin, J.K., Thomashow, L.S., Zheng, L., Li, W., Yu, Z., Zhang, J. 2018. Hermetia illucens mitigates antibiotic resistance risks in chicken manure bioconversion by controlling microflora and reforming environment. Environmental Microbiology. 20(11)4051-4062.  Chen Taixiang, Chunjie Li, James F White, Zhibiao Nan. 2019.  Effect of the fungal endophyte Epichloë bromicola on polyamines in wild barley (Hordeum brevisubulatum) under salt stress. Plant and Soil 03/2019; 436:29-48., DOI:10.1007/s11104-018-03913-x Cheng, M.Y., McBeath, J.H., Dong, J.H., Han, C.G., Zhang, Z.K., 2019. First report of Phytoplasma ‘Candidatus Phytoplansma australiense’ associated with purple top diseased potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) in Guangdong. Plant Disease 103 (5): 1015.  Clark T, Friel C, Grman E, Friesen ML, Shachar-Hill Y. 2019. Unfair trade underground revealed by integrating data with Nash bargaining models. New Phytologist, 222(3), 1325-1337.  CN Jack, KJ Wozniak, SS Porter, ML Friesen. 2019. Rhizobia protect their legume hosts against soil-borne microbial antagonists in a host-genotype-dependent manner. Rhizosphere 9, 47-55  DN Smercina, SE Evans, ML Friesen, LK Tiemann. 2019. Optimization of the 15N2 incorporation and acetylene reduction methods for free-living nitrogen fixation. Plant and Soil, 1-17  Doan, H.K., N.N. Maharaj, K.N. Kelly, E.M. Miyao, R.M. Davis, and J.H.J. Leveau (2019) Antimycotal activity of Collimonas isolates and synergy-based biocontrol of Fusarium wilt of tomato. Phytobiomes <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PBIOMES-05-19-0027-R">https://doi.org/10.1094/PBIOMES-05-19-0027-R</a>.  Dohnalkova, A.C., Tfaily, M.M., Smith, A.P., Chu, R.K., Crump, A.R., Brislawn, C.J., Varga, T., Shi, Z., Thomashow, L.S., Harsh, J.B., Keller, C.K. 2017. Molecular and microscopic insights into the persistence of soil organic matter in a red pine rhizosphere. Soil Processes. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/soils1010004">https://doi.org/10.3390/soils1010004</a>.  Friel, CA, Friesen, ML. Legumes modulate allocation to rhizobial nitrogen fixation in response to factorial light and nitrogen manipulation. Frontiers in Plant Science doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01316  Ge, T.L., Ekbataniamiri, F., Chesley, A., Giggie, E. and Hao, J.J. 2019. Evaluation of Orondis premixes in soil or foliar applications for pink rot control in potatoes, Presque Isle, ME, 2018. Plant Disease Management Reports 13:V113.  Ge, T.L., Ekbataniamiri, F., Chesley, A., Giggie, E. and Hao, J.J. 2019. Evaluation of BAS 750F for the control of early blight of potato, Presque Isle, ME 2018. Plant Disease Management Reports 13:V112.  Ge, T.L., Ekbataniamiri, F., Liu, Q., Giggie, E. and Hao, J.J. 2019. Evaluation of Miravis Prime for controlling white mold and grey mold on potato, Presque Isle, ME, 2018. Plant Disease Management Reports 13:V114.  Ge, T.L., Li, K. Ekbataniamiri, F., Giggie, E. and Hao, J.J. 2019. Evaluation of the application interval of BAS 750F for controlling early blight disease of potato, Presque Isle, ME 2018. Plant Disease Management Reports 13:V111.  Ge, T.L., Li, K. Ekbataniamiri, F., Giggie, E. and Hao, J.J. 2019. Evaluation of seed treatments and in-furrow treatments for soilborne disease control on potato, Presque Isle, ME, 2018. Plant Disease Management Reports 13:VST006.  Gloria M Macedo-Raygoza, Benjamín Valdez-Salas, Fernanda M Prado, Lydia F Yamaguchi, Massuo J Kato, Blondy B Canto-Canché, Carrillo -Beltrán, Paolo Di Mascio, James F White, Miguel J Beltrán-García, Katia R. Prieto. 2019. Enterobacter cloacae, an Endophyte That Establishes a Nutrient-Transfer Symbiosis With Banana Plants and Protects Against the Black Sigatoka Pathogen. Frontiers in Microbiology 03/2019;, DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00804 Hansen, J.C., Schillinger, W., Sullivan, T., Paulitz, T.C. 2019. Soil microbial biomass and fungi reduced with canola introduced in long-term monoculture wheat rotations. Frontiers in Microbiology. 10:1488. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01488">https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01488</a>.  Hansen, J.C., Sullivan, T., Schillinger, W., Paulitz, T.C. 2018. Rhizosphere microbial communities of canola and wheat at six paired field sites. Applied Soil Ecology. 130:185-193.  Hao Chen, James Francis White, Chunjie Li 2019. First Report of Epicoccum layuense Causing Brown Leaf Spot on Oat (Avena sativa ) in Northwestern China. Plant Disease 10/2019;, DOI:10.1094/PDIS-09-19-1984-PDN Henry, P.M., A.M. Pastrana, J.H.J. Leveau, and T.R. Gordon (2019) Persistence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae in soil through asymptomatic colonization of rotation crops. Phytopathology 109:770-779.  Hewavitharana, S. S., Klarer, E., Reed, A. J., Leisso, R., Poirer, B., Honaas, L., Rudell, D. R., and Mazzola, M. 2019. Temporal dynamics of the soil metabolome and microbiome during simulated anaerobic soil disinfestation. Frontiers in Microbiology doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.02365  Hsiao, C.-J., Sassenrath, G.F., Zeglin, L., Hettiarachchi, G.M., Rice, C.W. 2018. Vertical stratification of soil microbial properties in claypan soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 121L154-164. doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.03.012 Hsiao, C.J., Sassenrath, G.F., Zeglin, L.H., Hettiarachchi, G.M., Rice, C.W. 2019. Temporal variation of soil microbial properties in a corn-wheat-soybean system. SSSAJ. doi: 10.2136/sssaj2019.05.0160  James F White, Kathryn L Kingsley, Rajan Verma, Nkolika Obi, Sofia Dvinskikh, Matthew T Elmore, Satish K. Verma, Surendra K Gond, Kurt P. Kowalski, Qiuwei Zhang. 2019.  Review: Endophytic Microbes and Their Potential Applications in Crop Management. Pest Management Science 09/2019; 75(10):2543-2548., DOI:10.1002/ps.5527 Jiang, H., Hwang, H., Ge, T., Cole, B., Perkins, L.B., and Hao, J. 2019. Leucine regulates zoosporic germination and infection by Phytophthora erythroseptica. Frontiers in Microbiology 10:131. DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00131.  Kim, D., Jeon, C., Shin, J., Weller, D.M., Thomashow, L.S., Kwak, Y. 2019. Function and distribution of a lantipeptide in strawberry Fusarium wilt disease suppressive soils. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. 32:306-312.  Knerr, A., Wheeler, D., Schlatter, D.C., Sharma-Poudyal, D., Du Toit, L.J., Paulitz, T.C. 2019. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities in Organic and Conventional Onion Crops in the Columbia Basin of the Pacific Northwest USA. Phytobiomes Journal. 2:194-207.  Li J, Wu R, Wang M, Borneman J, Yang J, Zhang KQ. 2019. The pH sensing receptor AopalH plays important roles in the nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Fungal Biol. 123(7):547-554.  Liang, C., Hao, J., Li, J., Baker, B., and Luo, L. 2019. Artificial microRNA-mediated resistance to cucumber green mottle mosaic virus in Nicotiana benthamiana. Planta. DIO: 10.1007/s00425-019-03252-w.  Liang, C., Liu, H., Hao, J., Li, J., and Luo, L. Expression profiling and regulatory network of cucumber microRNAs and their putative target genes in response to cucumber green mottle mosaic virus infection. Archives of Virology. DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04152-w.  Longhai Xue, Lei Zhang, Xiao xiang Yang, Xiaoqin Huang, Wenxian Wu, Xiquan Zhou, James F White, Yong Liu, Chunjie Li. 2019. Characterization, Phylogenetic Analyses, and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum Species on Morus alba in Sichuan Province, China. Plant Disease 10/2019; 103(10):2624-2633., DOI:10.1094/PDIS-06-18-0938-RE Lu, X.H., Gao, W., Zhang, X.M., Jiao, X, Luo, Y., Hao, J., and Zhang, X.S. 2019. Fungal complex associated with red-skin root of Panax ginseng in China. Journal of Ginseng Research. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.01.006.  Ma, X., Pernab, N.T., Glasner, J.D., Hao, J., Johnson, S., Charkowski, A., Perry, K.L., Stodghill, P., and Swingle, B. 2019. Complete genome sequence of the potato blackleg pathogen Dickeya dianthicola ME23. Microbiology Resource Announcements 8: e01526-18.  Matthew T Elmore, James F White, Kathryn L Kingsley, Katherine H Diehl, Satish K Verma. 2019.  Pantoea spp. Associated with Smooth Crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum) Seed Inhibit Competitor Plant Species. 05/2019; 2019(7):143., DOI:10.3390/microorganisms7050143 Moein, S., Mazzola, M., Ntushelo, N. S. and McLeod, A. 2018. Apple nursery trees and irrigation water as potential external inoculum sources of apple replant disease in South Africa. European Journal of Plant Pathology   <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-018-01631-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-018-01631-9</a> .  Nyoni, M., Mazzola, M., Wessels, J.P. B. and McLeod, A. 2019. The efficacy of semi-selective chemicals and chloropicrin/1,3-dichloropropene containing fumigants in managing apple replant disease in South Africa. Plant Disease <a href="https://doi.org/PDIS-10-18-1844-RE-R1">https://doi.org/PDIS-10-18-1844-RE-R1</a>  Okubara, P.A., Peetz, A.B., Sharpe, R.M. 2019. Cereal root interactions with soilborne pathogens--from trait to gene and back. Agronomy. 157:21-30.  Parke, J. L., Redekar, N. R., Eberhart, J. E., and Funahashi, F. 2019. Hazard analysis for Phytophthora species in container nurseries: three case studies. HortTechnology 29: 745-755.  <a href="https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04304-19">https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04304-19</a>  Peterson, E. K., Larson, E., and Parke, J. L. 2019.  Film-forming polymers and surfactants reduce infection and sporulation of Phytophthora ramorum on rhododendron. Plant Dis. 103:1148-1155. <a href="https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-05-18-0802-RE">https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-05-18-0802-RE</a>  Peterson, E. K., Rupp, F., Eberhart, J. L., and Parke, J. L. 2019. Root rot of Juniperus and Microbiota by Phytophthora lateralis in Oregon horticultural nurseries. Plant Dis. 103: <a href="https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-04-19-0808-RE">https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-04-19-0808-RE</a>  Petipas RH, Bowsher A, Bekkerring C, Mclachlan E, White RA, Younginger B, Jack CN, Tiemann LK, Evans SE, Friesen ML.  Interactive effects of microbes and nitrogen on Panicum virgatum root functional traits and patterns of phenotypic selection. International Journal of Plant Sciences in press  Pollard, A.T., Okubara, P.A. 2018. Real-time PCR quantification of Fusarium avenaceum in soil and seeds. Journal of Microbial Methods. 9(4)188.  Porter SS., Bantay R., Ibaretta K., Friel CA., Garoutte A., Gdanetz K., Moore BM., Shetty PS., Siler E., Friesen, ML. Beneficial microbes ameliorate abiotic and biotic sources of stress on plants. Accepted at Functional Ecology  Redekar, N. R., Eberhart, J.E., and Parke, J. L. 2019. Diversity of Phytophthora, Pythium, and Phytopythium species in recycled irrigation water in a container nursery. Phytobiomes Journal 3:31-45. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PBIOMES-10-18-0043-R">https://doi.org/10.1094/PBIOMES-10-18-0043-R</a>  Redekar, N. R., Eberhart, J.E., Rooney-Latham, S., Blomquist, C.L., and Parke, J. L. 2019. First report of Phytophthora tropicalis causing foliar blight and shoot dieback of Pieris japonica in Oregon. Plant Dis. 103: <a href="https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-10-19-2179-PDN">https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-10-19-2179-PDN</a>  Richard Allen White, III, Jeffrey S. Norman, Emily E. Mclachlan, Joseph P. Dunham, Aaron Garoutte, Maren L. Friesen (2019) Elucidation of the Genome of Bradyrhizobium sp. Strain USDA 3456, a Historic Agricultural Diazotroph from Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Microbiology Resource Announcements DOI: 10.1128/MRA.00812-19 (1,2,6)  Richard Allen White, III, Jeffrey S. Norman, Emily E. Mclachlan, Joseph P. Dunham, Aaron Garoutte, Maren L. Friesen (2019) Revealing the Draft Genome Sequence of Bradyrhizobium sp. Strain USDA 3458, an Effective Symbiotic Diazotroph Isolated from Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Genotype IT82E-16. Microbiology Resource Announcements 8 (38), e00813-19 (1,2,6)  S Hatamzadeh, K Rahnama✉, S Nasrollahnejad, Kh.-Br Fotouhifar, K Hemmati, James F White. 2018. Septoria malagutii as an endophytic fungus of Achillea millefolium from Iran. DOI:10.22043/MI.2018.120384 Sarwar, A., Latif, Z. Zhang, S., Hao, J., and Bechthold, A. 2019. A potential biocontrol agent Streptomyces violaceusniger AC12AB for managing potato common scab. Frontiers in Microbiology 10: 222. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00202.  Sassenrath, G.F., Farney, J., Lollato, R. 2019. Impact of fungicide and insecticide use on wheat production in a high-rainfall environment. Crop, Forage and Turfgrass Management. 5:190008. doi:10.2134/cftm2019.01.0008  Satish K Verma, Ravindra N Kharwar, James F White. 2019. The Role of Seed-Vectored Endophytes in Seedling Development and Establishment. Symbiosis 04/2019;, DOI:10.1007/s13199-019-00619-1 Schlatter, D. C., Baugher, C., Kahl, K., Huggins, D. R. Johnson- Maynard, J., and Paulitz, T. C. 2019. Bacterial communities of soil and earthworm casts of native Palouse Prairie remnants and no-till wheat cropping systems.  Soil Biology and Biochemistry: in press  Schlatter, D.C., Paul, N.C., Shah, D.H., Schillinger, W.F., Bary, A.L., Sharratt, B.S., Paulitz, T.C. 2019. Biosolids and tillage practices influence soil bacterial communities in dryland wheat. Microbial Ecology. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-019-01339-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-019-01339-1</a>.  Schlatter, D.C., Reardon, C.L., Maynard-Johnson, J.L., Brooks, E., Kahl, K.B., Norby, J., Huggins, D.R., Paulitz, T.C. 2019. Mining the drilosphere: bacterial communities and denitrifier abundance in a no-till wheat cropping system. Frontiers in Microbiology. 10:1339.  Schmidt, JE, Igwe AI, Blundell R, Gaudin A, Casteel, C, Vannette RL, 2019 “Effects of agricultural management on rhizosphere microbial structure and function in processing tomato” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, AEM. 01064-19.  Schroeder, K.L., Schlatter, D.C., Paulitz, T.C. 2018. Location dependent impacts of liming and crop rotation on bacterial communities in acid soils of the Pacific Northwest. Applied Soil Ecology. 130:59-68.  Shen, Z., Xue, C., Penton, C.R., Thomashow, L.S., Zhang, N., Wang, B., Ruan, Y., Li, R., Shen, Q. 2018. Suppression of banana Panama disease induced by soil microbiome reconstruction through an integrated agricultural strategy. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 128:164-174.  Shuai Zhao, Jun-Jie Liu, Samiran Banerjee, James F. White, Na Zhou, Zhen-Yong Zhao, Ke Zhang, Ming-Fang Hu, Kathryn Kingsley, Chang-Yan Tian. 2019.  Not by Salinity Alone: How Environmental Factors Shape Fungal Communities in Saline Soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 01/2019; 83(5):1387., DOI:10.2136/sssaj2019.03.0082 Siefert A, Zillig KW, Friesen ML, Strauss SY. 2019. Mutualists stabilize the coexistence of congeneric legumes. The American Naturalist. Feb 1;193(2):200-12.  Smercina, D., Evans, S.E., Friesen, M.L., Tiemann, L.K. 2019. To fix or not to fix: Controls on Free-living Nitrogen fixation. Accepted at Applied and Environmental Microbiology  Thomashow, L.S., Kwak, Y., Weller, D.M. 2019. Natural antibiotics in sustainable agriculture: models, metabolites and mechanisms. Pest Management Science. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.5406">https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.5406</a>.  Thomashow, L.S., Letourneau, M., Kwak, Y., Weller, D.M. 2018. The Soil-borne Legacy in the Age of the Holobiont. Microbial Biotechnology. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13325">https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13325</a>.  Vijay K Sharma, Xin-Ya Li, Guang-Li Wu, Wei-Xiao Bai, Shobhika Parmar, James F White, Hai-Yan Li. 2019. Endophytic community of Pb-Zn hyperaccumulator Arabis alpina and its role in host plants metal tolerance. Plant and Soil 02/2019; Wang, L., and Mazzola, M. 2019. Field evaluation of reduced rate Brassicaceae seed meal amendment and rootstock genotype on the microbiome and control of apple replant disease. Phytopathology 109:1378-139.  William Pietro-Souza, Felipe de Campos Pereira, Ivani Souza Mello, Fernando Ferrari Frutuoso Stachack, Ailton Jose Terezo, Cátia Nunes da Cunha, James Francis White, Haiyan Li, Marcos Antônio Soares. 2019. Mercury resistance and bioremediation mediated by endophytic fungi. Chemosphere 09/2019; 240:124874., DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124874 Younginger, BY, Friesen, ML. Connecting signals and benefits through partner choice in plant-microbe interactions. FEMS Microbiology Letters in press  Zhang, X. M., Jiang, H. and Hao, J. 2019. Evaluation of the risk of development of fluopicolide resistance in Phytophthora erythroseptica. Plant Disease. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-02-18-0366-RE.  Zhengfeng Wang, ﹒chunjie Li, James F White, Zhibiao Nan. 2019. Effects of Epichloë endophyte infection on growth, physiological properties and seed germination of wild barley under saline conditions. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 08/2019;, DOI:10.1111/jac.12366 Zhenjiang Chen, Chunjie Li, Zhibiao Nan, Xuekai Wei, James F White. 2019. Segregation of Lolium perenne into a subpopulation with high infection by endophyte Epichloë festucae var. lolii results in improved agronomic performance. Plant and Soil 11/2019;, DOI:10.1007/s11104-019-04370-w   Books and book chapters  Kumar, A. E K Radhakrishnan, Samir Droby, Vipin Kumar Singh, Sandeep Kumar Singh, James Francis White: Entry, colonization and distribution of endophytic microorganisms in plants. Microbial Endophytes: Functional Biology and Applications, 05/2019; Elsevier. Li, H-Y., Shobhika Parmar, Vijay K Sharma, James F White: Seed Endophytes and Their Potential Applications. Seed Endophytes (eds) Verma S., White, Jr J., 04/2019: pages 35-54; Springer, Cham., ISBN: Print ISBN 978-3-030-10503-7 Online ISBN 978-3-030-10504-4, DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-10504-4_3 Martinez-Rodriguez, A.  Gloria Macedo-Raygoza, Aurora X. Huerta-Robles, Ileana Reyes-Sepulveda, Jhovana Lozano-Lopez, Evelyn Y. García-Ochoa, Luis Fierro-Kong, Marisa H. G. Medeiros, Paolo Di Mascio, James Francis White, Miguel J. Beltran-Garcia: Agave Seed Endophytes: Ecology and Impacts on Root Architecture, Nutrient Acquisition, and Cold Stress Tolerance. Seed Endophytes, 04/2019: pages 139-170; , ISBN: 978-3-030-10503-7, DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-10504-4_8 Molina, M, James F White, Kathryn Kingsley, Natalia Gonzalez: SEED ENDOPHYTES OF JASIONE MONTANA: ARSENIC DETOXIFICATION WORKERS IN AN ECO-FRIENDLY FACTORY. Seed Endophytes-Biology and Biotechnology, First 06/2019: chapter 17: pages 365-384; Springer., ISBN: 978-3-030-10503-7 Molina, Maria, Luis Fernando Bautista, Ignacio Belda, Manuel Carmona, Eduardo Díaz, Gonzalo Durante-Rodríguez, Sara García-Salgado, Jaime López-Asensio, Pilar Martínez-Hidalgo, María Ángeles Quijano, James F. White, Natalia González-Benítez: Bioremediation of Soil Contaminated with Arsenic. Microbes and Enzymes in Soil Health and Bioremediation, 11/2019: pages 321-351; , ISBN: 978-981-13-9116-3, DOI:10.1007/978-981-13-9117-0_14 Pal, G. Kanchan Kumar, Anand Verma, James Francis White, Satish K. Verma: Functional Roles of Seed-Inhabiting Endophytes of Rice. Seed Endophytes, 04/2019: pages 213-236; , ISBN: 978-3-030-10503-7, DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-10504-4_11 Tadych, M. ,James F White: Endophytic Microbes. Encyclopedia of Microbiology (5th Ed.), Updated Forth Edition 09/2019: pages 123-136; Academic Press., ISBN: 9780128117378, DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-809633-8.13036-5 Verma, S. K. Ravindra N. Kharwar, Surendra K. Gond, Kathryn L. Kingsley, James Francis White: Exploring Endophytic Communities of Plants: Methods for Assessing Diversity, Effects on Host Development and Potential Biotechnological Applications. Seed Endophytes, 04/2019: pages 55-82; , ISBN: 978-3-030-10503-7, DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-10504-4_4 White, J. F.  Satish Kumar Verma: Seed Endophytes: Biology and Biotechnology. 06/2019; Springer, ISBN: 978-3-030-10503-7, DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-10504-4 White, J. F. , Satish K. Verma: Prologue to book 'Seed Endophytes'. Seed Endophytes: Biology and Biotechnology, 06/2019; Springer., ISBN: 978-3-030-10503-7  Extension and technical bulletins  Coop, L. B., D. Upper, and J. Parke. 2019. Soil solarization program – for using transparent anti-condensation plastic film to manage soil-borne plant pathogens and weed seeds. Oregon State University Integrated Plant Protection Center <a href="https://uspest.org/soil/solarizeV2beta1">https://uspest.org/soil/solarizeV2beta1</a>  Hsiao, C.J., Sassenrath, G.F., Zeglin, L., Hettiarachchi, G., Rice, C. 2019. Changes in soil microbiology under conventional and no-till production during crop rotation. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: Vol. 5: Iss. 2. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.7746">https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.7746</a>   <a href="https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/fullscreen/62280511/organic-farmer-dec-jan-2019">https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/fullscreen/62280511/organic-farmer-dec-jan-2019</a> Majsztrik, J., Parke, J., Swett, C., Pitton, B., and Kumar, S. 2019 Disease Risk Model v 1.0. <a href="https://occviz.com/CW3/pathogen/pathogen.html">https://occviz.com/CW3/pathogen/pathogen.html</a>  Mallory-Smith, C., Wada, N., and Parke, J. L. 2019. Here comes the sun: soil solarization for weed management. Digger Magazine (Jan. issue):33-36. <a href="http://www.diggermagazine.com/here-comes-the-sun/">http://www.diggermagazine.com/here-comes-the-sun/</a>  Parke, J. L., and E. Peterson. 2019. Sudden oak death, sudden larch death, and ramorum blight. The Plant Health Instructor. DOI: 10.1094/PHI-I-2019-0701-02 <a href="https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/disandpath/oomycete/pdlessons/Pages/SuddenOakDeath.aspx">https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/disandpath/oomycete/pdlessons/Pages/SuddenOakDeath.aspx</a>    Parke, J. L., Mallory-Smith, C., Dragila, M., Hill, B., Wada, N., Weidman, C., Coop, L., Buckland, K. 2019. Soil solarization – a potential tool for organic growers to manage weeds and improve soil health. Organic Farmer 1(4):12-18.  Paulitz, T. C. Porter, L., Schroeder, K. L. and Du Toit, L. 2019.  Pythium seed and root. in: Compendium of Pea Diseases and Pests, Third Edition. R. Harveson, Ed. APS Press.  Porter, L., Paulitz, T. C. and Schroeder, K. L. 2019. Pythium seed and seedling rot. Lentil Disease Diagnostic Series.  NDSU Extension Publication. PP1913  Redekar, N. R. and J. L. Parke. 2019. Testing the waters. Digger Magazine 63(6):33-37. <a href="http://www.diggermagazine.com/testing-the-waters/">http://www.diggermagazine.com/testing-the-waters/</a>  Rupp, J., Bruce, M. and Paulitz, T. C. 2019. Rhizoctonia seed, seedling and root rot. Lentil Disease Diagnostic Series.  NDSU Extension Publication. PP1913  Sassenrath, G.F., Little, C., Roozeboom, K., Lin, X., Jardine, D. 2019. Controlling soil-borne disease in soybean with a mustard cover crop. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: Vol. 5: Iss. 2.<a href="https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.7740">https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.7740</a>  Stoven, H. and Parke, J. L. 2019. The continuing battle against nasty Nostoc. Digger Magazine 63(11):27-29. <a href="http://www.diggermagazine.com/the-continuing-battle-against-nasty-nostoc/">http://www.diggermagazine.com/the-continuing-battle-against-nasty-nostoc/</a>  Zhao, H., Sassenrath, G.F., Lin, X., Lollato, R., De Wolf, E.D. 2019. Modeling wheat susceptibility to disease. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: Vol. 5: Iss. 2. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.7742">https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.7742</a>  Meeting presentations and proceedings  DeGenring, L. and Poleatewich, A. 2019. Effect of substrate on biopesticide efficacy to suppress Pythium in hydroponic systems. Phytopathology. 109(9): S1.26  Friesen, M. L. “Conversations on Soil Health”, an interactive discussion facilitated by Maren L. Friesen Clare L. Casteel*, Amélie C.M. Gaudin and Rachel L. Vannette “Soil microbes mediate enhanced pest resistance on organic farms” International Society for Chemical Ecology, Atlanta GA, June 4, 2019 CROPS (Hudson Alpha), June 2019  Friesen, ML. 2019.  The switchgrass rhizosphere microbiome and nitrogen transformations on marginal lands. Multi-omics for Microbiomes, July 2019  Friesen, ML. 2019.  Underground markets in nitrogen-fixing host-symbiont transactions. Microbial Population Biology Gordon Conference, July 2019  Friesen, ML. 2019. Underground markets in nitrogen-fixing host-symbiont transactions. MIT, Civil and Environmental Engineering, October 2019  Friesen, ML. 2019. Underground Trade: Interactions between nitrogen and microbes on root traits. Nov 4, 2019: Marco Bittelli, Markus Flury, Tarah Sullivan. Sept 30, 2019: Linda Kinkel & Bill Pan  Paulitz, T. C. 2019. Soil Health and the Microbial Black Box. Presented invited seminar on soil health at the Western Wheat Workers Conference, Pullman, WA, July 10, 2019.  Thomashow, L.  2019. Pseudomonas in sustainable agriculture: Models, metabolites and mechanisms. Presented an invited talk at the Pseudomonas 2019 meeting in Putrajaya Malaysia, July 20-27, 2019. Yin, C., Schlatter, D., Kroese, D., Paulitz, T. and Hagerty, C. 2019.Acid soils in PNW wheat production and impacts on the soil microbiome.  APS Pacific Division meeting, June 27, 2019, Ft. Collins, CO  Yin, C., Vargas, J. M. C., Schlatter, D. C. Hagerty, C. Hulbert, S. and Paulitz. T. C. 2019.  Rhizosphere community selection reveals bacteria associated with reduced root disease. 18th Congress of International-Society-for-Molecular-Plant-Microbe-Interactions (IS-MPMI), Glasgow, Scotland. Thesis  DeGenring, L. 2019. Effect of cultivar and substrate on efficacy of biopesticides to suppress Pythium on greenhouse crops. M.S. Thesis. University of New Hampshire.  Hsiao, C.-J. 2018. Microbial Properties of Soils: Effects of Management and Pedogenesis. Kansas State University. <a href="https://krex.k-state.edu/dspace/handle/2097/39380">https://krex.k-state.edu/dspace/handle/2097/39380</a>  Abstracts  Becker, J.O., S.T. Koike, Y.Y. Chen, and J. Becker. Exploring the curious rise and fall of nematicide use for broccoli in California. Journal of Nematology 51:5. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2019-065">https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2019-065</a>  Chesley, A. and Hao, J. Sensitivity of Phytophthora erythroseptica to oxathiapiprolin. 2019 University of Maine Student Symposium, Cross Insurance Center, Bangor ME, April 10, 2019.  Chesley, A. and Hao, J. Sensitivity of Phytophthora erythroseptica to oxathiapiprolin. 2019 University of Maine Student Symposium, Cross Insurance Center, Bangor ME, April 10, 2019.  Ge, T. and Hao, J. Microbial association in blackleg and soft rot of potato. 2019 Northeast Potato Technology Forum, Rodd Hotels & Resorts, Charlottetown, Canada. Mar. 20-21, 2019.  Ge, T. and Hao, J. Synergistic Effect of co-inoculation with Dickeya dianthicola and Pectobacterium parmentieri on potato. 2019 University of Maine Student Symposium, Cross Insurance Center, Bangor ME, April 10, 2019.  Ge, T. and Hao, J. Synergistic Effect of co-inoculation with Dickeya dianthicola and Pectobacterium parmentieri on potato. 2019 University of Maine Student Symposium, Cross Insurance Center, Bangor ME, April 10, 2019.  Hao, J. and Jiang, H. Chemical regulation of zoosporic behavior of Phytophthora erythroseptica. 2019 Northeast Potato Technology Forum, Rodd Hotels & Resorts, Charlottetown, Canada. Mar. 20-21, 2019.  Jiang, H., Ge, T. and Hao, J. 2019. Impact of signal molecules on Phytophthora erythroseptica for potato infection. Annual Meeting of Northeastern Division of American Phytopathological Society, Penn. State University, State Park, PA. Link: <a href="https://www.apsnet.org/members/community/divisions/ne/meetings/Documents/NED-APS_Program-2019_3.pdf">https://www.apsnet.org/members/community/divisions/ne/meetings/Documents/NED-APS_Program-2019_3.pdf</a>.  Jiang, H., Ge, T., and Hao, J. Impact of signal molecules on Phytophthora erythroseptica for potato infection. Annual Meeting of Northeastern Division of American Phytopathological Society. Days Inn, State College, PA, Apr. 3-5, 2019.  Li, Y., Liu, Y., Zhu, S., Hao, J., Luo, L., and Li, J. 2019. Functional analysis of transient receptor potential channel in Fusarium solani causing root rot of Panax notoginseng. Annual Meeting of American Phytopathological Society, Cleveland, OH.  Schlatter, D. C., Hansen, J., Huggins, D. R. Carlson, B., and Paulitz, T. C. 2019. Bacterial communities associated with soil health in wheat.   Phytopathology 109: S2: 151  Secor, G., Charkowski, A., Hao, J., Johnson, S.B., and McIntosh, C. Integrating next-generation technologies for blackleg and soft rot management in the usa: a progress report. European Association for Potato Research (EAPR) Pathology and Pests Section Meeting, Neuchâtel – Switzerland, Sep. 2-5, 2019.  Extension Talks/Field Days/Workshops/Consultations  Adams AK, Rickman TE, Wadl PA, Yencho GC, Olukolu BA (2020) Multipartite interactions involving sweetpotato and its leaf microbiome. National Sweetpotato Collaborators Group Meeting, Nashville, TN.  Becker, J. O. 58th Annual Society of Nematologists meeting, Raleigh, NC, July 7-10, 2019. “Exploring the curious rise and fall of nematicide use for broccoli in California.” (poster)  Becker, J. O. California Statewide Nematology Workgroup, Huntington Gardens, San Marino, March 26, 2019. “Hyalorbilia spp.: potential role in biological disease suppression” (presentation).  Becker, J. O. Class with 12 graduate students (PLPA 240 Field Plant Pathology), June 3, 2019. “Nematology in Cooperative Extension” (invited presentation, discussion).  Becker, J. O. Growers, PCAs, and Industry field day, South Coast Research and Extension Center, Irvine, CA, July 29, 2019. “Experiences with novel nematicides.” (presentation and hands-on demonstrations)  Becker, J. O. Industry and PCA training session, UC South Coast Research and Extension Center, February 19, 2019. “California agriculture and plant-parasitic nematodes” (presentation and hands-on demonstrations)  Becker, J. O. Plant Pathology Department Seminar, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China, Nov 13, 2019. Management of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in California: Research & Extension (invited presentation).  Becker, J. O. Soil-borne Diseases and Nematodes Management Symposium “Toward developing a multifaceted approach to control soil-borne diseases and nematodes”. March 13, 2019. Volcani Center, Tel Aviv, Israel. “Towards a paradigm shift in crop protection against plant-parasitic nematodes.” (invited key-note speaker)  Becker, J. O. UC Riverside, PLPA 265. Colloquium on the Principles of Plant Pathology, May 1, 2019. “A career in Cooperative Extension.” (invited 1 hrs. lecture w/discussion), ca 30 undergraduate students.  Becker, J. O. Undergraduate student group from Southwest University, Chongqing, China. Organized by UCR’s International Education Programs. UC Riverside Extension Center, August 2, 2019. “Plant parasitic nematodes in CA Agriculture” (2 hrs. invited presentation with discussion, 20 students).  Becker, J. O. Visit of nematode field plots by 9 graduate students with Dr. Georgios Vidalakis (PLPA 240 Field Plant Pathology), UC South Coast Research & Extension Center, September 17, 2019.  Borneman, J. Fraunhofer Institute Visit Meeting in Riverside CA, January 11, 2019. Title: Modeling the Interactions Between CLas, Citrus, and ACP for the Development of HLB Management Strategies  Borneman, J. Sugarbeet Work Group Meeting, February 8 2019, Holtville CA, Title: Use of Dactylella oviparasitica to Improve the Sugarbeet Cropping Decision Model.  Borneman, J.  Indigenous Populations of Dactylella oviparasitica Appear to Suppress Cyst Nematode Populations in Several Regions & Crops. Annual Meeting of Western Regional Project W-4147 on Biological Control, December 6 2019, Puyallup, Washington.  Attended via Zoom. DeGenring, L. Poleatewich, A. Utilizing the power of beneficial microbes in a systems approach to plant disease management. Presentation. New England Tri-State Greenhouse Growers IPM Workshop. Durham, NH. January 2019.  Ge, T. and Hao, J. Title: “Microbial association in blackleg and soft rot of potato.” Northeast Potato Technology Forum. Rodd Hotels & Resorts, Prince Edward Island, Canada, Mar. 20-21, 2019. Hao, J. J.  “Updates on blackleg study.” 32nd Maine Potato Conference, Caribou Inn, ME. Jan. 17-18, 2019.  Hao, J. J. BASF Field Day. Aroostook Research Farm, Presque Isle, ME. Aug. 20, 2019. 30 attendees.  Hao, J.J. Title: “Chemical regulation of zoosporic behavior of Phytophthora erythroseptica.” Northeast Potato Technology Forum. Rodd Hotels & Resorts, Prince Edward Island, Canada, Mar. 20-21, 2019.  Hsiao, C.-J., Sassenrath, G.F., Rice, C.W., Zeglin, L.H. 2018. Long-term fertilization and tillage effects on soil microbial properties with depth. Abstract 111912. American Society of Agronomy Annual Meeting, Nov. 4-7, 2018, Baltimore, MD  Kristy BD, Gorman MS, Rickman TE, Adams AK, Kuster RD, Olukolu BA (2019). Introducing Qmatey: A Taxonomic Profiler Capable of Robust Microbiome Analysis. Annual STEM Poster Symposium, Knoxville, TN.  Kristy BD, Olukolu BA (2019). From Soil to Software: Using Computational Tools to Solve Biological Problems. 1794 Honors Capstone Showcase, Knoxville, TN.  Hao, J. J. Maine Potato Research Field Day, Aroostook Research Farm, Presque Isle, ME. Aug. 20, 2019. 40 attendees.  Paulitz, T. C.  2019.  Microbial communities in canola and wheat rotations. Washington Oilseeds and Cropping System Meeting. Feb 1, 2019, Pullman, WA.  Paulitz, T. C.  2019. “Management of Nematode Diseases with Genetic Resistance”.  Washington Grain Commission Research Review, Pullman WA Feb. 20, 2019  Paulitz, T. C. 2018 “Fusarium crown rot on wheat: Prebreeding and development of tools for genetic disease management”.  Washington Grain Commission Research Review, Pullman WA Feb. 20, 2019  Paulitz, T. C. 2019.  Biosolids and Soil Microbes. Lind Field Day, Lind, WA June 15, 2019  Paulitz, T. C. 2019.  What’s behind canola rotation effects; research updates.  Winter Canola Tour, May 30, 2019, Hartline-Almira, WA  Paulitz, T. C. 2019. “What’s New in Research on Soilborne Plant Pathogens”. Spokane Farm Forum, Ag Expo, Spokane, Washington.   Feb. 6, 2019  Poleatewich, A. From The Ground Up: How soil-less substrate can affect biocontrol efficacy. Presentation. Canadian Greenhouse Conference. October 2019.  Sassenrath, G. Precision systems for crop production. Precision Ag Field Day. July 29, 2019  Sassenrath, G. Radio Interview for Agriculture Today, hosted by Eric Atkinson. April 5, 2019. Mustard cover crop for charcoal rot control.  Sassenrath, G. Retaking the Field: Science Breakthroughs for Thriving Farms and a Healthier Nation. Volume 4. Applying Alternatives: Leveraging the Soil Microbiome to Fight Disease.  Sassenrath, G. Soil Health: Profitability. KSU Agronomy 655. May 7, 2019  Sassenrath, G. Soil Variability and Cover Crops Update. Spring River WRAPS. Feb. 21, 2019  Sassenrath, G.F., Precision Conservation Management: Targeting Soil Health for Agronomic Profitability. Soil and Water Conservation Society. July 28-31, 2019, Pittsburgh, PA.  Vannette RL. “Soil management, mycorrhizal fungi and plant-pest interactions” Russell Ranch Field day June 12, 2019  Wilkerson, T. "Taproot Decline Update" at Mississippi Agriculture Consultants Association Conference, Starkville, MS, Feb. 5, 2019  Zhao, H., Sassenrath, G., Lin, X. Evaluation of winter wheat phenology models in eastern Kansas. Abstract 112183. American Society of Agronomy Annual Meeting, Nov. 4-7, 2018, Baltimore, MD  License agreement  USDA License No. 1787-001 and WSU Case TECH-19/3281, Real-time PCR primers for native yeasts of grape

Impact Statements

Expanded tool kit of disease management options for both organic and conventional growers, leading to improved agricultural productivity and sustainability.

Date of Annual Report: 02/02/2021

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 12/04/2020 - 12/04/2020
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2019 - 09/30/2020

Participants

Participants in 2020 meeting of W-4147, Dec. 4, 2020

Fayad, Amer. NIFA Administrator. REE -NIFA, Kansas City, MO Amer.Fayad@usda.gov;
Hulbert, Scot Washington State University, Administrator scot_hulbert@wsu.edu;
Mcbeath, Jenifer University of Alaska jhmcbeath@alaska.edu;
Borneman, James. University of California, Riverside borneman@ucr.edu;
Becker, Ole. University of California, Riverside obecker@ucr.edu;
Ploeg, Antoon. University of California, Riverside antoon.ploeg@ucr.edu;
Gachomo, Emma. University of California, Riverside emma.gachomo@ucr.edu;
Leveau, Johan. University of California, Davis jleveau@ucdavis.edu;
Sassenrath, Gretchen Kansas State University gsassenrath@ksu.edu;
Hao, Jay. University of Maine jianjun.hao1@maine.edu;
Pethybridge, Sarah. Cornell University sjp277@cornell.edu;
Wilkerson, Tessie Mississippi State University twilkerson@drec.msstate.edu;
Poleatewich, Anissa. University of New Hampshire anissa.poleatewich@unh.edu;
White, James. Rutgers University white@rci.rutgers.edu;
Frost, Kenneth Oregon State University kenneth.frost@oregonstate.edu;
Graebner, Ryan. Oregon State University graebner@oregonstate.edu;
Olukolu, Bode. University of Tennessee bolukolu@utk.edu;
Timothy Paulitz, USDA-ARS, Pullman WA timothy.paulitz@usda.gov
Maren Friesen, Washington State University m.friesen@wsu.edu;

Brief Summary of Minutes

MINUTES OF THE 2020 ANNUAL MEETING OF THE W4147 WORKGROUP

Meeting Organizers: Tim Paulitz (WSU) and Maren Friesen (WSU)

Location: Virtual Zoom meeting because of the COVID-19 pandemic

Date and Time: December 4, 2020, 8:00am to 1:00pm Pacific Time

Meeting Chair: Tim Paulitz (WSU)

Meeting Secretary: James Borneman (UCR)

ADMINISTRATOR ADDRESSES

Amer Fayad: USDA NIFA Administrator of the W4147 Workgroup introduced himself to the group.

James Borneman suggested that NIFA bring back the Biologically Based Pest Management Program given the emphasis on sustainability.

Scot Hulbert: Local (WSU) Administrator for W4147 Workgroup. Scot told the group that W4147 is an easy group to administer because people are interested in each other's work, we have interesting and productive meetings, and we write clear reports and submit them on time. Scot also mentioned that WSU will have a job opening for an endowed chair of soil health and sustainable cropping systems for potato disease management.

PRESENTATIONS BY WORKGROUP MEMBERS

Jenifer McBeath: Alaska - Jenifer described a project examining the microbiome in relation to peony production. Jenifer isolated cold tolerant bacteria focusing on Bacillus and testing them for antagonism against peony pathogens in vitro. None had the broad efficacy of Trichoderma atroviride (Plant Helper). Jenifer suggested some of these Bacillus strains might be useful in combination with Trichoderma atroviride where the bacteria could provide near-term control and the fungus could provide long-term control.

James Borneman: California-Riverside - James described new findings from a long-term collaborative project with Ole Becker. These findings included the determination that Dactylella oviparasitica - a fungus that can control nematode populations - was the most abundant fungus associated with nematode females from two different regions of California.

Ole Becker: California-Riverside - As part of the Borneman presentation, Ole described the history of nematicide use and nematode-associated disease along California's central coast with cole crops. Ole also stated that it appears that soils suppressing the sugarbeet cyst nematode have developed in this region, which is consistent with the finding described by Borneman showing that Dactylella oviparasitica was the most abundant fungus found in nematode females.

Antoon Ploeg: California-Riverside - Antoon described the population dynamics of a new nematode in California - the peach root-knot nematode - on sweet potatoes. Antoon showed that some of the currently used root-knot nematode resistant cultivars of sweet potatoes were not resistant to this new nematode, presenting a potential problem for sweet potato production in California.

Emma Gachomo: California-Riverside - Emma described the efficacies of several commercial bio-fungicides and Ridomil for carrot cavity spot - which is caused by several Pythium species. Some of the products were effective using in vitro assays and some were effective using greenhouse assays, but the results from the two types of experiments were not always consistent.

Johan Leveau: California-Davis - Johan described Collimonas and Serenade Soil (Bacillus) experiments to control Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Either organism by itself was not effective but combined they were effective. Transposon mutagenesis identified some metabolites that are likely involved in the pathogen suppression. Johan expressed an interest in working with others in the group that work with Bacillus biocontrol agents including Jenifer McBeath and Emma Gachomo, who were also interested in these potential collaborations.

Gretchen Sassenrath: Kansas - Gretchen described her work examining corn-winter wheat- soybean rotation and production, and the management of pathogens including Fusarium and the soybean cyst nematode. Gretchen's microbiome work showed that till vs. no-till was associated with changes in the soil microbiome.

Jay Hao: Maine - Jay described his projects related to potato blackleg, which is caused by several pathogens but primarily Dickeya dianthicola. Jay described his experiments to determine the origins of this pathogen and he showed a phylogenic tree of isolates from across the planet. Jay also described some of the other pathogens that cause potato blackleg, and his role in the Soil Health Potato Production Group.

Sarah Pethybridge: New York - Sarah described her work to manage white mold of processing snap beans, which is currently managed by prophylactic fungicide applications. With the goal of reducing fungicide use, Sarah described experiments that determined that canopy openness, soil moisture, and some soil hydrology groups were good predictors of white mold related disease.

Tessie Wilkerson: Mississippi - Tessie described her experiments that examined reniform nematode management for cotton. Tessie showed that some nematicide treatments reduced nematode populations and some nematode-resistant cultivars of cotton produced higher yields.

Anissa Poleatewich: New Hampshire - Anissa described her work examining new wood fiber products as components of potting mixes. Anissa showed that the type of wood fiber did not affect disease levels but that amounts of the wood fiber did affect disease levels. Anissa also described her work comparing natural and synthetic hydroponic nutrient sources.

James White: New Jersey - James described his work examining the rhizophagy cycle (root eating endophytic bacteria) where endophytic bacteria enter roots, lose their cell walls to become protoplasts (l-forms), which then stimulate root hair elongation, and then eventually are expulsed from the roots completing the cycle. James believes many endophytes likely become protoplasts when inside the plant.

Kenneth Frost: Oregon - Kenneth described his work with the Potato Soil Health Project. Kenneth showed that cropping system was a major factor affecting bacterial beta diversity. Kenneth also presented results showing that Pseudomonas and Domibacillus increased following fumigation, and he suggested that this may be due to their ability to degrade the fumigant.

Ryan Graebner: Oregon - Ryan described his work involving Cereal Variety Trials. Ryan is interested in determining how cereal varieties affect the soil and rhizosphere microbiome as well as plant productivity.

Bode Olukolu: Tennessee - Bode described the use of Quantitative Reduced Representation Sequencing (qRRS) to understand microbe-microbe and host-microbe interactions involved in plant disease. Bode studies diseases of sweet potato and maize. Bode has also written code to create an efficient pipeline for this method. Bode described how his method is ligation free and PCR free, and that it captures all types of organisms including viruses, and that it produces very high- quality barcode and sequencing reads, and that it is less expensive than amplicon sequencing and shotgun metagenomics.

Tim Paulitz: Washington - Tim describe some of the results from an 8-year study examining the temporal dynamics of microbes associated with wheat monoculture. Bulk soil, rhizosphere and endophytes were examined. Tim showed that there were large differences in bacterial beta diversity between dry and irrigated systems. There were also considerable differences in bacteria among bulk soil, rhizosphere and endophytes. Tim also showed that specific taxa fluctuated seasonally and that some taxa decrease or increase over the 8-year study.

Maren Friesen: Washington - Maren described several projects that examined microbial- mediated plant traits. In a project examining rhizosphere bacteria and nitrogen transformations, she showed that fertilization had only weak effects on bacterial communities. Maren is also examining how root exudates under high and low nitrogen affect rhizosphere microbiome. This work has identified associations between specific bacteria and plant traits in relation to nitrogen inputs.

Accomplishments

Objective 1 To identify and characterize new biological agents, microbial community structure and function, naturally suppressive soils, cultural practices, and organic amendments that provide management of diseases caused by soilborne plant pathogens. CA- Our project attempted to clarify if the diminished pesticide need to control sugar beet cyst nematode with soil fumigant l,3-dichloropropene (1,3D) was caused by a change in the establishment of an antagonistic microbiome. We conducted a sampling survey of 88 broccoli fields along the Central California coast that found Heterodera cysts in only about one-third of the locations. The cyst nematode population density averaged only 3.2 eggs/cm3 soil, far less than an estimated damaging threshold. In greenhouse trial, several of the collected field soil samples were significantly suppressive to the H. schachtii population build-up. The most abundant fungi associated with females of the sugar beet cyst nematode belonged to members of the Hyalorbilia oviparasitica clade (Chen et al., 2020). The detection of those fungi was considerably improved by developing a sensitive baiting technique (Witte et al., 2020). Related to these findings, our strain H. multiguttulata DoUCR50 (formerly Dactylella oviparasitica DoUCR50) parasitized 100% of eggs from 3-week-old H. schachtii females and 75% from 4-week-old females. Eggs within 5-week-old females were resistant to parasitism, and hatch of J2 was unaffected by exposure to DoUCR50 (Smith Becker et al., 2020). Apparently only young, undifferentiated eggs of H. schachtii were susceptible to DoUCR50 parasitism. It explains why previous attempts to bait the fungus with H. schachtii eggs were often unsuccessful. CA- The contribution of Lab Leveau to the project continues to have its basis in the discovery, characterization and application of bacteria belonging to the genus Collimonas, their antifungal properties, and their ability to work synergistically with Bacillus bacteria to protect plants from soilborne fungal pathogens (Doan et al, 2020). Long-term goal is a Collimonas-based or -fortified biocontrol product. This past year, we published our findings on two studies: one that demonstrated a role for the Collimonas-produced compound collimomycin in inhibiting not only hyphal growth but also spore germination (Mosquera et al, 2020) and another study that uncovered the genes underlying the antifungal activity in the California isolate Collimonas arenae Cal35 and the Collimonas-Bacillus synergistic suppression of Fusarium wilt on greenhouse- and field-grown tomato plant (Akum et al, 2020). CA- We used probit regression models to show that there was a strong relationship between pre-planting population levels of the fungus Dactylella oviparasitica in sugar beet soils in the Imperial Valley (CA) and post-planting levels of the nematode Heterodera schachtii. We expect that this will lead to the development of new cropping decision models that will enable growers to create and maintain soils that suppress H. schachtii, which we anticipate will lead to higher crop yields and profitability for the growers. CA- Our recent analyses of 25 sugar beet field soils from the Imperial Valley (CA) showed that the most abundant fungus associated with H. schachtii females was Dactylella oviparasitica, which is now called Hyalorbilia oviparasitica, and which forms a clade we call the Hyalorbilia oviparasitica clade. This study also showed that the population densities of these fungi increase by approximately 10,000-fold over one nematode generation (~4 weeks), which likely contributes to its ability to create nematode suppressive soils. This work is described in Witte et al. (2020) – see Publication Section. CA- We also currently performing experiments to determine why some citrus trees in Florida do not decline rapidly (Survivor Tree Phenotype) due to Huanglongbing. Our research to date shows that soil bacteria and fungi appear to correlate best with this Survivor Tree Phenotype, including some that are putatively beneficial and some that are putatively exacerbating Huanglongbing disease. This work is described in Ginnan et al. (2020) – see Publication Section. As part of this project, we created a metabolic model of the HLB-associated pathogen. This work is described in Zuniga et al. (2020) – see Publication Section. KS- Soil nutrient and soil microbial activity differences were measured from replicated field trials in production fields and research fields. Soils with and without cover crops were compared in tilled and no-till fields for soil microbiological activity. Soil microbes were found to be twice as active in no-till fields than in tilled fields. Differences in soil microbial properties between cover crops were also observed. ME- Trials were established to examine soil biochemistry and microbial communities in improving soil health for better potato production. This 4-year project will greatly broaden the knowledge of potato cropping systems in Maine. Microbial associations with blackleg and soft rot disease of potato were examined. This helps researchers to understand how the outbreak of the bacterial disease occurred in order to find a better solution in disease control. A trial to examine soil fumigation on nematodes and Verticillium control was also deployed. MS- Collaborations with neighboring southern states have led to the discovery and confirmation of a pathogen which is new to soybean, Xylaria sp. causing tap root decline of soybean. Research efforts have further characterized this organism in Mississippi soybean fields and has determined to be distributed in the majority of the counties across the state. Experiments have led to determination of soybean varieties either exhibiting resistance or tolerance to the pathogen and management strategies such as seed treatment or in-furrow applications exhibiting activity at controlling the effects of the pathogen. Data from 2018-2020 suggest some commercial products applied in-furrow at planting are effective at reducing the signs of tap root decline, however, additional work is needed to support these findings. To support efforts associated with varietal resistance, field experiments using the complete Mississippi State Soybean Variety Trial seed were initiated in 2019 and will be on-going in 2021 to determine natural resistance to the Xylaria sp. and to determine yield differences under disease pressure. Research projects involving reniform nematode management are on-going and will continue to look at management strategies including crop rotation, varietal resistance and seed treatment combinations to manage losses associated with nematode infested fields. NH- Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of differently processed wood fiber-peat blends on R. solani disease severity. We tested the types of wood fiber blended with peat (70:30 peat:wood) compared to a peat control. After completing this study, we found a slight effect of wood fiber type on damping-off severity with less disease in plants grown in disc-refined and hammer-milled woof fiber blends compared to the peat control. Overall, we concluded that disease severity was similar across treatments. These data provide evidence that wood fiber-based substrate blends do not increase disease severity which is very useful information for growers to know when making decisions about incorporating wood fiber into their potting mixes   NY- Pethybridge Lab: Cercospora beticola-specific PCR assay development to enable soil detection. Cercospora beticola causes Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) on sugar beet and table beet. Accurate identification of this pathogen is critical to disease diagnosis and effective research outcomes for improved management. Several PCR assays have been described for identifying C. beticola; however, the specificity has either not been adequately tested or cross-reactions with related Cercospora species have occurred. This study describes the development and subsequent assessment of conventional and quantitative PCR assays specific for detection of C. beticola. Assay specificity was confirmed across a broad range of Cercospora and other common fungal species using public DNA sequence databases and PCR. A conventional PCR assay was designed with fast PCR conditions and completed in under 40 min. The quantitative PCR assay detected 0.001–10 ng of C. beticola DNA. The effectiveness of the quantitative PCR assay to detect C. beticola DNA in diseased leaf tissue and diseased leaf tissue mixed with soil was also demonstrated. These assays provide an improved method for specific identification and quantification of C. beticola, and a valuable tool for enhancing studies into the biology of C. beticola and epidemiology of CLS. OR– Soil microbiome variation in PNW potato cropping systems. We characterized the soil microbiome as a function of cropping system and crop rotations used in the PNW US and examined the response of the microbiome in soils originating from diverse crop management histories to perturbation by metam sodium (MS). We found that α-diversity of soil microbial communities was not influenced by cropping system, crop rotation, or soil pH. However, cropping system, potato rotation intensity, and crop diversity influenced the soil microbial community structure. Following perturbation with MS, α-diversity of the bacterial community generally decreased but varied interactively as a function of cropping system, soil sampling depth, and time and α-diversity of the fungal community varied as a function of time and cropping system. MS application resulted in the enrichment of multiple bacterial taxa in soils regularly amended with mustard green maures and bacterial genera with members known to degrade MS were observed in increased abundance in soils originating from organic cropping systems.   TX- We are in the process of dissecting the output of transcriptomic data sets from the interaction of three strains of the plant beneficial fungus Trichoderma virens with roots of three different lines of maize. The analyses of the data sets were based on three approaches: the traditional “rack and stack” of differentially regulated genes under different comparisons of strains and lines, a computational network analysis over time, and two methods of cluster analysis. The goal was to identify genes that would be involved in root colonization and induced systemic resistance. These approaches have identified several genes that when tested in a reverse genetic approach are involved in the mentioned processes. These genes include those encoding hydrophobins, gluconolactonase, extracellular matrix proteins, GTPase Rho3, several putative elicitors, and salicylic acid monooxygenase. Clearly, these processes of root colonization and signaling and induction of host defense responses are complex and influenced by multiple genes. VA- We identified a Burkholderia strain (SSG) that is effective against a broad spectrum of plant pathogens from fungi, oomycetes and baceria while also acting as an effective biofertizer for boxwood. We also identified a strain of Pseudomonas protegens that is effective again both boxwood blight and Phytophthora blight of annual vinca. WA- Wheat has a core microbiome. Plant roots exude carbon, nitrogen, and other nutrients that support a microbial community on the root surface, much like the gut microbiome in humans. Is there a finite set of core microbes on wheat roots present across a wide range of environments? ARS scientists in Pullman, Washington, sampled wheat roots across a range of precipitation zones in eastern Washington. A core set of bacteria and fungi were found in over 95 percent of rhizosphere or bulk soil samples. The most abundant core bacteria in the wheat rhizosphere were members of Bradyrhizobium, Sphingomonadaceae, Massilia, Variovorax, Oxalobacteraceae, and Caulobacteraceae. These bacteria may play a critical role in plant health and provide an indicator of soil health for wheat growers. WA- Relationship between microbial communities and wheat yield. Soil heath has been recognized as an important goal for growers, but little is known about which specific microbial communities may be indicators of a healthy soil. We initiated studies on bacterial and fungal microbiomes and soil and plant health, at the Cook Farm LTAR, sampling over 160 sites. We showed a significant difference in fungal communities between no-till and conventional cropping system. Certain families such as Chaetomiaceae and Sordariaceae displayed positive correlations with relative yields, while Glomeraceae and Phaeosphaeriaceae displayed negative relationships. This is the first work to identify fungal communities associated with wheat higher yield, and can lead to hypothesis driven research to move beyond simple correlation to causation- how these bacteria increase plant health. WA- Microbiome-mediated crop rotational effects. Farmers often rotate legumes and oilseeds to enhance the health of their soils, suppress disease, and enhance soil fertility. However, the degree to which these benefits are due to shifts in the microbiome, and whether the genotype of the rotational crop impact this, is largely unknown. In partnership with the cool-season legume breeders (chickpea and winter pea) and WSU faculty working on canola, we sampled the microbiomes of dozens of rotational crop genotypes and are in the process of sequencing these. We will use drone imaging combined with ground-truthing measurements to determine how these differences translate into the growth and disease of the following wheat crop. This information will provide a potential new breeding target that would enhance the sustainability and efficiency of cropping systems through beneficial shifts in the belowground microbiome. Objective 2 To understand how microbial populations and microbial gene expression are regulated by the biological (plants and microbes) and physical environment and how they influence disease. NH- We wanted to further explore the effect of growing substrate on suppression of plant disease by beneficial soil microbes. Wood fiber substrates are increasing in popularity with U.S. greenhouse growers, but more information is needed to establish best-use practices for growers. Little is known about the effects of wood fiber on beneficial microbes and their disease suppressive activities. Based on the methods developed by our industry collaborator M. Krause (Lallemond Plant Care), a growth chamber assay was developed in which R. solani inoculum was incorporated into the substrate. Radish seeds were then sown into the substrate, incubated for 7 days and damping-off severity evaluated. Now that we have a reliable bioassay, we will begin to evaluate biopesticide performance against root disease of plants grown in differently processed wood fiber-peat blends. Our study is the first to document the efficacy of biopesticides in peat-wood fiber blends will benefit growers regionally and nationally through the dissemination of best practices on biopesticides in wood-based substrates. NY- Smart Lab: Change in a Phytophthora capsici population over time. To identify control strategies, it is important to know how a pathogen population in a field is changing over time. Sexual, endemic populations of the heterothallic Phytophthora capsici continue to devastate vegetable crops in the northeast. In continuing studies, we are following a biparental population of P. capsici that was established in a research field in Geneva NY in 2008. We are using roughly 8,000 SNPs to follow changes in the population. One area we are currently focusing on is the change in the percentage of A1 vs A2 mating type isolates over time. While recovered isolates were roughly 50% each mating type for the first 7 years, and since that time the number of A2 mating type isolate has increased – this increase is not due to many individuals within the same clonal lineage as the data were clone-corrected.  OR– Tare soil effects on the potato rhizosphere microbiome. Potato is vegetatively propagated and seed tubers are planted with their tare soil from their field of origin. Tare soil harbors both pathogenic and beneficial microbes, but how tare soil influences the rhizosphere microbiome is not well known. We experimentally tested our hypothesis that tare soil influences rhizosphere microbiome composition in a greenhouse experiment. We found that fungal rhizosphere communities were more similar to tare soil microbial communities of seed tubers from the same seed lot than those from differing seed lots. Bulk soil origin, the soil in which the tuber was planted, explained the greatest amount of variation in the rhizosphere microbiome  WA- Molecular communication in the wheat rhizosphere. Plant roots secrete exudates that sustain and mediate communication with their rhizosphere microbiome, but the biochemical basis of these processes in cereals is poorly understood. ARS scientists, with collaborators at Southern Mississippi University, identified amino acids and compatible solutes in exudates of the wheat cultivar Louise, which supports increased production on roots of the antifungal metabolite phenazine-1-carboxylic acid. These exudate compounds, and the technology developed to recover and analyze them, are important because they can help to explain why cultivars of wheat such as Louise support colonization by phenazine-producing strains that protect wheat from fungal pathogens in the semiarid farming regions of the Pacific Northwest. WA- Nitrogen shifts root exudate profiles and interactions with free-living nitrogen fixers in switchgrass. In collaboration with scientists at Michigan State University and the Pacific Northwest National Labs, we analyzed root exudates of young switchgrass seedlings in sterile systems. We found that the addition of mineral fertilizer increases the overall amount of exudation and also shifts the composition of root exudates from organic acids to sugars. Inoculation with Azotobacter altered the level of allantoin, betaine, and valine but these effects depended upon the nitrogen treatment. Overall this work highlights potential mechanisms by which switchgrass, and possibly other grasses, recruit their rhizosphere microbiome and also indicates potential metabolites that are important in interactions with free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria. This knowledge could ultimately enhance the sustainability of multiple crops. Objective 3 Implement sustainable management strategies for soilborne pathogens that are biologically based and are compatible with soil health management practices. KS- Replicated cover crop plots were established in farmers’ fields and in research plots. Winter cover crops planted in the fall included grasses (wheat, rye grass, spring oats, winter oats) brassicas (purple top turnip and radish), and a commercial cover crop mix. Soil health and nutrient measurements were made in these plots in comparison to fallow plots. Fields included tilled and no-till plots. Cash crop performance was measured in the following planting season. Summer cover crops were established in 10 production fields. Soil nutrient and microbial activities were determined in these fields. Comparison of soil parameters (health and nutrient status) will be compared with crop performance.  NY- Pethybridge Lab: Efficacy of fungicides for Rhizoctonia damping off control in table beet, 2020. This greenhouse experiment was conducted at Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, New York.. No significant differences were observed in damping off between Quadris, the current industry standard for R. solani control in table beet, and other treatments also applied at 1 DAP. Aprovia, Quadris, and Cannonball provided similar reductions in damping off at 41 DAP. Elatus (chemically equivalent to Quadris + Aprovia) did not lead to improved disease control. Application timing affected the incidence of damping off between treatments, but differences were not significant until 41 DAP. Damping off was highest in plots that did not receive a fungicide application at 1 DAP, averaging 10.4% compared to 4.8% for plots receiving fungicides on both occasions. Post-emergence applications (18 DAP) resulted in 68% and 533% more damping off in plots treated with Quadris and Elatus, respectively, than when applied at 1 DAP. The incidence of damping off in plots treated with Orondis Gold was not significantly different from the nontreated control plots. Average root lesion incidence varied from 32.8 to 66% and was not significantly different across treatments. There were no visible differences in phytotoxicity or other concerns. OR– Effects of rotation, soil amendment, and fumigation on potato early dying and the soil microbial community. Enhancing soil health in potato cropping systems is difficult because of the soil disturbance that occurs during potato planting and harvest and the current reliance on fumigation to control diseases. Two four-year crop rotation studies were established in 2019 to examine how management practices including crop rotation with traditional fumigation, mustard biofumigant crop, dairy compost amendment, and a mustard biofumigant crop combined with a dairy compost amendment influence the soil abiotic and biotic properties, pathogen inoculum densities, and plant health and productivity. Objective 4. Provide outreach, education, extension and technology transfer to our clients and stakeholders- growers, biocontrol industry, graduate and undergraduate students, K-12 students and other scientists. CA- James Borneman gave presentations to undergraduate and graduate students in his two Microbiomes courses (MCBL 126 & MCBL 226). These presentations covered biological suppression of plant parasitic nematodes as well as root microbes that may inhibit or exacerbate Huanglongbing disease of citrus. James Borneman is a senior editor for the journal, Phytobiomes and PhytoFrontiers. KS- Because of restrictions in face-to-face extension meetings, most meetings with producers were conducted by phone or video, or at most one-on-one. No large producer extension outreach meetings were permitted. Regular discussions and presentation of results were conducted with the cooperating producers. On-site farm visits were made to discuss disease problems identified in production fields. Two virtual presentations on wheat production, including wheat disease identification, variety selection for resistant cultivars, and disease management, were held. ME- Trained 4 graduate and 1 undergraduate students. One M.S student has graduated. Published 3 papers on peer-reviewed journals and 10 conference abstracts. Attended 3 academic conferences and gave 10 presentations. Presented at two field days, and 2 grower’s meetings. Conducted 8 field trials including studying soil microbiomes associated with soil health, disease control by applications of chemicals on soil, seed and foliage, and varietal test of potato for resistance screening. Attended monthly online extension meetings via Zoom platform and exchange with growers on any important issues in production as well as research updates. MS- Participated in local educational opportunities 2018-2020. The primary focus of the "Pathways to Possibilities" event was to instill ideas for the future into middle school students in a fairly rural community. Washington County MS education outreach to Public and Private secondary school students • Entitled "Pathways to Possibilities" February 19-20, 2020 • Booths set up at "career fair" to showcase careers to area 8th grade students • 41 area schools both public and private • 2390 students • Demonstration including crop plants, fungal cultures, microscopes set up for observation. Coordination with American Phytopathology Society Foundation provided handouts, educational games ("What nematode Am I?") and stickers to handout to participants to promote the study of plant pathology. Presentations at professional meetings and field tours have provided information to colleagues, students, and growers on current issues surrounding soil pathogens such as Xylaria sp. (tap root decline of soybean). Seminar entitled "Root Diseases: What Lies beneath" for EPP1001 first year seminar class-Mississippi State University November 3, 2020 NH- Project updates were presented to growers at the Tri-State Greenhouse IPM workshops held in Durham NH in January of 2020. Research results were also disseminated to other researchers via a peer reviewed publication in the journal Hort Technology. Highlights of the research article were featured in a UNH press release designed to reach the general public for the purpose of enhancing public understanding of our work. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic we were unable to engage in training undergraduates as part of this project in 2020. NY- Pethybridge Lab - 2020 Outreach activities on sustainable disease management. In 2018, Pethybridge gave 18 extension/outreach presentations on soilborne disease management to the broadacre vegetable industry stakeholders and growers. These presentations were predominantly meetings organized by Cornell Cooperative Extension throughout NY. Undergraduate research experience Because of COVID, we did not have our summer undergraduate research experience program in 2020. NY- Smart lab - 2020 Disease management strategies for Phytophthora capsici In 2020, Smart gave 14 talks to growers, extension educators and industry representatives including pathogen biology and disease management of Phytophthora blight and other pathogens. She also was part of a 60 minute podcast ‘Phytophthora phoughts’ in August. Undergraduate research experience. Because of COVID, we did not have our summer undergraduate research experience program in 2020. Outreach to K-12 students. Because of COVID, we did not have our K-12 outreach program in 2020 OR (Frost) – Advised four postdoctoral researchers, two faculty research assistants, one technician, three graduate students, and two undergraduate students. Since 2019 we have published six refereed papers, nine extension documents, and seven abstracts on topics related to soil health and soilborne disease. Information has been disseminated to clientele within the region through talks at 11 grower education events and five field days, and to scientific peers via two oral and seven poster presentations. Information has also been extended to the public through newspaper and trade magazine articles. Provided plant disease diagnostic services via the Pathology Diagnostic Clinic at the HAREC to Oregon, southeastern Washington, Idaho, and other crop production regions in the U.S. Organized soil health at the 2020 Hermiston Farm Fair Grower education event. Editorial positions currently held include Senior Editor and Editor for the APS Journals Plant Disease and Phytofrontiers, respectively. VA- Co-organized and-moderated the Second Boxwood Blight Workshop held at the USDA ARS Headquarter - George Washington CArver Center in Beltsville, MD on February 20, 2020 with an option to attend via WebEx. This workshop Report Date 01/26/2021 Page 1 of 4 United States Department of Agriculture Progress Report Accession No. 1017519 Project No. VA-136347 Multistate No. W4147 attracted a large attendence including regulatory officials and inspectors, diagnosticians, extension specialists and agents from 26 of the 28 affected states plus North Dakota not known to have this disease then, plus leaders of AmericanHort - a national trade organization with nearly 16,000 members, and also American Landscaper's Association and some major boxwood growers. I also helped organize and presented at the Third International Summit on Boxwood Challenges held in the National Agricultural Library in Beltsville, MD on February 19. Additionally, I disseminated the latest news and research on boxwood blight 21 times to over 280 key stakeholders and groups on ten Google groups that I have created for expedited outreach. WA- Paulitz served as lead organizer of the 66th Conference on Soilborne Plant Pathogens, San Luis Obispo, CA, March 25-27, 2020. Meeting was canceled because of COVID. He worked with a Moroccan collaborator to be awarded a Fulbright Fellowship to visit his lab in 2020, which was postponed until 2021 because of COVID. He collaborated on numerous manuscripts and continued a long collaboration with CIMMYT in Turkey. He is authoring a Pythium Protocol project, an on-line publication of the American Phytopathological Society Press. He is section editor of the Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology. He is active in the national Long Term Agriculture Research Site program with ARS. Presented in a webinar to National Program for Soil Biology 212 in May 2020. He organized the Fall, 2020 Seminar course for Department of Plant Pathology, WSU. He serves on the thesis committees of 6 PhD and MSc students, and was primary supervisor of one MSc Applied student who graduated in 2020. He supervises 2 postdoctoral researchers. He gave numerous grower presentations, covered in Publications. WA- Friesen presented at the WSU Farmer's Network workshop in Jan 2020. She also led three soil health co-innovation sessions in Feb and March, two in-person and one that was moved online due to COVID. Friesen collaborated on multiple manuscripts, including an article published in the Annual Review of Phytopathology on social evolution in bacterial plant pathogens. She taught the Fall 2020 course in Phytobacteriology at WSU with 13 graduate students as well as co-taught the Molecular Plant Science Fall 2020 Advanced Topics course, which has its emphasis on understanding the evolutionary and genomic basis of mechanisms of crosstalk between plant-pathogen and plant-mutualist interactions. She supervised four postdoctoral researchers, two PhD students, and 1 MSc student and serves on the thesis committees of 5 PhD and 1 MSc student.

Publications

Peer reviewed Akum, F.N., R. Kumar, G. Lai, C.H. Williams, H.K. Doan, and J.H.J. Leveau (2020) Identification of Collimonas gene loci involved in the biosynthesis of a diffusible secondary metabolite with broad-spectrum antifungal activity and plant-protective properties. Microbial Biotechnology, in press. Aloqaili, F., Good, S., Frost, K., and Higgins, C. 202X. Differences in soil evaporation between row and inter-row positions in furrowed agricultural fields. Vadose Zone Journal (in press). Barnett, SE, Cala, AR, Hansen, JL, Crawford, J, Viands, DR, Smart, LB, Smart, CD, Buckley, DH (2020) Evaluating the microbiome of hemp. Phytobiomes 4:351-363 https://doi.org/10.1094/PBIOMES-06-20-0046-R Basaid, K., Cheblia, B., Mayad, E., Furze, J.N., Bouharroud, R., Krierd, F., Barakate, M., Paulitz, T.C. 2020. Biological activities of essential oils and lipopeptides applied to control plant pests and diseases: A review. International Journal of Pest Management. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670874.2019.1707327. Blacutt A, Ginnan N, Dang T, Bodaghi S, Vidalakis G, Ruegger P, Peacock B, Viravathana P, Vieira FC, Drozd C, Jablonska B, Borneman J, McCollum G, Cordoza J, Meloch J, Berry V, Salazar LL, Maloney KN, Rolshausen PE, Roper MC. 2020. An In Vitro Pipeline for Screening and Selection of Citrus-Associated Microbiota with Potential Anti-"Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" Properties. Appl Environ Microbiol. 86:e02883-19. Brazil, J., Rivedal, H., and Frost, K.E. 2020. First report of Pectobacterium parmentieri causing soft rot of potato in Oregon. Plant Disease Note 104:1535. Carter, A.H., Allan, R.E., Balow, K., Burke, A., Chen, X., Engle, D.A., Garland Campbell, K.A., Hagemeyer, K., Morris, C.F., Murray, T., Paulitz, T.C., Shelton, G. 2020. Impact of wheat cultivar Madsen on Pacific Northwest wheat and beyond. Journal of Plant Registrations. https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20049. Chen Y-Y, Koike ST, Logan GD, Drozd C, De Oliveira Silva J, Colindres NB, Peacock BB, Smith Becker J, Loffredo A, Wu H, Ruegger PM, Becker JO, Borneman J. 2020. Detection of Nematophagous Fungi from Heterodera schachtii Females Using a Baiting Experiment with Soils Cropped to Brassica species from California’s Central Coast. PhytoFrontiers: https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTOFR-07-20-0009-R Chen, H., Li, C. J., & White, J. F. 2020. First report of Alternaria alternata causing leaf spot on oat (Avena sativa) in China. Plant Disease, 104(5). https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-19-1692-PDN. Chen, Q., Meyer, W. A., Zhang, Q., & White, J. F. 2020. 16S rRNA metagenomic analysis of the bacterial community associated with turf grass seeds from low moisture and high moisture climates. PeerJ, 8, e8417. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8417 Chen, Y.-Y., Koike, S.T., Logan, G.D., Drozd, C., De Oliveira Silva, J., Smith Becker, J., Loffredo, A., Wu, H., Ruegger, P.M., Becker, J.O., and Borneman, J. 2020. Detection of nematophagous fungi from Heterodera schachtii females using a baiting experiment with soils cropped to Brassica species from California’s central coast. PhytoFrontiers 1. DOI:10.1094/PHYTOFR-07-20-0009-R. Chen, Z., Jin, Y., Yao, X., Chen, T., Wei, X., Li., C., White, J., Nan, Z. 2020. Fungal Endophyte Improves Survival of Lolium perennein Low Fertility Soils by Increasing Root Growth, Metabolic Activity and Absorption of Nutrients. Plant Soil 452, 185–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-020-04556-7. Cheng, X, X. Man, Z. Wang, L. Liang, F. Zhang, Z. Wang, P. Liu, B. Lei, J. Hao, X. Liu. Fungicide SYP-14288 Inducing multi-drug resistance in Rhizoctonia solani. Plant Disease 104: 2563-2570. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-01-20-0048-RE. Crowell, CR, Bekauri, MM, Cala, AR, McMullen P, Smart, LB and Smart, CD. (2020) Differential susceptibility of diverse Salix spp. to Melampsora americana and Melampsora paradoxa. Plant Disease 104:2949-2957 https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-20-0718-RE Crutcher, F.K., Moran-Diez, M.E., Krieger, I.V., and Kenerley, C.M. 1999. Effects on hyphal morphology and development by the putative copper radical oxidase glx in Trichoderma virens suggest a novel role as a cell wall associated enzyme. Fungal Genetics & Biology. 131, Article Number 103245. Dababat, A., Duman, N., Ozer, G., Mokrini, F., Imren, M., Paulitz, T.C. 2020. Genetic and pathogenic variation in Heterodera latipons populations from Turkey. Journal of Nematology. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-bja10029. Damtew, E, van Mierlo, B, Lie, R, Struik, P, Leeuwis, C, Lemaga, B, and Smart, C. (2020) Governing a collective bad: Social learning in the management of crop diseases. Systemic Practice and Action Research 33:111-134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11213-019-09518-4 Doan, H.K., N.N. Maharaj, K.N. Kelly, E.M. Miyao, R.M. Davis, and J.H.J. Leveau (2020) Antimycotal activity of Collimonas isolates and synergy-based biocontrol of Fusarium wilt of tomato. Phytobiomes Journal 4:64-74 https://doi.org/10.1094/PBIOMES-05-19-0027-R DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12962. Dundore-Arias, J.P., Eloe-Fadrosh, E.A., Schriml, L.M., Beattie, G.A., Brennan, F.P., Busby, P.E., Calderon, R.B., Castle, S.C., Emerson, J.B., Everhart, S.E., Eversole, K., Frost, K.E., Herr, J.R., Huerta, A.I., Iyer-Pascuzzi, A.K., Kalil, A.K., Leach, J.E., Leonard, J., Maul, J.E., Prithiviraj, B., Portrykus, M. Redekar, N.R., Rojas, J.A., Silverstein, K.A.T., Tomso, D.J., Tringe, S.G., Vinatzer, B.A., and Kinkel L.L. 2020. Community-driven metadata standards for agricultural microbiome research. Phytobiomes https://doi.org/10.1094/PBIOMES-09-19-0051-P. Friesen ML. 2020. Social evolution and cheating in plant pathogens Annual Review of Phytopathology 58, 55-75. Gañán, R White III, ML Friesen, T Peever, A Amiri. A Genome Resource for the Apple Powdery Mildew Pathogen Podosphaera leucotricha Phytopathology DOI 10.1094/PHYTO-05-20-0158-A. Ginnan NA, Dang T, Bodaghi S, Ruegger PM, McCollum G, England G, Vidalakis G, Borneman J, Rolshausen PE and Roper MC. 2020. Disease-induced microbial shifts in citrus indicate microbiome-derived responses to Huanglongbing across the disease severity spectrum. Phytobiomes 4:375-387. https://doi.org/10.1094/PBIOMES-04-20-0027-R Gupta, S, White, JF, Kulkarni, M. 2020. An outlook on current and future directions in Endophyte research. Editorial Note-Endophyte Special Issue. South African Journal of Botany DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2020.04.024 Gupta, Shubhpriya; Kulkarni, Manoj G; White, James F; Van Staden, Johannes. 2020. Epigenetic-based developments in the field of plant endophytic fungi. South African Journal of Botany 134: 394-400. Harris, C., Dickson, R., Fisher, P., Poleatewich, A., Jackson, B. 2020. Evaluating peat-based substrates amended with pine wood fiber wood for nitrogen immobilization and effects on plant performance with container-grown petunia. HortTechnology. 30(1): 107-116. Hassanzadeh, A., Murphy, S., Pethybridge, S. J., and van Aardt, J. 2020. Growth stage classification and harvest scheduling of snap bean using hyperspectral sensing: A greenhouse study. Remote Sens. 12:3809.https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12223809. Hassanzadeh, A., van Aardt, J., Murphy, S. M., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Yield modeling of snap bean based on hyperspectral sensing: A greenhouse study. J. Appl. Rem. Sens. 14(2):024519. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JRS.14.024519. Hatamzadeh, S., Rahnama, K., Nasrollahnejad, S., Fotouhifar, K. B., Hemmati, K., White, J. F., & Taliei, F. 2020. Isolation and identification of L-asparaginase-producing endophytic fungi from the Asteraceae family plant species of Iran. PeerJ, 8, e8309.https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8309 Hong, C. Burkholderia sp. SSG is a broad-spectrum antagonist against plant diseases caused by diverse pathogens. Biological Control , 151, 7 pages. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2020.104380 Hong, C. Endophytic Burkholderia sp. SSG as a potential biofertilizer promoting boxwood growth. PEERJ, 8, 13 pages. doi:10.7717/peerj.9547  Huang, D., Yan, G. P., Gudmestad, N., Whitworth, J., Frost, K., Brown, C., Weiming, Y., Agudelo, P., and Crow, B. 2018. Molecular characterization and identification of stubby root nematode species from multiple states in the United States. Plant Disease 102: 2101-2111. Huang, D., Yan, G., Gudmestad, N., Ye, W., Whitworth, J., Frost, K., and Crow, W. 2018. Developing a one-step multiplex PCR assay for rapid detection of four stubby-root nematode species, Paratrichodorus allius, P. minor, P. porosus, and Trichodorus obtusus. Plant Disease 103:404-410. Jack, C, Petipas, R, Cheeke, T, Rowland, J, Friesen, ML. Microbial Inoculants: Silver Bullet or Microbial Jurassic Park? In press at Trends in Microbiology Knight, N. L., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. An improved assay for species-specific detection and quantification of Cercospora beticola. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 42:72-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060661.2019.1621380. Knight, N. L., Koenick, L. B., Sharma, S. S., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Detection of Cercospora beticola and Phoma betae on table beet seed using quantitative PCR. Phytopathology 110:943-951.https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-11-19-0412-R. Kong, P., & Hong, C. (2020). A potent Burkholderia endophyte against boxwood blight caused by Calonectria pseudonaviculata. Microorganisms. 8(2), 15 pages. doi:10.3390/microorganisms8020310 Kong, P., & Hong, C. (2020). Complete genome sequence of a boxwood endophyte Burkholderia sp. SSG with broad biotechnological application potential. Biotechnology Reports, 26. doi:10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00455 Kroese, D., Bag, S., Frost, K., Murray, T., and Hagerty, C. 2018. A diagnostic guide for wheat soilborne mosaic disease of wheat. Plant Health Progress 19:163-167. Kroese, D., Schonneker, L., Bag, S., Frost, K., Cating, R. and Hagerty, C. 2020. Soilborne wheat mosaic virus: yield loss and distribution in the inland PNW. Crop Protection 132:105102. LaPlant, KE, Vogel, G, Reeves, E, Smart, CD, and Mazourek, M (2020) Performance and resistance to Phytophthora crown and root rot in squash lines. HortTechnology 30:608-618 https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04636-20 Lewis, R.W., Okubara, P.A., Fuerst, P.E., He, R., Gang, D., Sullivan, T. 2020. Chronic sublethal aluminum exposure and wild oat caryopsis decay influence gene expression of Fusarium avenaceum F.a.1. Frontiers in Microbiology. 11:51. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00051. Lopez, Z, Friesen, ML, New, L, von Wettberg, E, Porter, SS. Microbial mutualist distribution constrains spread of the invasive legume Medicago polymorpha In press at Invasion Biology Menalled, U., Bybee-Finley, K. A., Smith, R. G., DiTomasso, A., Pethybridge, S. J., and Ryan, M. R. 2020. Soil-mediated effects on weed-crop competition: Elucidating the role of annual and perennial intercrop diversity legacies. Agronomy 10(9):1373. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091373. Mosquera, S., I. Stergiopoulos, and J.H.J. Leveau (2020) Interruption of Aspergillus niger spore germination by the bacterially produced secondary metabolite collimomycin. Environmental Microbiology Reports https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-2229.12833 Norman, DN Smercina, JT Hileman, LK Tiemann, ML Friesen. 2020. Soil aminopeptidase induction is unaffected by inorganic nitrogen availability Soil Biology and Biochemistry accepted 107952 Ozer, G., Imren, M., Bayraktar, H., Paulitz, T.C., Muminjanov, H., Dababat, A.A. 2019. First report of Fusarium hostae causing crown rot on wheat in Azerbaijan. Plant Disease. 103(12):3278. https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-19-1035-pdn. Ozer, G., Alkan, M., Imren, M., Muminjanov, H., Paulitz, T.C., Dababat, A.A. 2020. Identity and pathogenicity of fungi associated with crown and root rot of dryland winter wheat in Azerbaijan. Plant Disease. 104(4):2149-2157. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-19-1799-RE. Peritore-Galve, FC, Miller C, Smart CD. (2020) Characterizing colonization patterns of Clavibacter michiganensis during infection of tolerant wild Solanum species. Phytopathology 110:574-581 https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-09-19-0329-R Pethybridge, S. J., Sharma, S., Hansen, Z., Kikkert, J. R., Olmstead, D. L., and Hanson, L. E. 2020. Optimizing Cercospora leaf spot control in table beet using action thresholds and disease forecasting. Plant Dis. 104:1831-1840.https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-20-0246-RE. Pethybridge, S. J., Sharma, S., Hansen, Z., Vaghefi, N., Hanson, L. E., and Kikkert. J. R. 2020. Improving fungicide-based management of Cercospora leaf spot in table beet in New York, USA. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 42:353-366.https://doi.org/10.1080/07060661.2019.1690048. Porter SS., Bantay R., Ibaretta K., Friel CA., Garoutte A., Gdanetz K., Moore BM., Shetty PS., Siler E., Friesen, ML. 2020. Beneficial microbes ameliorate abiotic and biotic sources of stress on plants. Functional Ecology DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13499 Rangel, L., Spanner, R. E., Ebert, M. K., Pethybridge, S. J., Stukenbrock, E. H., de Jonge, R., Secor, G. A., and Bolton, M. D. 2020. Cercospora beticola: the intoxicating lifestyle of the leaf spot pathogen of sugar beet. Mol. Plant Pathol. 21:1020-1041. Richardson, P. A., Daughtrey, M., & Hong, C. (2020). Indications of susceptibility to Calonectria pseudonaviculata in some common groundcovers and boxwood companion plants. Plant Disease, 104(4), 1127-1132. doi:10.1094/PDIS-08-19-1582- RE NIFA Supp Schlatter, D.C., Yin, C., Hulbert, S., Paulitz, T.C. 2020. Core Rhizosphere Microbiomes of Dryland Wheat Are Influenced by Location and Land Use History. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 86:5. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02135-19. Schlatter, D.C., Baugher, C., Kahl, K., Johnson-Maynard, J.L., Huggins, D.R., Paulitz, T.C. 2019. Bacterial communities of soil and earthworm casts of native Palouse Prairie remnants and no-till wheat cropping systems. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.107625. Schlatter, D.C., Hansen, J.C., Schillinger, W.F., Sullivan, T.S., Paulitz, T.C. 2019. Common and unique rhizosphere microbial communities of wheat and canola in a semiarid Mediterranean environment. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 144:170-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.07.010. Salamone, A.L., Okubara, P.A. 2020. Real-time PCR quantification of a Rhizoctonia solani AG-3 variant of potato. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2020.105914. Sharma, S., Hay, F. S., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Genome resource for two Stemphylium vesicarium isolates causing Stemphylium leaf blight of onion in New York. Mol. Plant Microbe Inter. 33:562-564.https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-08-19-0244-A. Smercina DN, Bowsher AW, Evans SE, Friesen ML, Eder EK, Hoyt DW, Tiemann LK. 2020. Switchgrass Rhizosphere Metabolite Chemistry Driven by Nitrogen Availability. Phytobiomes PBIOMES-09 Smercina DN, SE Evans, ML Friesen, LK Tiemann. Impacts of nitrogen addition on switchgrass root-associated diazotrophic community structure and function. FEMS Microbiology Ecology accepted Smith Becker J, Borneman J and Becker JO. 2020. Effect of Heterodera schachtii female age on susceptibility to three fungal hyperparasites in the genus Hyalorbilia. Journal of Nematology 52:e2020-93. Smith Becker, J., J. Borneman, and J.O. Becker 2020. Effect of Heterodera schachtii female age on susceptibility to three fungal hyperparasites in the genus Hyalorbilia. Journal of Nematology 52. DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2020-093. Synoground, T., Batson, A., Derie, M. L., Koenick, L. B., Pethybridge, S. J., and du Toit, L. J. 2020. First report of Cercospora leaf spot caused by Cercospora chenopodii on Spinacia oleracea in the USA. Plant Dis. 104:976. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-19-1924-PDN. Taylor, J.T., Mukherjee, P.K., Puckhaber, L.S., Dixit, K., Igumenova, T.I., Suh, C., Howitz, B.A., and Kenerley, C.M. 2020. Deletion of Trichoderma virens NRPS, Tex7, induces accumulation of the anti-cancer compound heptelidic acid. Biochemical & Biophysical Research Communications. 529:672-677. Tazik, Z., K. Rahnama, M. Iranshahi, J. F. White, H. Soltanloo. 2020. A new species of Pithoascus and first report of this genus as endophyte associated with Ferula ovina. MycoScience 61: 145-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2020.01.002 Tazik, Z., Rahnama, K., Irashani, M., White, J.F., Soltanloo, H. 2020. Ochroconis ferulica sp. nov. (Venturiales), a fungal endophyte from Ferula ovina. Nova Hedwigia DOI: 10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2020/0576. Tazik, Zahra; Rahnama, Kamran; White, James Francis; Soltanloo, Hassan; Hasanpour, Maede; Iranshahi, Mehrdad. 2020. LC-MS based identification of stylosin and tschimgine from fungal endophytes associated with Ferula ovina. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 23: 1565-1570. Toth, J, Cala, A, Stack, GM, Wilk, R, Crawford, J, Carlson, CH, Philippe, G, Viands, DR, Smart, CD, Rose, JKC, and Smart, LB. (2020). Development and validation of genetic markers for sex and cannabinoid chemotype in Cannabis sativa L. Global Change Biology Bioenergy 12:213-222 Ulbrich, ML Friesen, SS Roley, LK Tiemann, SE Evans. Intraspecific variability in root traits and edaphic conditions influence soil microbiomes across 12 switchgrass cultivars Phytobiomes Journal accepted Wang, K.D., Gorman, Z., Huang, P.C., Kenerley, C.M., and Kolomiets, M. V. 2020. Trichoderma virens colonization of maize roots triggers rapid accumulation of 12-oxophytodienoate and two alpha-ketols in leaves as priming agents of induced systemic resistance. Plant Signaling & Behavior. 15: DOI 10.1080/15592324.2020.1792187 Wang, X., Glawe, D.A., Weller, D.M., Okubara, P.A. 2019. Real-time PCR assays for the quantification of native yeast DNA in grape berry and fermentation extracts. Journal of Microbial Methods. 168, 105794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105794 Weldon, WA, Ullrich, MR, Smart, LB, Smart, CD, Gadoury, DM (2020) Cross infectivity of powdery mildew isolates originating from hemp (Cannabis sativa) and Japanese hop (Humulus japonicus) in New York. Plant Health Progress 21 Jan 2020 https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-09-19-0067-RS Witte H, Yang J-I, Logan GD, Colindres NB, Peacock BB, Smith Becker J, Ruegger PM, Becker JO, Borneman J. 2020. Hyalorbilia oviparasitica Clade Detected in Field Soils Cropped to Sugar Beets and Enriched in the Presence of Heterodera schachtii and a Host Crop. PhytoFrontiers: https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTOFR-07-20-0005-R Witte, H., Jiue-in Yang, J.-I., Logan, G.D., Colindres, N.B., Peacock, B.B., Smith Becker, J., Ruegger, P.M., Becker, J.O., and Borneman, J. 2020. Hyalorbilia oviparasitica clade detected in field soils cropped to sugar beets and enriched in the presence of Heterodera schachtii and a host crop. PhytoFrontiers 1. DOI:10.1094/PHYTOFR-07-20-0005-R. Xue, L., Liu, Y., Zhou, S., White, J. F., & Li, C. (2020). Characterization of Pyrenophora Species Causing Brown Leaf Spot on Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in Southwestern China. Plant Disease, 104(7), 1900–1907. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-07-19-1457-RE Xue, L., Zhang, Y., Duan, T., White, J.F., Liu, Y., Li, C. 2020. Characterization and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum Species on Philodendron tatei cv. Congo in Gansu Province, China. Plant Disease https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-19-1952-RE Yang, X., & Hong, C. (2020). Biological control of Phytophthora blight by Pseudomonas protegens strain 14D5. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 156(2), 591-601. doi:10.1007/s10658-019-01909-6 Yang, M., Mavrodi, D.V., Mavrodi, O.V., Thomashow, L.S., Weller, D.M. 2019. Exploring the phytotoxic effect of Pseudomonas brassicacearum Q8r1-96 on tomato. Plant Disease. 104(4):1026-1031. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-19-1989-RE. Yao, X., Chen, Z., Wei, X., Chen, S., White, J.F., Huang, X., Li, C., & Nan, Z. 2020. A toxic grass Achnatherum inebrians serves as a diversity refuge for the soil fungal community in rangelands of northern China. Plant and Soil, 448, 425 - 438. Yin, C., McLaughlin, K., Paulitz, T.C., Kroese, D.R., Hagerty, C.H. 2020. Population dynamics of root pathogens of wheat under different tillage systems in NE Oregon. Plant Disease. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-19-0621-RE. Yuan, J., Wen, T., Zhang, H., Zhao, M., Penton, R., Thomashow, L.S., Shen, Q. 2020. Predicting disease occurrence with high accuracy based on soil macroecological patterns of Fusarium wilt. ISME Journal. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-0720-5. Zeng, Y., Stewart, J., Abdo, Z., Charkowski, A., and Frost. K. 2019. Response of the soil microbiome to 1,3-dichloropropene application for nematode management. Phytobiomes https://doi.org/10.1094/PBIOMES-11-18-0055-R. Zhang, X., Li, C., Hao, J., Li, Y., Li, D., Zhang, D., Xing, X., Liang, Y. 2020. A novel Streptomyces sp. strain PBSH9 for controlling potato common scab caused by Streptomyces galilaeus. Plant Disease 104: 1986-1993. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-07-19-1469-RE. Zhang, Z.P., Y.B. Li, J.J. Hao, L.X. Luo and J.Q. Li. 2020. Characterization of the cmcp gene involved in pathogenicity of Ceratocystis manginecans. Frontiers in Microbiology 11:1824. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01824. Zuñiga C, Peacock B, Liang B, McCollum G, Irigoyen SC, Tec-Campos D, Marotz C, Weng NC, Zepeda A, Vidalakis G, Mandadi KK, Borneman J, Zengler K. 2020. Linking metabolic phenotypes to pathogenic traits among "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" and its hosts. npj Syst Biol Appl. 6:24. Zhang, J., Yang, M., Mavrodi, D.V., Kelton, J., Thomashow, L.S., Weller, D.M. 2020. Pseudomonas synxantha 2-79 transformed with pyrrolnitrin biosynthesis genes has improved biocontrol activity against soilborne diseases of wheat and canola. Phytopathology. 110: 1010-1017. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-09-19-0367-R. Book Chapters Kumar, A., Samir Droby, James Francis White, Vipin Kumar Singh, Sandeep Kumar Singh, V. Yeka Zhimo, Antonio Biasi. 2020. Endophytes and seed priming: agricultural applications and future prospects. Editor (s): Ajay Kumar, Radhakrishnan E.K, Microbial Endophytes, Woodhead Publishing, Pages 107-124, ISBN 9780128196540,https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819654-0.00005-3. Kumar, A., Droby, S., Singh, V.K., Singh, S.K., White, J.F. 2020. Entry, colonization, and distribution of endophytic microorganisms in plants, Pages 1-33. Editor(s): Kumar, A. and Radhakrishnan E.K. Microbial Endophytes, Woodhead Publishing, ISBN 9780128196540, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819654-0.00001-6. Jorge A. Delgado, Clark Gantzer, and Gretchen F. Sassenrath, eds. 2020. Soil and Water Conservation: A Celebration of 75 Years. Soil and Water Conservation Society.  Dissertations Taylor, J.T. 2020. Identification of genes from TrichodIerma virens nvolved in the Colonization of Maize Roots and Induced Systemic Resistance. Department Plant Pathology & Microbiology. Texas A&M University. Patents U.S. patent 10,721,936. (Filed July 21, 2016; granted July 28, 2020). “Compositions and Methods Comprising Endophytic Bacterium for Application to Grasses to Increase Plant Growth, Suppress Soil Borne Fungal Diseases, and Reduce Vigor of Weedy Competitors”. Inventors: White JF, Kowalski K, Kingsley K.  Extension and technical bulletins Brazil, J. and Frost, K. 2019. The impacts of bacterial soft rot pathogens of potato [Video]. Oregon State University Extension and Experiment Station Communications Publication EM9259. https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em9259 Cala, AR and Smart CD. (2020) Identification of resistance to powdery mildew in hemp cultivars. Proceedings of the Empire State Producers Expo January 2012 Cala, AR and Smart CD. (2020) Powdery mildew and other disease issues on hemp. Article for Long Island Agricultural Forum Cala, AR, Day, CTC, Giles, GJ, Weldon, WA, Carlson, CH, Stack, GM, Ullrich, MR, Crawford, JL, Viands, DR, Gadoury, DM, Smart, LB, and Smart, CD 2020. Evaluation of hemp powdery mildew host resistance and host range. Article for National Hemp Conference March 2020. Cala, AR, Giles, GJ, Day, CTC, Willet, D and Smart CD (2020) Effects of powdery mildew infection and fungicide treatment on secondary metabolite profiles in hemp. Article for the 2020 Cornell hemp field day. Damann, K., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Mesotunnels: Next best tool for cucurbit growers in the Northeastern US? USDA-NIFA OREI Blogpost (14 August 2020). Evin, B, Frost, K., Knuteson, D., Gevens, A., Robinson, A., Pasche, J., and Hao, J. 2020. Soilborne diseases in potato production systems: a brief overview. USDA NIFA Enhancing Soil Health in U.S. Potato Production Systems Extension Publication. (https://potatosoilhealth.cfans.umn.edu/education) Evin, B, Frost, K., Knuteson, D., Ruark, M., and Robinson, A. 2020. Improving soil with cover cropping in potato production. USDA NIFA Enhancing Soil Health in U.S. Potato Production Systems Extension Publication. (https://potatosoilhealth.cfans.umn.edu/education) Friesen, M. L., Sullivan, T. Paulitz, T., Tao, H., Younginger, B. and White, R. A. 2020. Canola Variety Effects on Soil Health Mediated by Nutrients and the Microbiome Field Crops Abstracts. Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Technical Report 20, pg. 20. Frost, K., Evin, B, Marks, M., MacGuidwin, A., Knuteson, D., and McGuire, A. 2020. Biofumigation: is it a viable alternative? USDA NIFA Enhancing Soil Health in U.S. Potato Production Systems Extension Publication. (https://potatosoilhealth.cfans.umn.edu/education) Kikkert, J. R., Pethybridge, S. J., and Heck D. W. 2020. Management of Cercospora leaf spot of table beet in 2020. Cornell VegEdge (1 July 2020). 16(3):10. Kikkert, J. R., Pethybridge, S. J., and Lund, M. 2020. Management of white mold in beans. Cornell VegEdge 16(16):7. Kikkert. J. R., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. A new tool for the management of Cercospora leaf spot in table beet in New York: Miravis Prime. Cornell VegEdge 1 March 2020. Pp. 5. https://rvpadmin.cce.cornell.edu/pdf/veg_edge/pdf182_pdf.pdf. Knuteson, D., Gevens, A., Evin, B, Frost, K., and Robinson, A. 202X. Fumigation use in potato production systems. USDA NIFA Enhancing Soil Health in U.S. Potato Production Systems Extension Publication. (https://potatosoilhealth.cfans.umn.edu/education) Lange, HW and Smart CD (2020) Strategies to control bacterial diseases of tomato and crucifer crops. Article for Long Island Agricultural Forum Lukas, S., Clark, L., Frost, K. and Brewer, L. 2020. Watermelon production east of the Cascades. Oregon State University Extension and Experiment Station Communications Publication PNW741. https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/pnw741. Marks, M., Ruark, M., Lankau, R., Kinkel, L. and Frost, K. 2020. What is the microbiome? USDA NIFA Enhancing Soil Health in U.S. Potato Production Systems Extension Publication. (https://potatosoilhealth.cfans.umn.edu/education) Marks, M., Ruark, M., Steinke, K., and Frost, K. 2020. What makes healthy soils? USDA NIFA Enhancing Soil Health in U.S. Potato Production Systems Extension Publication. (https://potatosoilhealth.cfans.umn.edu/education) Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook. 2020. Edited by Pscheidt, J. and Ocamb, C., Oregon State University Press. Role: Revised information for 7 potato diseases in 2020. Pethybridge, S. J., and Kikkert, J. R. 2020. Identification and management of foliar diseases of table beet. Proc. of the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Growers Convention, Hershey, Pennsylvania. 28 January 2020. Pp. 35-37. Pethybridge, S. J., Hoepting, C., and Hay, F. S. 2020. Stemphylium leaf blight in onions. Proc. of the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Growers Convention, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 28 January 2020. Pp. 24-26. Pethybridge, S. J., Olmstead, D., and Kikkert. J. R. 2020. Decision support for Cercospora leaf spot management in table beet in New York. Manual for New York table beet growers. 7 January 2020. Pp. 9. Pethybridge, S.J., and Kikkert, J. R. 2020. Identification of foliar pathogens and best management practices for Cercospora leaf spot. Proc. of the Empire Expo, Syracuse, New York. 16 January 2020. Pp. 6. Sassenrath, G. F. 2020. The Cost of Tillage. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: Vol. 6: Iss. 4. https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.7914 Sassenrath, G. F., Mengarelli, L., Lingenfelser, J., Lin, X., Adee, E. 2020. Southeast Kansas Crop Production Summary – 2019. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: Vol. 6: Iss. 4. https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.7913 Schillinger, W., Jacobsen, J., Jirava, R., Hansen, J. Paulitz, T., Schoftoll, S. and Huggins, D. 2020. Canola in Cereal-Based Rotations: Agronomy and Soil Microbiology Update from Ritzville. Field Crops Abstracts. Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Technical Report 20, pg. 30-31. Schillinger, W., Jirava, R., Jacobsen, J., Schoftoll, S., Hansen, J., and Paulitz, T.2020. Winter Pea: Long-Term Cropping Systems Research in Washington’s Drylands. Field Crops Abstracts. Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Technical Report 20, pg. 34. Schlatter, D. C., Hansen, J., Carlson, B., Leslie, I, Huggins, D. R. and Paulitz, T. C. 2020. Do Soil Microbes Contribute to Wheat Yield and Soil Health? Field Crops Abstracts. Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Technical Report 20, pg. 71. Smart, CD (2020) Controlling Bacterial Diseases in Vegetables in 2020. Extension article for growers and regional newsletters. One example is VegEdge February 2020. Yearout, K., Paulitz, T. and Schroeder, K. 2020. Understanding the Epidemiology of Blackleg Disease of Canola in Northern Idaho and Eastern Washington. Field Crops Abstracts. Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Technical Report 20, pg. 21. Yin, C., McLaughlin, K., Paulitz, T. C., Kroese, D. R., and Hagerty, C. H. 2020. Population Dynamics of Wheat Root Pathogens Under Different Tillage Systems in NE Oregon Field Crops Abstracts. Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Technical Report 20, pg. 44. Zhao, H., Lin, X., Sassenrath, G.F. 2020. Modeling spatial and temporal soil temperature in the U.S. winter wheat belt. American Society of Agronomy Annual Meeting. Poster. virtual meeting. 2020. Meeting presentations and proceedings Avenot, H., Baudoin, A., & Hong, C. (2020). Environmental factors for infection and sporulation by the blight pathogen. In The Second Boxwood Blight Workshop. The George Washington Carver Center, Beltsville, MD Borneman, J. Indigenous Populations of Dactylella oviparasitica Appear to Suppress Cyst Nematode Populations in Several Regions & Crops. Annual Meeting of Western Regional Project W-4147 on Biological Control, December 4 2020, Zoom because of COVID pandemic. Borneman, J. Metabolic Modeling and Microbe-Based Strategies to Manage HLB. Visit from Chinese Delegation from Various Universities and Institutes with Expertise in HLB. Meeting in Riverside CA, January 13, 2020. Delventhal, K., Busby, P., and Frost, K.E. 2020. Differentiating bulk soil from tare soil effects on the potato rhizosphere microbiome. ESA Annual Meeting, August 3-6 (meeting conducted virtually). Delventhal, K.D., Li, X., Skillman, V., Leopold, D.R., Busby, P.E., and Frost, K.E. Tare soil microbiome of seed potato (Solanum tuberosum) varies by geographic location and seed growing operation. American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting, August 3-7, 2019, Cleveland, OH. Ekbataniamiri F., N.F. Marangoni, T. Ge, S.B. Johnson, R. Larkin, J. Hao. Distribution and pathogenicity of Dickeya aquatica causing potato blackleg and soft rot. Annual Meeting of Northeastern Division of American Phytopathological Society. The Northampton Hotel, Northampton, MA, Mar. 11-13, 2020. Ekbataniamiri, F.T. Ge, S.B. Johnson, R. Larkin, J. Hao. 2020. Investigating surface water in association with potato blackleg and soft rot. Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America, Online, July 19-23, 2020. Evin, B., Smith, E., Stemke, J., Skillman, V., Moore, A., and Frost, K. 2020. Abiotic soil factors associated with Verticillium dahliae inoculum density, root lesion nematode abundance and potato yield in the Columbia Basin. American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting, August 10-14, 2020 (meeting conducted virtually). Evin, B., Smith, E., Stemke, J., Skillman, V., Moore, A., and Frost, K. 2020. Defining and manipulating soil health in potato production systems. Annual meeting of the Potato Association of America, July 19-23, (meeting conducted virtually). Friesen, M.L. An inordinate fondness for clover. Lightning talk at American Society of Naturalists, Asilomar CA, January 2020 Frost, K. Refining pest management programs in potato: applying new technologies to old problems. OSU Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Seminar Series, April 30, 2020, Corvallis, OR. Ge T, S.B. Johnson, R. Larkin, J. Hao. Genotyping Dickeya dianthicola causing potato blackleg and soft rot in Northeastern America for inferring the source of inoculum. Annual Meeting of Northeastern Division of American Phytopathological Society. The Northampton Hotel, Northampton, MA, Mar. 11-13, 2020. Hain A, T. Ge, X. Zhang, G. Porter, J. Hao. Evaluation of Potato Germplasms for Pink Rot Resistance. Annual Meeting of Northeastern Division of American Phytopathological Society. The Northampton Hotel, Northampton, MA, Mar. 11-13, 2020. Hao, J. J., Management of powdery scab and mop top of potato. 33rd Maine Potato Conference, Caribou Inn, ME. Jan. 22-23, 2020. Hong, C. (2020). Improving boxwood blight mitigation through innovation, economic analysis and education – SCRI proposal overview. In The Second Boxwood Blight Workshop. The George Washington Carver Center, Beltsville, MD. Hong, C., Richardson, P., Kong, P., Daughtrey, M., Howle, M., Williamson, M., & Colburn, C. (2020). Detector boxwood plants at once-infested landscape sites. In The Second Boxwood Blight Workshop. The George Washington Carver Center, Beltsville, MD. Jin Y, T. Qu, J. Hao, S. Yuan, Yan Wang. Field populations of Botrytis cinerea from strawberry simultaneously resistant to both azoxystrobin and boscalid. Annual Meeting of Northeastern Division of American Phytopathological Society. The Northampton Hotel, Northampton, MA, Mar. 11-13, 2020. Kong, P., Yang, X., & Hong, C. (2020). Building the momentum for biological control of boxwood blight. In The Second Boxwood Blight Workshop. The George Washington Carver Center, Beltsville, MD. Kumbhakar, I., Kleber, M. and Frost, K.E. 2020. Crops in rotation with potato that predict the occurrence of mefenoxam-resistant Pythium species. American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting, August 10-14, 2020 (meeting conducted virtually). Li K, Y. Wang, S.B. Johnson, R. Larkin, A. Smart, J. Hao. Efficacy and resistance risk of Aprovia and Elatus in controlling Verticillium dahliae. Annual Meeting of Northeastern Division of American Phytopathological Society. The Northampton Hotel, Northampton, MA, Mar. 11-13, 2020. Mashaheet, A., & Hong, C. (2020). Proof of concept: antidesiccants for blight mitigation. The George Washington Carver Center, Beltsville, MD. Mashaheet, A., & Hong, C. (2020). Selective nitrogen fertilization for blight mitigation. In The Second Boxwood Blight Workshop. The George Washington Carver Center, Beltsville, MD. Mathis II, M.A., Tran, T.V., Tucker-Kulesza, S.E., Sassenrath, G.F. 2019. Erosion mechanisms of claypan soils in southeastern Kansas. Geo-Congress 2019 GSP 313. Philadelphia, PA, March 24-27, 2019. ASCE. pp. 76-85. Paulitz, T. C. Glyphosate and Soil Microbial Communities: Fake News Vs. Facts. Presented keynote talk to the Canadian Society of Weed Science on effect of glyphosate on wheat microbes, Kelowna, BC, November 2019. Rivedal, H., Brazil, J. and Frost K.E. Diversity and Economic Impact of Bacterial Soft Rot Pathogens (Pectobacterium spp. and Dickeya spp.) on Potato Production in the Columbia Basin, USA. Australasian Plant Pathology Society Conference, November 25-28, 2019, Melbourne, Australia. Rivedal, H., Brazil, J., and Frost K.E. 2020. Diversity and pathogenicity of bacterial soft rot pathogens (Pectobacterium spp. and Dickeya spp.) isolated from potatoes in the Columbia Basin. American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting, August 10-14, 2020 (meeting conducted virtually). Skillman, V., Li, Xiaoping, and Frost, K.E. Using metabarcoding to examine diet breadth of phytophagous insect pests of potato. Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, November 17-20, 2019, St. Louis, MO. Zhang X, J. Hao, Z. Yu, X. Xing, X. Zhang, and D. Li. Improved assay for evaluating potato resistance to Rhizoctonia solani assisted by toxin-based analysis. Annual Meeting of Northeastern Division of American Phytopathological Society. The Northampton Hotel, Northampton, MA, Mar. 11-13, 2020. Abstracts Alyokhin, A., Insinga, J. and Hao, J. Insect role in transmitting Dickeya dianthicola among potato plants. XXVI International Congress of Entomology, in Helsinki, Finland, July 18-23, 2020. Brazil, J., Rivedal, H., and Frost K.E. 2019. Diversity and Economic Impact of Bacterial Soft Rot Pathogens (Pectobacterium spp. and Dickeya spp.) on Potato Production in the Columbia Basin, USA. Australasian Plant Pathology Society Conference, November 25-28, Melbourne, Australia. Cheng, X, X. Man, Z. Wang, L. Liang, F. Zhang, Z. Wang, P. Liu, B. Lei, J. Hao, X. Liu. Fungicide SYP-14288 inducing multi-drug resistance in Rhizoctonia solani. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 110:S1.30. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-110-7-S1.27. Chesley A. and J. Hao. Resistance of Phytophthora erythroseptica to oxathiapiprolin and its potential risk. 2020 University of Maine Student Symposium. #814. Online conference. Delventhal, K., Busby, P., and Frost, K.E. 2020. Differentiating bulk soil from tare soil effects on the potato rhizosphere microbiome. ESA Annual Meeting, August 3-6, Salt Lake City, UT. Delventhal, K.D., Li, X., Skillman, V., Leopold, D.R., Busby, P.E., and Frost, K.E. 2019. Tare soil microbiome of seed potato (Solanum tuberosum) varies by geographic location and seed growing operation. Phytopathology XXX(Suppl. X):SX.XX. Ekbataniamiri F., N.F. Marangoni, T. Ge, S.B. Johnson, R. Larkin, J. Hao. Distribution and pathogenicity of Dickeya aquatica causing potato blackleg and soft rot. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 110:S1.33. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-110-7-S1.27. Evin, B., Smith, E., Stemke, J., Skillman, V., Moore, A., and Frost, K. 2020. Defining and manipulating soil health in potato production systems. Annual meeting of the Potato Association of America, July 19-23, Missoula, MT. Evin, B., Smith, E., Stemke, J., Skillman, V., Moore, A., and Frost, K. 2020. Abiotic soil factors associated with Verticillium dahliae inoculum density, root lesion nematode abundance and potato yield in the Columbia Basin. Phytopathology XXX(Suppl. X):SX.XX. Ge T, S.B. Johnson, R. Larkin, J. Hao. Genotyping Dickeya dianthicola causing potato blackleg and soft rot in Northeastern America for inferring the source of inoculum. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 110:S1.32. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-110-7-S1.27. Hao, J. T. Ge, X. Zhang, G. Porter, A. Hain. Evaluation of Potato Germplasms for Pink Rot Resistance. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 110:S1.32-1.33. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-110-7-S1.27. Jin, Y., Qu, T., Hao, J., Yuan, S., and Wang, Y. 2020. Field populations of Botrytis cinerea from strawberry simultaneously resistant to both azoxystrobin and boscalid. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 110:S1.27. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-110-7-S1.27. Kumbhakar, I., Kleber, M. and Frost, K.E. 2020. Crops in rotation with potato that predict the occurrence of mefenoxam-resistant Pythium species. Phytopathology XXX(Suppl. X):SX.XX. Li, K.Y. Wang, S.B. Johnson, R. Larkin, A. Smart, J. Hao. Efficacy and resistance risk of Aprovia and Elatus in controlling Verticillium dahliae. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 110:S1.32. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-110-7-S1.27. Rivedal, H., Brazil, J., and Frost K.E. 2020. Diversity and pathogenicity of bacterial soft rot pathogens (Pectobacterium spp. and Dickeya spp.) isolated from potatoes in the Columbia Basin. Phytopathology XXX(Suppl. X):SX.XX. Schlatter, D. C., Hanson, J., Huggins, Carlson, B., and Paulitz, T. C. 2020. Spatio-temporal scales of soil bacterial communities in conventional and no-till wheat fields. Phytopathology 110: S Zhang X, J. Hao, Z. Yu, X. Xing, X. Zhang, and D. Li. Improved Assay for Evaluating Potato Resistance to Rhizoctonia solani Assisted by Toxin-based Analysis. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 110:S1.30-1.31. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-110-7-S1.27. Zhang X, M. Xu, H. Zheng, J. Zou, J. Hao, X. Zhang, L. Wang. Role of rice PIRIN gene in regulating plant defense against Magnaporthe oryzae. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 110:S1.30-1.31. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-110-7-S1.27. Extension Talks/Field Days/Workshops/Consultations Becker, J. O. Role of Hyalorbilia spp. in parasitism of plant-parasitic nematodes. Annual Meeting of Western Regional Project W-4147 on Biological Control, December 4 2020, Zoom. Becker, J. O. Nematodes in Citrus Production Webinar. Ag Expert Webinar. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Zoom webinar (1 hr), Feb. 21, 2020. Becker, J. O. Plant-parasitic nematodes: Biology, ecology and management in citrus. Citrus Production course for new growers. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Zoom webinar, Aug 25, 2020. Becker, J. O. Recent innovations in crop protection against plant-parasitic nematodes. 31st Annual Fall Desert Crops Workshop, Imperial Valley, CA, Dec 10, 2020, Zoom. Branch, E., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Control of Rhizoctonia root rot of table beet. New York Processing Vegetable Meeting, Virtual by Zoom. Attendees = 48. Duration = 30 min. Total contact = 24 hours. 16 December 2020. Brazil, J. and Frost, K.E. Current status of blackleg and bacterial soft rot in the Columbia Basin. OSU-HAREC Potato Field Day, Hermiston, OR, June 26, 2019 (~85) Delventhal, K. and Frost, K. The microbiome: how microbial interactions influence plant health and disease. Hermiston Farm Fair, Hermiston, OR, December 6, 2019. (~50) Evin, B.**, Moore, A., and Frost, K. Year one of the WA/OR potato soil health evaluation. Klamath Basin Potato Seminar, Klamath Falls, OR, March 5, 2020 (~20) Evin, B., Moore, A., and Frost, K.E. A 2020 update on the WA/OR SCRI potato soil health project (via Zoom), Columbia Basin Potato Soil Health Workgroup, July 21, 2020 (26). Friesen, M.L. 2020. Nitrogen fixation in agroecosystems. WSU Farmer's Network workshop on soil health, Pullman WA Jan 2020. Frost, K. Cropping systems and crop rotation, effects on the soil microbial community. Hermiston Farm Fair (Virtual). December 3, 2020. (183). Frost, K. Diseases observed in hemp in 2019. Treasure Valley Hemp Conference, Ontario, OR, February 21, 2020 (~35) Frost, K. Pest problems that can be brought into a field in or on seed tubers, and which ones to work about the most. Washington Oregon Potato Conference, Kennewick, WA, January 23, 2020 (~150) Frost, K. What’s going on with bacterial soft rot of potatoes in the Columbia Basin? Hermiston Farm Fair (Virtual). December 2, 2020. (185). Frost, K.E. Above ground problems with potato plants in the seed lots. First rating of the Washington State potato seed lot trial, Othello, WA, June 11, 2019 (40) Frost, K.E. Controlling bacterial and fungal diseases in the field (via Zoom - recorded), National Potato Council Annual EPA Tour, July 22, 2020 (~not known). Frost, K.E. Informal Discussion. WSU Potato Field Day, Othello, WA, June 27, 2019 (~175). Frost, K.E. Soil fumigation and soil health. OSU-HAREC Potato Field Day, Hermiston, OR, June 26, 2019 (~85) Frost, K.E. Summary of recent research on Verticillium management. Washington Oregon Potato Conference, Kennewick, WA, January 23, 2019 (~200) Frost, K.E. What we are learning about potato soft rot in the Columbia Basin. HAREC Virtual Research Update (via Zoom), Hermiston, OR, June, 17, 2020 (~44). Hay, F. S., Kikkert, J. R., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Integrated management of white mold in dry bean in New York. NYS Dry Bean Council, Batavia, New York. Attendees = 55. Duration = 60 min. Total contact = 55 hours. 10 March 2020. Li, X. and Frost, K. Impacts of fumigants and soil-applied pesticides on the soil microbial community. Hermiston Farm Fair. December 4, 2019, Hermiston, OR. (~55). Murphy, S., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Potential of plant growth regulators for manipulating processing carrot growth in New York. New York Processing Vegetable Meeting, Virtual by Zoom. Attendees = 48. Duration = 30 min. Total contact = 24 hours. 16 December 2020. Paulitz, T. C. 2020. Diseases of Canola. Washington Oilseed and Cropping Systems Workshop, Clarkston, WA Jan. 30, 2020. Paulitz, T. C. 2020. Nematode diseases of cereal crops. Presented to Agricultural Research Council of the Ukraine, Sept. 11, 2020. Paulitz, T. C. 2019. Nematode Diseases of Cereals. Far West Agribusiness Association, Pasco, WA. Dec 9, 2019. Paulitz, T. C. 2020. Glyphosate and Soil Microbial Communities: Fake News Vs. Facts. University of Manitoba, Canada. Oct. 3, 2020. Paulitz, T. C. 2020. Soil pH and Soil Microbes: Cause and Effects. WSU Soils Acidity Workshop, Jan. 16, 2020. Pullman, WA Paulitz, T. C. 2020. What’s New in Research on Soilborne Plant Pathogens. Spokane Farm Forum, Ag Expo, Spokane, Washington. Feb. 5, 2020 Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Bacterial diseases of cucurbits and chenopods. USDA-NIFA Specialty Crops Research Initiative Project Initiation Webinar. Attendees = 68. Duration = 60 min. Total contact = 68 hours. 20 May 2020. Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Cercospora leaf spot decision support system training program. Attendees = 20. Duration = 180 min. Total contact = 60 hours. 5 March 2020. Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Cucurbit and chenopods SCRI project: Objective 2. Attendees = 30. Duration = 180 min. Total contact = 90 hours. 12 March 2020. Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Digital agriculture in New York broad acre vegetable production. A reporting session for NSF PFI Advisory Committee. Attendees = 60. Duration = 180 min. Total contact = 180 hours. 17 March 2020. Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Digital agriculture in New York table beet production. A reporting session for Love Beets USA. Attendees = 20. Duration = 180 min. Total contact = 60 hours. 13 March 2020. Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Digital solutions to phytopathometry. NSF NRT Digital Plant Science Seminar and PLSCI 6400 and guest lecture. Attendees = 35. Duration = 60 min. Total contact = 35 h. 15 October 2020. Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Disease forecasting in vegetable pathology. Invited Lecture (Advanced Plant Pathology). University of Georgia. Attendees = 22. Duration = 90 min. Total contact = 33 h. 15 October 2020. Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Identification and management of foliar diseases of table beet. Mid-Atlantic Fruit & Vegetable Convention, Hershey, PA. Attendees = 72. Duration = 30 min. Total contact = 36 hours. 29 January 2020. Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Inter-cropping cover experiment. USDA-NIFA Organic Transitions Project Meeting. Attendees = 10. Duration = 120 min. Total contact = 20 hours. 26 May 2020. Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Manipulating table beet growth and health using plant growth regulators. New York Processing Vegetable Meeting, Virtual by Zoom. Attendees = 48. Duration = 30 min. Total contact = 24 hours. 16 December 2020. Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Organic management of foliar diseases of table beet. USDA-NIFA Organic Research and Extension Initiative Project Meeting 1. Attendees = 12. Duration = 120 min. Total contact = 24 hours. 24 March 2020. Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Organic management of foliar diseases of table beet. USDA-NIFA Organic Research and Extension Initiative Project Meeting 2. Attendees = 12. Duration = 60 min. Total contact = 12 hours. 19 May 2020. Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Soilborne diseases of vegetables in New York. W4147 Multistate Project (by zoom). Attendees = 25. Duration = 60 min. Total contact = 25 h. 4 December 2020. Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Stemphylium leaf blight management in onions. Mid-Atlantic Fruit & Vegetable Convention, Hershey, PA. Attendees = 120. Duration = 45 min. Total contact = 90 hours. 29 January 2020. Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Vegetable pathology + digital agriculture. NSF NRT Digital Plant Science Seminar and PLSCI 6440 guest lecture. Attendees = 15. Duration = 60 min. Total contact = 15 h. 13 October 2020. Rivedal, H. and Frost, K.E. Disease updates from the HAREC Plant Disease Diagnostic Clinic. OSU-HAREC Potato Field Day, Hermiston, OR, June 26, 2019 (~85) Smart, C. Cornell hemp field day. August 20, 2020. Impact of powdery mildew on terpenes and cannabinoids. 10 minute talk plus 10 minute Q&A to 300 people (virtual). Talk given by Smart’s grad student Ali Cala. Q&A by Smart and Cala. Contact hours = 100 Smart, C. Cornell hemp virtual office hours for growers. September 4, 2020. Powdery mildews and other molds. 30 minute discussion with 24 growers. Contact hours = 12 Smart, C. Eastern NY Fruit & Vegetable Conference. February 26, 2020. Hemp variety and disease update. 30 minute talk to 100 growers. Contact hours = 50. Smart, C. Eastern NY Fruit & Vegetable Conference. February 26, 2020. A year in review – Diseases from 2019 and what to expect in 2020. 30 minute talk to 100 growers. Contact hours = 50. Smart, C. Empire State Producers Expo Syracuse, NY. Jan 15, 2020 Workshop on Phytophthora blight organized by Smart’s PhD student Greg Vogel 9:00 – 10:15 AM including presentation by Vogel Options and outlook for Phytophthora resistance in peppers and squash. 1.25 hour session to100 growers. Contact hours = 125 Smart, C. Empire State Producers Expo Syracuse, NY. Jan 15, 2020 Light on the horizon: A molecular discovery opens the door for developing cabbage varieties resistant to black rot. Talk by graduate student Zoe Dubrow on a project she worked on with Smart and Bogdanove. 25 minute talk to 30 growers. Contact hours = 12 Smart, C. Empire State Producers Expo Syracuse, NY. Jan 16, 2020 Powdery mildew on hemp. 20 minute talk to 100 growers. Contact hours = 33 Smart, C. Great Lakes Vegetable Program Podcast. August 26, 2020. Phytophthora Phoughts. 60 minute discussion with 40 growers. Contact hours = 20 Smart, C. Large-scale storage crop facility school. December 1, 2020. Decreasing Alternaria in cabbage in storage. 30 minute talk with 30 growers and educators. Contact hours = 15 Smart, C. Long Island Agricultural Forum Riverhead , NY. January 9, 2020. Strategies to control bacterial diseases of tomato and crucifer crops. 30 minute talk to 100 growers. Contact hours = 50 Smart, C. Long Island Agricultural Forum Riverhead , NY. January 8, 2020. Powdery mildew and other disease issues on hemp. 30 minute talk to 200 growers. Contact hours = 100 Smart, C. Small-scale storage crop facility school. December 8, 2020. Decreasing disease in cabbage in storage. 30 minute talk to 70 growers and educators. Contact hours = 35 Smart, C. Western NY Vegetable Growers Meeting. February 20, 2020 Strategies to control bacterial diseases of tomato and pepper. 25 minute talk via zoom to 50 growers. Contact hours = 23. White, J. F. April 1st, 2020 Created Regenerative Ag Academy Short course on the role plant and soil microbes in regenerative agriculture. Short course is five parts and targeted at informing growers about how microbes influence crop development. The course is continuously available to growers interested in microbes. White, J. F. April 2nd, 2020 Webinar in Understanding Ag Series in the Soil Health Academy (approx. 800 growers). Presentation focused on how plants use soil microbes to obtain nutrients and control soil pathogens. White, J. F. Dec. 3rd, 2020 Demeter Biosystems Webinar (translated to Hungarian) ‘How plants farm microbes’ (100 growers). White, J. F. Feb. 4, 2020 2 1-hour presentations to growers (approx. 100 in attendance) at symposium on soil and plant microbes at Wisconsin Dells. White, J. F. Jan. 7, 2020 John Kempf’s Regenerative Agriculture Podcast (The role of endophytes and soil microbes in crop growth and health). White, J. F. Nov. 10th, 2020. Green Cover Webinar ‘The rhizophagy cycle: How plants Farm Soil Microbes’ (approx.300 growers). White, J. F. Nov. 12th, 2020. BioFarm2020 Webinar (National Organic Farming Conference in Ireland) (500 growers and scientists). White, J. F. Nov. 3rd, 2020 Webinar organized by company Rio Tinto Leveraging the Soil Microbiome to Cultivate Crops (approx. 400 growers).

Impact Statements

Awareness of low infestation with cyst nematodes despite narrow rotations with host crops will likely further reduce nematicide use

Date of Annual Report: 02/23/2022

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 12/03/2021 - 12/03/2021
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2020 - 09/30/2021

Participants

Hulbert, Scot Washington State University, Administrator scot_hulbert@wsu.edu;
Mcbeath, Jenifer University of Alaska jhmcbeath@alaska.edu;
Poleatewich, Anissa. University of New Hampshire anissa.poleatewich@unh.edu;
Olukolu, Bode. University of Tennessee bolukolu@utk.edu;
Becker, Ole. University of California, Riverside obecker@ucr.edu;
Borneman, James. University of California, Riverside borneman@ucr.edu;
Ploeg, Antoon. University of California, Riverside antoon.ploeg@ucr.edu;
Gachomo, Emma. University of California, Riverside emma.gachomo@ucr.edu;
Sassenrath, Gretchen Kansas State University gsassenrath@ksu.edu;
Kiran Mysore – Oklahoma;
Wilkerson, Tessie Mississippi State University twilkerson@drec.msstate.edu;
Hao, Jay. University of Maine jianjun.hao1@maine.edu;
White, James. Rutgers University white@rci.rutgers.edu;
Frost, Kenneth Oregon State University kenneth.frost@oregonstate.edu;
Timothy Paulitz, USDA-ARS, Pullman WA timothy.paulitz@usda.gov;
Maren Friesen, Washington State University m.friesen@wsu.edu

Brief Summary of Minutes

RESEARCH REPORTS

Anissa Poleatewich – New Hampshire – The goal this project is to determine how replacing some of the peat in potting media with wood fiber affects the management of soil-borne diseases. The rationale for doing this research is the current peat shortage and because wood fiber is a more renewable material than peat. Anissa's recent work showed that certain wood fibers had different abilities to control Rhizoctonia solani on radish, and the ratio of wood fiber to peat-perlite had different abilities to control Rhizoctonia solani on radish.

Jenifer McBeath – Alaska – The goal of this project is to develop disease control for a chemical and pesticide free peony farming system through a greater understanding of the soil microbiome. Jenifer is currently focusing on Bacillus spp. instead of Trichoderma spp. However, since most Bacillus are not cold-tolerant, here group is currently isolating cold-tolerant Bacillus spp. and testing them for their pathogen and disease control efficacy. Jenifer's recent work showed that one of these isolates, Bacillus #217, strongly suppressed Botrytis, which is the primary peony pathogen in Alaska. Plant Helper (Trichoderma) was also shown to have efficacy in managing Botrytis on peony.

Bode Olukolu – Tennessee – The goal of this project is to obtain a greater understanding of the holobiont and then use this knowledge to manage disease. More specifically, Bode is determining whether various types of microbiome data can be used to enhance plant breeding so that the plant can more effectively recruit and maintain beneficial microbes. To do this, quantitative reduced representation sequencing (qRRS) is being used. Various improvements to the data analysis pipeline for this research were also described.

Ole Becker and James Borneman – California – The goal of this project is to understand how fungi belonging to the Hyalorbilia oviparasitica clade suppress cyst nematode populations, and to use that information for nematode management. Ole and James and colleagues have recently examined soils from the Imperial Valley of California and California's central coast, where host crops of these nematodes are grown. Here, baiting experiments were used to determine that the most abundant fungi in sugarbeet cyst nematode females were members of the Hyalorbilia oviparasitica clade. Most recently, they showed that the population densities of these fungi in the Imperial Valley soils were positively associated with the amount of nematode suppression.

Antoon Ploeg – California – Meloidogyne floridensis (peach root-knot nematode) is a relatively new nematode pathogen in California. The problem with this nematode is that it infects some of the commonly used resistant rootstocks of nut and fruit trees as well as some of the commonly used resistant sweet potatoes, tomatoes, and bell peppers in California. Antoon showed that many of the bell pepper varieties that are resistant to M. incognita exhibit high replication rates of M. floridensis. Mechanistically, many of the M. incognita resistant varieties don't have detectable J3, J4, and females, whereas with M. floridensis, J3, J4, and females are often detected. This suggests these nematode resistant bell pepper varieties inhibit nematode development in M. incognita but not in M. floridensis.

Emma Gachomo – California – The goal of this project is to mechanistically understand how Bradyrhizobium japonicum confers plant growth promotion, tolerance to abiotic stress, and the induction of plant tolerance to disease. Emma showed that in Arabidopsis, Bradyrhizobium japonicum increased root length and mass, and that the induction of auxin production was involved in increasing root length.

Gretchen Sassenrath – Kansas – The goal of this projects is to determine how soil parameters, including soil microbes, are associated with the amount of plant disease in a Corn - Wheat - Soybean production system. Experiments for this project are ongoing. Gretchen has shown that different crop varieties and different soil types affect soil microbes.

Tessie Wilkerson – Mississippi – The goal of this projects is to control reniform nematodes on cotton through chemical, biological, and plant resistance strategies. Tessie showed that a biological compound was able to reduce nematode populations in some years. She also showed that host resistance provided the best protection against nematodes. Tessie also described her educational outreach efforts to students and growers.

Harsh Bais – Delaware – The goal of this project is to mechanistically understand how a plant growth promoting bacterium (PGPB) (Bacillus subtilis UD1022) affects Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. One previously investigated topic examined how roots respond to leaf attack by pathogens. Here, Harsh showed that leaf pathogen attack led to recruitment of the PGRB UD1022 by the roots. Harsh recently showed that UD1022 inhibits the number of Sinorhizobium meliloti nodules on Medicago roots.

Jay Hao – Maine – One of the goals of the Hao lab is to understand which bacterial strains are responsible for potato blackleg disease across different geographical regions in the northeastern USA. Early in these studies, Jay showed that Dickeya spp. were more responsible for blackleg disease while more recent studies have shown that Pectobacterium spp. are more responsible for this disease. Jay also described his research with potato breeders to identify varieties with greater resistance to blackleg disease. This has led to some promising varieties being identified.

James White – New Jersey – One of the goals of the White lab is to understand how interactions between plants and microbes lead to increased efficiency of nitrogen-fixation by bacteria in trichomes. James showed how different types of symbiosis with endophytic bacteria occur in different types of plants, but all of these interactions led to the transfer of nitrogen from the bacteria to the plant in leaves. James' group posits that the most efficient nitrogen fixation by bacteria occurs in glandular trichome symbiosis, and that this is due to antioxidant production by the plant in the trichome, where the antioxidants scavenge or exclude oxygen, which increases the efficiency of nitrogen-fixation.

Kenneth Frost – Oregon – One of the projects in the Frost lab involves the management of powdery scab of potato, which is caused by Spongospora subterranea. Ken is developing epidemiological models to determine the environmental factors that explain the variations in the disease severity. One factor likely involves the population density of the pathogen fluctuating temporarily and spatially. Future work will also examine soils that exhibit suppressiveness to powdery scab of potato.

Tim Paulitz – Washington – One of the goals of the Paulitz lab is to understand the relationships between soil microbial communities and wheat yield. One project involves a long-term study site (LTAR) that is examining the effects of conventional and no-till crop production. Most of the bacterial associations with wheat yield were negative. This led to a new hypothesis that stressed plants select for specific types of bacteria. For the fungi studies, most of the associations with wheat yield were positive. To differentiate correlation vs. causation, Tim is constructing culture collections that will be tested in future work. In addition, although there were some differences in microbial communities between conventional and no-till, the greater differences were between various soil depths. Tim's group also determined that specific microbial taxa exhibit seasonal fluctuations that reset every year.

Marin Friesen – Washington – Marin gave an overview of several ongoing projects in her lab. One project is to determine the eco-evolutionary dynamics of Trifolium nodule-associated microbiomes. Another project is to characterize the phylogenetic, genomic, and ecological basis of nickel adaptation in symbiotic Mesorhizobium populations. Another project is to characterize the microbiomes of pea, chickpea, and canola to determine whether microbiome features explain wheat performance. Another project is to survey and isolate diverse diazotrophs from various cropping systems to determine which attributes of the community predict N fixation potential at these sites. Another project is to characterize plant, microbiome, and biogeochemical N dynamics of switchgrass on marginal lands to identify linkages among plant traits, the microbiome, and N transformations. Another project involves participating in the Washington State Soil Health Initiative which utilizes the Long Term Agroecological Research and Extension (LTAR) site network. Another project to is create effective ways to educate and inform the general public and growers about soil health by using a variety of visual media to depict microbial agroecology processes.

Accomplishments

Accomplishments  W-4147   2021 Objective 1 To identify and characterize new biological agents, microbial community structure and function, naturally suppressive soils, cultural practices, and organic amendments that provide management of diseases caused by soilborne plant pathogens. AK- Isolation and identification of cold adapted Bacillus spp. Soils were collected from interior-Alaska, southcentral-Alaska and Kenai Peninsula. Bacillus spp. A total of 163 Bacillus isolates were obtained. Among them, 18 showed strong ability to suppress the growth of plant pathogens. Among the isolates, 53 were found adapted to cold temperature. Bacillus isolate 217 demonstrated the strongest suppression against Botrytis spp. and in a lesser degree against Fusarium spp. and Penicillium spp. Identification of the Bacillius isolates were based on their molecular and biological characteristics. CA- The project's hypothesis was that the establishment of a cyst nematode antagonistic microbiome led to a significant reduction in 1,3-D nematicide (Telone) use in California's broccoli production during the past 20 years. A sampling survey of broccoli fields along the California coast detected Heteroderacysts in only one-third of the randomly selected areas. Moreover, their population density was typically very low. Preliminary data suggest many fields have become suppressive to the pathogen. The most abundant fungi associated with Heterodera females were Hyalorbilia oviparasitica clade members. Short-term outcomes- The information indicates that in Coastal California, there is little advantage for nematicide use in broccoli and perhaps other Cole crops. It emphasizes the suggestion to collect soil samples from individual grower fields and to send them to commercial labs for analysis of cyst nematode population density. CA. The contribution of Lab Leveau to project W-4147 continues to have its basis in the discovery, characterization and application of bacteria belonging to the genus Collimonas, their antifungal properties, and their ability to work synergistically with Bacillus bacteria to protect plants from soilborne fungal pathogens (<a href="https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PBIOMES-05-19-0027-R">Doan et al, 2019</a>). Long-term goal is a Collimonas-based or -fortified biocontrol product. This past year, our work on a novel Collimonas-produced antifungal metabolite (carenaemin) appeared in print (Akum et al 2021), we described how fungi respond to and adapt after repeated exposure to Collimonas biocontrol bacteria (Mosquera et al, 2021), and our collaborative work with UC Davis engineers to encapsulate and stabilize Collimonas bacteria for field application was published (Kawakita et al 2021a, Kawakita et al 2021b). DE- We evaluated the direct effect soil bacteria and a biocontrol agent B. subtilis UD1022 hereafter UD1022) has on four common fungal pathogens of alfalfa including, Phytophthora medicaginis (root rot), Colletotrichum trifolii (anthracnose), Phoma medicaginis (blackstem) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis (vascular or Fusarium wilt). These pathogens have a great economic impact on the production of alfalfa; applications of fungicides represent a cost in time and money in attempting to reduce the effect of the disease and crops impacted suffer loss in yield and nutritional value. To determine if UD1022-produced natural compounds antagonize fungal growth, the bacteria and fungus strains were grown together on petri plates directly or in separate compartments. We found UD1022 to be strongly antagonistic toward three of the four pathogen species tested when grown directly; UD1022 did not influence any of the fungus when grown in divided plates. Initial testing of in planta capability of UD1022 to protect alfalfa from Phytophthora Root Rot were inconclusive. DE- PGPR UD1022 has shown strong antagonistic effects on P. medicaginis strain A2A1. Though the non-ribosomal proteins surfactin and plipastatin production mutants tested showed no role in this antagonism, additional Bacillus NRPs could be involved. Our study demonstrates the potential role of biofilm genes, especially spo0A, in UD1022 antagonism toward A2A1. Spo0A is known to be a master regulator switch between biofilm and sporulation pathways in B. subtilis; this ‘all encompassing’ activity may pose a challenge in isolating which functions of the defined pathways are responsible for the antagonism observed. KS- Crop production fields with disease pressure were identified. Soil samples were taken and tested for diseases (Phytophthora root rot and charcoal rot) and nematodes (soybean cyst nematodes). Biological activity was assessed using PLFA and background nutrient status was measured. Charcoal rot is a much more pervasive disease in southeast Kansas than other diseases or SCN. MS- Collaborations with neighboring southern states have led to the discovery and confirmation of a pathogen which is new to soybean, Xylaria sp. causing tap root decline of soybean. Research efforts have further characterized this organism in Mississippi soybean fields and has determined to be distributed in the majority of the counties across the state. Experiments have led to determination of soybean varieties either exhibiting resistance or tolerance to the pathogen and management strategies such as seed treatment or in-furrow applications exhibiting activity at controlling the effects of the pathogen. Data from 2018-2021 suggest some commercial products applied in-furrow at planting are effective at reducing the signs of tap root decline. To support efforts associated with varietal resistance, field experiments using entries from the State Soybean Variety Trial seed were initiated in 2021 as a multistate effort between Mississippi, Arkansas, and Louisiana. MS-Research projects involving reniform nematode management are on-going and will continue to look at management strategies including crop rotation, varietal resistance and seed treatment combinations to manage losses associated with nematode infested fields. Experiments involve the combination of reniform resistant cotton lines developed in breeding programs along with new commercial nematicides including BioST, a biological product which has previously had activity in managing nematodes, as a new management technique to manage reniform nematode in highly infested fields while maintaining yield and fiber quality. NH- Evaluated three differently processed WFs blended with peat on R. solani disease severity of radish. We observed slightly lower disease severity in the disc-refined wood and hammer-milled wood blended at 70:30 with peat compared to the control. These results suggest that the inclusion of the wood components we tested, when incorporated into peat, may not significantly negatively or positively affect damping-off. Because WFs are commonly blended into peat at 10 to 50% WF by volume, we tested 4 substrate blend ratios. The 80:20 peat:WF blend tended to have lower disease and higher aboveground biomass compared to the peatlite control. Our study is the first to document the effects of WF components on root disease. NY Cercospora beticola-specific PCR assay development to enable soil detection. Cercospora beticola causes cercospora leaf spot (CLS) on sugar beet and table beet. Accurate identification of this pathogen is critical to disease diagnosis and effective research outcomes for improved management. Several PCR assays have been described for identifying C. beticola; however, the specificity has either not been adequately tested or cross-reactions with related Cercospora species have occurred. Comparison of the three published assays for specificity to C. beticola indicated that each also amplified DNA from closely related Cercospora species. This study describes the development and subsequent assessment of conventional and quantitative PCR assays specific for detection of C. beticola. Assay specificity was confirmed across a broad range of Cercospora and other common fungal species using public DNA sequence databases and PCR. A conventional PCR assay was designed with fast PCR conditions and completed in under 40 min. The quantitative PCR assay detected 0.001–10 ng of C. beticola DNA. The effectiveness of the quantitative PCR assay to detect C. beticola DNA in diseased leaf tissue and diseased leaf tissue mixed with soil was also demonstrated. These assays provide an improved method for specific identification and quantification of C. beticola, and a valuable tool for enhancing studies into the biology of C. beticola and epidemiology of CLS. OR – Soil microbiome variation in PNW potato cropping systems. We continued work to characterize the soil microbiome as a function of cropping system and crop rotations used in the PNW US. We found that cropping system influenced the soil microbial community structure. Following fumigation, α-diversity of the bacterial community generally decreased but varied interactively as a function of cropping system from which the soil originated, soil sampling depth, and time. α-diversity of the fungal community varied as a function of time and cropping system from which the soil originated. MS fumigation resulted in the enrichment of multiple bacterial taxa in soils regularly amended with mustard green manures. Bacterial genera with members known to degrade MS were observed in increased abundance in soils originating from organic cropping systems. TN. While our studies aim to understand microbiome modulation of plant traits and applications for breeding resistance to complex disease, we are also identifying potential biocontrols and their microbe-microbe interactions. Results show that specific microbes tend to be stably enriched in a host genetic-dependent manner and might function as a master-regulator of other community members. By understanding these interactions at a systems level, we hope to predict biocontrol efficacy more accurately within the context of the host microbiome and genetic background. WA- We characterized microbial communities associated with canola, pea, peaola, and chickpea and started a project to isolate novel diazotrophic bacteria from wheat-based systems and prairie soils. WA- Fungal communities are better predictors of wheat yield than bacterial communities.Microbial communities (bacteria and fungi) play a major role in wheat health, nutrient uptake residue decomposition and tolerance to abiotic stress.  But of the thousands of species in the soil, which one play key roles? ARS scientists at Pullman WA and the Cook LTAR sequenced both bacteria and fungi to determine the microbiome at numerous locations in the no-till (aspirational) reduced tillage (business as usual) paired farms, and correlated communities with soil factors such as soil pH and organic matter and yield. Fungi from the families Sordariaceae, Hydnodontaceae, Hypocreaceae, and Clavicipitaceae were positively correlated with yield, especially in the upper soil depth, while Glomeraceae and Phaeosphaeriaceae were negatively correlated.  This may help growers determine soil health and how management practices may be adapted to favor beneficial microbiomes. WA-Previous crops of canola may shift the microbiome of the following wheat crop. Rotation crops often give a yield increase to the following wheat crop, due to breaking of diseases cycles, N fixation and other benefits. However a yield decrease in spring wheat after winter canola has been observed in intermediate and low precipitation areas, and water and nutrients were ruled out as factors. ARS scientists sampled the microbiome of spring wheat following winter canola, winter triticale, winter wheat and spring barley. Spring wheat after canola had significantly less arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and higher levels of a pathogen Waitea circinata.  Canola is one of the few non-mycorrhizal plant families, and may deplete these beneficial, symbiotic fungi.  This information is important for growers to consider in their cropping systems plans. Objective 2  To understand how microbial populations and microbial gene expression are regulated by the biological (plants and microbes) and physical environment and how they influence disease. AK- Microbiome Studies: This study is conducted in collaboration with Bode Olukolu from Tennessee. High molecular weight DNAs were extracted from the rhizospheres and phyllosphere of peony plants. The metagenomes were subject to quantitative reduced representation sequencing (qRRS) method to understand plant-pathogen-microbiome interactions in peony and in Arctic soils. CA  Our research focuses on understanding the interaction between plants and soilborne microbes. We investigated the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between Arabidopsis thaliana and a plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Bradyrhizobium japonicum IRAT FA3. Our results showed this PGPR regulates the root biomass via regulation of auxin efflux transporters PIN2, PIN3, PIN7 and ABCB 19. DE- My research group is examining the role of bacteriophages in modifying populations and genotypes/phenotypes of nitrogen-fixing soybean bradyrhizobia (Bradyrhizobium japonicum, B. diazoefficiens, and B. elkanii).  Although plant pathogens are not being studied, the ecological principles involved are applicable to a broad range of microbial interactions in soil, including disease-causing microbes.   In particular, my research group is considering the impact of temperate (lysogenic) phages in horizonal gene transfer among soybean bradyrhizobia.  The overarching goal is to more fully characterize the soybean-Bradyrhizobium symbiosis to promote environmentally sustainable soybean production.    NH. We used our radish model developed last year to determine how wood components affect the efficacy of the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum T-22 to suppress solani damping-off. We tested 3 hammer milled WF blend percentages and observed significant differences in disease severity and radish aboveground biomass across %WF blend and Rootshield treatment. Specifically, all three WF+Rootshield treatments had significantly lower disease and higher aboveground biomass than the peatlite control and peatlite+Rootshield control. We also evaluated how wood fibers affect the efficacy of harzianum to suppress crown and root rot on chrysanthemum. We found no significant effect of WF treatment on biopesticide efficacy on chyrsanthemum. However, we found that plants grown in WF had lower disease severity compared to plants in the peat control treatment. This finding supports our previous finding in radish and provides further evidence that WF substrates may be slightly more disease suppressive than peat substrates. NJ  We conducted research and gathered data the role of endophytic bacteria in nitrogen-transfer symbioses in roots and leaves of vascular plants. NY  Change in a Phytophthora capsici population over time.  To identify control strategies, it is important to know how a pathogen population in a field is changing over time.  Sexual, endemic populations of the heterothallic Phytophthora capsici continue to devastate vegetable crops in the northeast. We have learned in the past year that within an agricultural field there are individual P. capsici isolates with differing effector genes. This was a surprise since population studies have shown, in these same fields, that there is greater diversity between fields than within a field and that once the pathogen infests a field it does not move rapidly through the region unless there is flooding. In continuing studies, we are following a biparental population of P. capsici that was established in a research field in Geneva NY in 2008. We are using roughly 8,000 SNPs to follow changes in the population. One area we are currently focusing on is the change in the percentage of A1 vs A2 mating type isolates over time. While recovered isolates were roughly 50% each mating type for the first 7 years, and since that time the number of A2 mating type isolate has increased – this increase is not due to many individuals within the same clonal lineage as the data were clone-corrected. OR –Population dynamics of Spongospora subterranea in soils. In 2021, an observational field study was conducted in four commercial potato fields selected based on their powdery scab disease history. In each of these fields, we quantified pathogen inoculum changes and hourly soil water and temperature throughout the growing season. We documented differing pathogen population dynamics and disease expression among locations. This study will be repeated for two more years and the data will be used to model risk for powdery scab and PMTV infection. In subsequent years, we will also characterize the soil microbiome to determine if there are microbial taxa antagonistic to S. subterranea present in the soils. The long-term goal of the project is to develop diagnostic tools that would inform growers of their risk for losses due to powder scab and PMTV transmission. TN- Evidence from leaf metagenome profiles of sweetpotato accessions (entire USDA germplasm) and biparental populations reveal that: (i) relative abundance of microbiome members is a good predictor of host genetic relatedness, suggesting adapted host-microbe interactions; (ii) accounting for the microbiome often provides more statistical power for detecting genes controlling plant-microbe interactions and improves genomic prediction; and (iii) species/strain-level metagenome profiles (based on quantitative reduced representation sequencing; qRRS) can allow differentiation of  neutral/satellite from host-adapted microbiome members. Precision and accuracy in functional plant-microbiome studies can be improved by identifying host-adapted microbial members. WA-Phenazine-producing bacteria are enriched in plant microbiomes. Dryland wheat on the Columbia Plateau of the Pacific Northwest enrich for phenazine-1-carboxylic acid which reductively dissolve Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides in bacterial culture systems, but its impact upon Fe and Mn cycling in the rhizosphere is unknown. Here, ARS scientists in Pullman, Washington in collaboration with a student at Washington State University showed that concentrations of dithionite-extractable and poorly crystalline Fe were approximately 10% and 30−40% higher, respectively, in dryland and irrigated rhizospheres inoculated with the phenazine-producing bacteria than in rhizospheres inoculated with a phenazine deficient mutant. However, rhizosphere concentrations of Fe(II) and Mn did not differ significantly, indicating that phenazine- mediated redox transformations of Fe and Mn were transient or were masked by competing processes. Total Fe and Mn uptake into wheat biomass also did not differ significantly, but the phenazine-producing bacteria significantly altered iron translocation into shoots. X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy revealed an abundance of Fe-bearing oxyhydroxides and phyllosilicates in all rhizospheres. These results are important because they show that phenazine producers enhanced the reactivity and mobility of Fe derived from soil minerals without producing parallel changes in plant Fe uptake. This is the first report that directly links significant alterations of Fe-bearing minerals in the rhizosphere to a single bacterial trait. Objective 3 Implement sustainable management strategies for soilborne pathogens that are biologically based and are compatible with soil health management practices. AK- Field trials of Plant Helper (formulated cold-adapted Trichoderma atroviride) were conducted in 2020 and 2021 on one (1) and five (5) collaboration peony farms, respectively. Significant findings of the field trials were: 1) reduction in severity and incidence of Botrytis spp. were observed on peony farms, and 2) peony plants treated with Plant Helper demonstrated a delay in the senescence process. In 2021, Pythium sp. was found for the first time in waters and soils on peony farms. It was a major causal agent resulting in the death of peony seedlings and the rootstocks suffered from an unseasonal hard freeze in late spring. KS. Cover crops were planted in four replicated blocks in the fields in the fall and included: control (fallow with herbicide, no cover crop); wheat; Graza radish; annual ryegrass; spring oats; winter oat; forage collards; commercial cover crop mix; and a mix of radish + ryegrass planted both drilled and broadcast methods. Spring oats had the highest levels of NO3-N remaining, but lower levels of NH4-N. No consistent changes in nutrient levels for the different cover crops could be related to the measured difference in soybean yield. Bacterial percentage was the highest in all cover crop plots, with a similar pattern in percentage of actinomycetes and fungi. OR –Effects of rotation, soil amendment, and fumigation on potato early dying and the soil microbial community. In 2021, we continued work on two four-year crop rotation studies established in 2019 to examine how management practices including crop rotation with traditional fumigation, mustard biofumigant crop, dairy compost amendment, and a mustard biofumigant crop combined with a dairy compost amendment influence the soil abiotic and biotic properties, pathogen inoculum densities, and plant health and productivity. MS- Research experiments surrounding management strategies, specifically, alternate host for rotation for Xylaria are ongoing. Both field and greenhouse experiments have been established looking at potential rotational hosts to include corn, cotton, peanut, rice, wheat, and sorghum. To date it has been determined that colonization of the pathogen occurs on all primary rotational crops which limits crop rotation as a management tool for this particular disease. Management options beyond cultural practices such as crop rotation are needed to reduce taproot decline of soybean such as completely resistant cultivars. Additional research is on-going to determine organisms present within the soil interface coexisting with Xylaria which could be a potential source of biocontrol. These experiments will identify if any bacteria etc. that may lessen the effects of Xylaria on soybean plants. NY: Efficacy of fungicides for Rhizoctonia damping off control in table beet, 2020.  This greenhouse experiment was conducted at Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, New York. No significant differences were observed in damping off between Quadris, the current industry standard for R. solani control in table beet, and other treatments also applied at 1 DAP. Aprovia, Quadris, and Cannonball provided similar reductions in damping off at 41 DAP. Elatus (chemically equivalent to Quadris + Aprovia) did not lead to improved disease control. Application timing affected the incidence of damping off between treatments, but differences were not significant until 41 DAP. Damping off was highest in plots that did not receive a fungicide application at 1 DAP, averaging 10.4% compared to 4.8% for plots receiving fungicides on both occasions. Post-emergence applications (18 DAP) resulted in 68% and 533% more damping off in plots treated with Quadris and Elatus, respectively, than when applied at 1 DAP. The incidence of damping off in plots treated with Orondis Gold was not significantly different from the nontreated control plots. Average root lesion incidence varied from 32.8 to 66% and was not significantly different across treatments. There were no visible differences in phytotoxicity or other concerns. Objective 4. Provide outreach, education, extension and technology transfer to our clients and stakeholders- growers, biocontrol industry, graduate and undergraduate students, K-12 students and other scientists. <ol start="19"> <li>The PI gave several presentations, mostly via Zoom due to pandemic precautions. These talks included biological suppression of plant-parasitic nematodes as a topic. See details under VI. Publications. Several other invited or planned presentations were canceled because of the covid-19.</li> <li>Field day held on May 19, 2021 at the SEREC. Presentation on “Cover Crops, Soil Health, and Weed Control” shared with attendees.</li> </ol> Online webinar series on soil health <table width="642"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="108"> Feb, 2021 </td> <td width="196"> Soil Health webinar series </td> <td width="252"> online </td> <td width="86">   </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="108"> Feb. 22, 2021 </td> <td width="196"> Dr. Rodrigo Onofre: Corn and Soybean Soil-borne Diseases </td> <td width="252"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v</a>= srvjw3qfZIk&t=8s </td> <td width="86"> 5 (30 views) </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="108"> Feb. 15, 2021 </td> <td width="196"> Dr. Peter Tomlinson: Soil Biology: A Piece of the Soil Health Puzzle </td> <td width="252"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v</a>= QDtyQ7viAmQ&t=5s </td> <td width="86"> 7 (30 views) </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="108"> Feb. 8, 2021 </td> <td width="196"> Adam Daugherty: Transitioning from something into a higher-functioning agro-ecological system </td> <td width="252"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v</a>= fAzvmTgeWSw&t=21s </td> <td width="86"> 10 (36 views) </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="108"> Feb. 1, 2021 </td> <td width="196"> Dr. DeAnn Presley: Soil Structure </td> <td width="252"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v</a>= FShHKceLZN4&t=2s </td> <td width="86"> 16 (38 views) </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> MS. Presentations at professional meetings and field tours (virtual and face to face) have provided information to colleagues, students, and growers on current issues surrounding soil pathogens including but not limited to Xylaria (tap root decline of soybean) and nematodes. Seminar entitled "Root Diseases: What Lies beneath" for EPP1001 first year seminar class-Mississippi State University November 16, 2021. NH- A webinar was presented in the UNH Extension 2020 Plant Health Webinar Series entitled “Natural disease suppression of peat-wood fiber substrates and implications for biological control” in August. A recording of the presentation is available on-demand on the UNH extension website. Two undergraduate students were engaged in training as part of this project in the fall of 2021. NY Outreach activities on sustainable disease management. In 2018, Pethybridge gave 18 extension/outreach presentations on soilborne disease management to the broadacre vegetable industry stakeholders and growers. These presentations were predominantly meetings organized by Cornell Cooperative Extension throughout NY. Undergraduate research experience Because of COVID, we did not have our summer undergraduate research experience program in 2020. Disease management strategies for Phytophthora capsici    In 2021, Smart gave 12 talks to growers, extension educators and industry representatives including pathogen biology and disease management of Phytophthora blight and other pathogens. This included audiences in New York, across the Northeast, and in Minnesota. Undergraduate research experience.  Because of COVID, we did not have our summer undergraduate research experience program in 2021.  Outreach to K-12 students.  Because of COVID, we did not have our K-12 outreach program in 2021 OR (Frost) – Advised two postdoctoral researchers, one faculty research assistants, one technician, four graduate students, and one undergraduate students. In 2021, we published six refereed papers, three extension documents, and two abstracts. Information has been disseminated to clientele within the region through talks at five grower education events and two field days, and to scientific peers via two poster presentations. I have provided plant disease diagnostic services via the Pathology Diagnostic Clinic at the HAREC to Oregon, southeastern Washington, Idaho, and other crop production regions in the U.S. These services result in approximately 250 direct contacts with farmers or crop managers every year. In 2021, I organized a seminar on the Potato Soil Health Project (USDA SCRI 2018-51181-28704) through Spudman Magazine and a session on Soil Health for the 2021 Hermiston Farm Fair Grower education event. Editorial positions currently held include Senior Editor and Editor for the APS Journals Plant Disease and Phytofrontiers, respectively. TN- In 2021, I had students trained and working on the projects highlighted above. These include two PhD students in my research program, a 6-month exchange PhD student from Mexico, an undergraduate student at UTK, and a REU undergraduate student funded through a NSF summer research program. Disseminated findings at meeting with corn growers in Tennessee and worked with an extension faculty to evaluate the impact of microbiome on Fusarium ear and stalk rot disease. Technology transfer (OmeSeq-qRRS for metagenome sequencing) to collaborators and service providers evaluating the method and associated bioinformatics tools on select projects. WA (Friesen) We helped coordinate WA SoilCon, a virtual conference with nearly 1,000 registered participants from around the world providing information on soil health for growers. WA (Paulitz)- Served as lead organizer of the 66th Conference on Soilborne Plant Pathogens, San Luis Obispo, CA,  March 25-27, 2020. Meeting was canceled because of COVID in 2020 but held virtually on March 24-25, 2021. Worked with a Moroccan collaborator to be awarded a Fulbright Fellowship to visit my lab in 2020.  Was postponed until 2022 because of COVID. Also collaborated on numerous manuscripts. Continued a long collaboration with CIMMYT in Turkey and collaborated on numerous manuscripts with authors from Iran, Turkey and Morocco. Completed Pythium Protocol project, an on-line publication of the American Phytopathological Society Press. Presented seminar on soil health to Southern Mississippi University Sept. 2021. Presented talk on winter peas and soil health to the Western Pulse Growers meeting, Moscow, ID, Dec. 14, 2021.Presented talk at Spokane Farm Forum on New Research in Feb. 21, 2021. Worked with Washington State Department of Agriculture on revising quarantine regulations for black leg, with the discovery of the disease in the Skagit Valley of Washington. Co-authored extension bulletin on Diseases of Canola in collaboration with the Pacific Northwest Canola Council. Presented a seminar titled “Soil Microbial Communities: Relation to Plant and Soil Health in Wheat” to the WSU Farmers Network Soil Health Webinar Jan. 13, 2021. Section editor of the Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology.  Taught part of Plant Pathology 521, Mycology, Fall, 2021 (five lectures)

Publications

Peer reviewed Afkhami, M. E., Friesen, M. L., & Stinchcombe, J. R. (2021). Multiple Mutualism Effects generate synergistic selection and strengthen fitness alignment in the interaction between legumes, rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi. Ecology Letters. Akum, F.N., R. Kumar, G. Lai, C.H. Williams, H.K. Doan, and J.H.J. Leveau (2021) Identification of Collimonas gene loci involved in the biosynthesis of a diffusible secondary metabolite with broad-spectrum antifungal properties. Microbial Biotechnology, 14: 1367-1384. Arstingstall, K.A., DeBano, S.J., Li, X., Wooster, D., Rowland, M.M., Burrows, S. and Frost, K. 2021. Capabilities and limitations of using DNA metabarcoding to study plant-pollinator interactions. Molecular Ecology 30:5266-5297. Bashir S, Iqbal A, Hasnain S, White JF. 2021. Screening of sunflower associated bacteria as biocontrol agents for plant growth promotion. Arch Microbiol. 203(8):4901-4912. doi: 10.1007/s00203-021-02463-8. Beltran-Garcia MJ, Martinez-Rodriguez A, Olmos-Arriaga I, Valdez-Salas B, Chavez-Castrillon YY, Di Mascio P, White JF. 2021. Probiotic Endophytes for More Sustainable Banana Production. Microorganisms. 9(9):1805. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9091805.  Beltran-Garcia MJ, White JF. 2021. Introduction to Special Issue: Plant Microbiome Augmentation and Stimulation-New Strategies to Grow Crops with Reduced Agrochemicals. Microorganisms. 9(9):1887. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9091887. Bozoglu, T., Ozer, G., Imren, M., Paulitz, T.C., Dabaat, A.A. 2021. First report of crown rot caused by Fusarium redolens on wheat in Kazakhstan. Plant Disease. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-19-1799-RE. Carlson, CH, Stack, GM, Jiang, Y, Taskiran, B, Cala, AR, Toth, JA, Philippe, G, Rose, JKC, Smart, CD, and Smart, LB (2021) Morphometric relationships and their contribution to biomass and cannabinoid yield in hybrids of hemp (Cannabis sativa). Journal of Experimental Botany <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab346">https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab346</a> Chang X, Kingsley KL, White JF. 2021. Chemical Interactions at the Interface of Plant Root Hair Cells and Intracellular Bacteria. Microorganisms. 9(5):1041. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9051041. Chen Z., Jin Y., Yao X., Wei X., Li X., Li C., White J.F., Nan Z. 2021. Gene analysis reveals that leaf litter from Epichloë endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass alters diversity and abundance of soil microbes involved in nitrification and denitrification. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2021;154:108123. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.108123. Clements, J., Lamour, K., Frost, K., Dywer, J., Huseth, A. and Groves, R. 2021. Targeted RNA sequencing within Leptinotarsa decemlineata populations reveal patterns of transcript expression correlated with insecticide resistance in discrete geographic locations. Pest Management Science 77:3436-3444. Christie, K., Harrison, S. P., Friesen, M. L., & Strauss, S. Y. (2021) Co‐occurrence patterns at four spatial scales implicate reproductive processes in shaping community assembly in clovers. Journal of Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13776 Crowell, CR, Wilkerson, DG, Bekauri, M, Cala, A, McMullen, P, Mondo, S, Adreopoulos, W, Lipzen, A, Lail, K, Yan, M, Ng, V, Grigoriev, I, Smart, LB, and Smart CD (2022) Population biology of Melampsora americana using genotyping-by-sequencing. Phytopathology in press <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-05-21-0201-R">https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-05-21-0201-R</a> Dar, D., Thomashow, L.S., Weller, D.M., Newman, D.K. 2020. Global landscape of phenazine biosynthesis and biodegradation reveals species-specific colonization patterns in agricultural soils and crop microbiomes. eLife. <a href="https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.59726">https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.59726</a>. Dung, J.K.S., Duringer, J.M., Kaur, N., Scott, J.C., Frost, K.E., Walenta, D., Alderman, S.C., Morrie Craig, A., and Hamm, P.B. 2021. Molecular and alkaloid characterization of Claviceps purpurea sensu lato from grass seed production areas of the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Phytopathology 111:831-841. Friedrichsen, C. N., Hagen-Zakarison, S., Friesen, M. L., McFarland, C. R., Tao, H., & Wulfhorst, J. D. (2021). Soil health and well-being: Redefining soil health based upon a plurality of values. Soil Security, 2, 100004. Garcia-Aroca T, Price PP, Tomaso-Peterson M, Allen TW, Wilkerson TH, Spurlock TN, Faske TR, Bluhm B, Conner K, Sikora E, Guyer R, Kelly H, Squiers BM, Doyle VP. Xylaria necrophora, sp. nov., is an emerging root-associated pathogen responsible for taproot decline of soybean in the southern United States. Mycologia. 2021 Mar-Apr;113(2):326-347. doi: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1846965. Epub 2021 Feb 8. PMID: 33555993. Gargouri, S., Balmas, V., Burgess, L., Paulitz, T., Laraba, I., Kim, H.-S., Proctor, R.H., Busman, M., Felker, F.C., Murray, T., O'Donnell, K. 2020. An endophyte of Macrochloa tenacissima (esparto or needle grass) from Tunisia is a novel species in the Fusarium redolens species complex. Mycologia. 112(4):792-807. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2020.1767493">https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2020.1767493</a>. Gargouri, S., Khemir, E., Souissi, A., Murray, T., Fakhfakh, M., Achour, I., Chekali, S., Mliki, M., Paulitz, T.C. 2020. Survey of take-all (Gaeumannomyces tritici) on cereals in Tunisia and impact of crop sequences. Crop Protection. 135: 10589. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2020.105189">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2020.105189</a>. González-Benítez N, Martín-Rodríguez I, Cuesta I, Arrayás M, White JF, Molina MC. 2021. Endophytic Microbes Are Tools to Increase Tolerance in Jasione Plants Against Arsenic Stress. Front Microbiol. 12:664271. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.664271. Gouker, FE, Carlson, CH, Zou, J, Evans, LM, Crowell, CR, Smart, CD, DiFazio, SP, Smart, LB (2021) Sexual dimorphism and sex ratio bias in the dioecious willow Salix purpurea L. American Journal of Botany 108:1374-1387  <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1704">https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1704</a> Hassanzadeh, A., Murphy, S., Pethybridge, S. J., and van Aardt, J. 2020. Growth stage classification and harvest scheduling of snap bean using hyperspectral sensing: A greenhouse study. Remote Sens. 12:3809.https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12223809. Hassanzadeh, A., van Aardt, J., Murphy, S. M., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Yield modeling of snap bean based on hyperspectral sensing: A greenhouse study. J. Appl. Rem. Sens. 14(2):024519.<a href="https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JRS.14.024519">https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JRS.14.024519</a>. Hendry, S., Steinke, S., Wittstein, K., Adewunmi, Y., Sahukhal, G., Elasri, M., Thomashow, L.S., Weller, D.M., Mavrodi, O., Blankenfeldt, W., Mavrodi, D. 2021. Functional analysis of phenazine biosynthesis genes in Burkholderia spp.. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 87,11 e02348-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02348-20. Imren, M., Ozer, G., Paulitz, T.C., Morgounov, A., Dababat, A.A. 2021. Plant-parasitic nematode communities associated with wheat-growing areas in central, eastern andsouth-eastern Kazakhstan. Plant Disease. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-20-2424- SR. Joglekar, P., C.P. Mesa, V.A. Richards, S.W. Polson, K.E. Wommack, J.J. Fuhrmann. 2020. Polyphasic analysis reveals correlation between phenotypic and genotypic analysis in soybean bradyrhizobia (Bradyrhizobium spp.). Systematic and Applied Microbiology https://doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2020.126 73 Kawakita, R., J.H.J. Leveau, and T. Jeoh (2021a) Optimizing viability and yield and improving stability of Gram-negative, non-spore forming plant beneficial bacteria encapsulated by spray-drying. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 44(11): 2289-2301. Kawakita, R., Leveau, J.H.J., and T. Jeoh (2021b) Comparing fluidized bed spray-coating and spray-drying encapsulation of non-spore-forming Gram-negative bacteria in cross-linked alginate. Industrial Biotechnology, 17(5): 283-289. Knight, N. L., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. An improved assay for species-specific detection and quantification of Cercospora beticola. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 42:72-83.<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/07060661.2019.1621380">https://doi.org/10.1080/07060661.2019.1621380</a>. Knight, N. L., Koenick, L. B., Sharma, S. S., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Detection of Cercospora beticola and Phoma betae on table beet seed using quantitative PCR. Phytopathology 110:943-951.<a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-11-19-0412-R">https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-11-19-0412-R</a>. Kousik, CS, Vogel, GM, Ikerd, JL, Mandal, MK, Mazourek, M, Smart, CD and Turechek, WW (2021) New sources of resistance in winter squash (Cucurbita moschata) to phytophthora crown rot and their relationship to cultivated squash. Plant Health Progress <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-02-21-0047-FI">https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-02-21-0047-FI</a> Kuster R, Yencho GC, and Olukolu BA (2021).  ngsComposer: An automated pipeline for empirically based NGS data quality filtering.  Briefings in Bioinformatics. Brief Bioinform. bbab092. doi: 10.1093/bib/bbab092 Lange, HW, Tancos, MA and Smart, CD (2022) Investigating cruciferous weeds as reservoirs of Xanthomonas campestris in New York State. Plant Disease in press <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-21-0998-RE">https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-21-0998-RE</a> Liu H, Prajapati VS, Prajapati S, Bais HP, Lu J (2021) Comparative genome analysis of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens focusing on phylogenomics, functional traits, and prevalence of antimicrobial and virulence genes. Frontiers in Genetics and Comp. Genomics. 12; 1750. DOI=10.3389/fgene.2021.724217    Liu, Y., Evans, S. E., Friesen, M. L., & Tiemann, L. K. (2021). Root exudates shift how N mineralization and N fixation contribute to the plant-available N supply in low fertility soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 108541. Lopez, Z. C., Friesen, M. L., Von Wettberg, E., New, L., & Porter, S. (2021). Microbial mutualist distribution limits spread of the invasive legume Medicago polymorpha. Biological Invasions, 23(3), 843-856. Ma, X., Brazil, J., Rivedal, H., Frost, K., Perry, K., and Swingle, B. 202X. First report of Pectobacterium versatile causing potato soft rot of potato in Oregon and Washington. Plant Disease XX:XXX-XXX (First Look). Mavrodi, O.V., Mcwilliams, J.R., Peter, J.O., Berim, A., Hassan, K.A., Elbourne, L.D., Letourneau, M., Gang, D.R., Paulsen, I.T., Weller, D.M., Thomashow, L.S., Flynt, A.S., Mavrodi, D.V. 2021. The effect of root exudates on the transcriptome of rhizosphere Pseudomonas spp.. Frontiers in Microbiology. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.651282">https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.651282</a>. Menalled, U., Bybee-Finley, K. A., Smith, R. G., DiTomasso, A., Pethybridge, S. J., and Ryan, M. R. 2020. Soil-mediated effects on weed-crop competition: Elucidating the role of annual and perennial intercrop diversity legacies. Agronomy 10(9):1373. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091373">https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091373</a>. Mohamed, A., Sanchez, E., Sanchez, N., Friesen, M. L., & Beyenal, H. (2021). Electrochemically Active Biofilms as an Indicator of Soil Health. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 168(8), 087511. Mosquera, S., J.H.J. Leveau, and I. Stergiopoulos (2021) Repeated exposure of Aspergillus niger spores to the antifungal bacterium Collimonas fungivorans Ter331 selects for delayed spore germination. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 87(12): e00233-21. Nevada, S.S., Lupien, S.L., Watson, B., Okubara, P.A. 2021. Growth inhibition of Botrytis cinerea by native vineyard yeasts from Puget Sound, Washington State, USA. Journal of Biology and Nature. 13,1,42-53. <a href="https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JOBAN/article/view/6534">https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JOBAN/article/view/6534</a> O’Brien, A. M., Jack, C. N., Friesen, M. L., & Frederickson, M. E. (2021). Whose trait is it anyways? Coevolution of joint phenotypes and genetic architecture in mutualisms. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 288(1942), 20202483.  Parada-Rojas, CH, Granke, LL, Naegele, RP, Hansen, Z, Hausbeck, MK, Kousik, S, McGrath, MT, Smart CD and Quesada-Ocampo, LM. (2021) A diagnostic guide for Phytophthora capsici infecting vegetable crops. Plant Health Progress <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-02-21-0027-FI">https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-02-21-0027-FI</a> Peritore-Galve, FC, Tancos, MA and Smart, CD (2021) Bacterial canker of tomato: revisiting a global and economically damaging seedborne pathogen. Plant Disease 105:1581-1595 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-20-1732-FE">https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-20-1732-FE</a> Pethybridge, S. J., Sharma, S., Hansen, Z., Kikkert, J. R., Olmstead, D. L., and Hanson, L. E. 2020. Optimizing Cercospora leaf spot control in table beet using action thresholds and disease forecasting. Plant Dis. 104:1831-1840.<a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-20-0246-RE">https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-20-0246-RE</a>.Image selected for issue cover.Editor’s pick (June issue). Pethybridge, S. J., Sharma, S., Hansen, Z., Vaghefi, N., Hanson, L. E., and Kikkert. J. R. 2020. Improving fungicide-based management of Cercospora leaf spot in table beet in New York, USA. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 42:353-366.<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/07060661.2019.1690048">https://doi.org/10.1080/07060661.2019.1690048</a>. Rangel, L., Spanner, R. E., Ebert, M. K., Pethybridge, S. J., Stukenbrock, E. H., de Jonge, R., Secor, G. A., and Bolton, M. D. 2020. Cercospora beticola: the intoxicating lifestyle of the leaf spot pathogen of sugar beet. Mol. Plant Pathol. 21:1020-1041.<a href="https://bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mpp.12962">DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12962</a>. Rivedal, H., Brazil, J., and Frost, K.E. 2021. Diversity and pathogenicity of Pectobacterium species responsible for soft rot of potato in the Columbia Basin of Oregon and Washington. American Journal of Potato Research 98:267-284. Rivedal, H., Funke, C.N., and Frost, K.E. 202X. An overview of pathogens associated with biotic stresses in hemp crops in Oregon, 2019-2020. Plant Disease XX:XXX-XXX (Accept December 2021). Rosier A, Beauregard PB, Bais HP (2021) Quorum Quenching Activity of the PGPR Bacillus subtilis UD1022 Alters Nodulation Efficiency of Sinorhizobium meliloti on Medicago truncatula. Front Microbiol. 11:596299.  doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.596299.   Schlatter, D.C., Kahl, K., Carlson, B.R., Huggins, D.R., Paulitz, T.C. 2020. Soil acidification modifies soil depth-microbiome relationships in a no-till wheat cropping system.. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107939">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107939</a>. Schroeder MM, Gomez MY, McLain NK, Gachomo EW, 2022 Bradyrhizobium japonicum IRAT FA3 alters Arabidopsis thaliana root architecture via regulation of auxin efflux transporters PIN2, PIN3, PIN7 and ABCB19. MPMI (in press) Sharma, S., Hay, F. S., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Genome resource for two Stemphylium vesicarium isolates causing Stemphylium leaf blight of onion in New York. Mol. Plant Microbe Inter. 33:562-564.<a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-08-19-0244-A">https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-08-19-0244-A</a>. Siefert, A., Friesen, M. L., Zillig, K. W., Aguilar, J., & Strauss, S. Y. (2021). An experimental test of stabilizing forces in the field niche. Ecology, 102(4), e03290. Singh A, Singh DK, Kharwar RN, White JF, Gond SK. 2021. Fungal Endophytes as Efficient Sources of Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Their Prospective Applications in Natural Product Drug Discovery: Insights, Avenues, and Challenges. Microorganisms. 9(1):197. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9010197.  Smercina, D. N., Evans, S. E., Friesen, M. L., & Tiemann, L. K. (2021). Temporal dynamics of free‐living nitrogen fixation in the switchgrass rhizosphere. GCB Bioenergy. Stack, GM, Toth, JA, Carlson, CH, Cala, AR, Marrero-Gonzalez, MI, Wilk, RL, Gentner, DR, Crawford, JL, Philippe, G, Rose, JKC, Viands, DR, Smart, CD, and Smart LB (2021) Season-long contrast of high-cannabinoid hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivars reveals variation in cannabinoid accumulation, flowering time, and disease resistance. Global Change Biology Bioenergy 13:546-561 <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12793">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12793</a>  Stajich, JE, Vu, AL, Judelson, H, Vogel, GM, Gore, MA, Carlson, MO, Devitt, N, Jacobi, J, Mudge, J, Lamour, K, and Smart, CD (2021) High quality reference genome for the oomycete vegetable pathogen Phytophthora capsici strain LT1534. Microbiology Resource Announcements Volume 10 Issue 21 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/MRA.00295-21">https://doi.org/10.1128/MRA.00295-21</a> Sudermann, MR, McGlip, L, Regnier, M, Rodriguez Jaramillo, A, Vogel, G, and Smart, CD (2022) Towards a greater understanding of the population diversity of Passalora fulva in US high tunnels. Phytopathology in press <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-06-21-0244-R">https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-06-21-0244-R</a> Swisher Grimm, K.D., Crosslin, J.M., Cooper, W.R., Frost, K.E., du Toit, L.J., and Wohleb, C.H. 2021. First report of Curly Top of Coriandrum sativum L. caused by Beet curly top virus in the Columbia Basin of Washington State. Plant Disease (Note) XX:XXX-XXX (In press). Synoground, T., Batson, A., Derie, M. L., Koenick, L. B., Pethybridge, S. J., and du Toit, L. J. 2020. First report of Cercospora leaf spot caused by Cercospora chenopodii on Spinacia oleracea in the USA. Plant Dis. 104:976.h<a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-19-1924-PDN">ttps://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-19-1924-PDN</a>. Toth, JA, Smart, LB, Smart, CD, Stack, GM, Carlson, CH, Philippe, G, and Rose, JKC (2021) Limited effect of environmental stress on cannabinoid profiles in high-cannabidiol hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Global Change Biology Bioenergy 13: 1666-1674 <a href="http://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12880">http://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12880</a> Verma H, Kumar D, Kumar V, Kumari M, Singh SK, Sharma VK, Droby S, Santoyo G, White JF, Kumar A. 2021. The Potential Application of Endophytes in Management of Stress from Drought and Salinity in Crop Plants. Microorganisms. 2021 9(8):1729. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9081729.  Verma SK, Sahu PK, Kumar K, Pal G, Gond SK, Kharwar RN, White JF. 2021. Endophyte roles in nutrient acquisition, root system architecture development and oxidative stress tolerance. J Appl Microbiol. 2021 Nov;131(5):2161-2177. doi: 10.1111/jam.15111.  Vogel, GM, Gore, MA, and Smart CD (2021) Genome-wide association study in New York Phytophthora capsici isolates reveals loci involved in mating type and mefenoxam sensitivity. Phytopathology 111:204-216 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-04-20-0112-FI">https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-04-20-0112-FI</a> Vogel, GM, LaPlant, KE, Mazourek, M, Gore, MA and Smart, CD (2021) A combined BSA-Seq and linkage mapping approach identifies genomic regions associated with Phytophthora root and crown rot resistance in squash. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 134:1015-1031 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-020-03747-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-020-03747-1</a>  Wang, M., Van Vleet, S., Mcgee, R.J., Paulitz, T.C., Porter, L.D., Schroeder, K., Vandemark, G.J., Chen, W. 2021. Chickpea seed rot and damping-off caused by metalaxyl-resistant Pythium ultimum and its management with ethaboxam. Plant Disease. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-20-1659-RE">https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-20-1659-RE</a>. Wang, X., Liu, Y., Li, Z., Gao, X., Dong, J., Zhang, J., Zhang, L., Thomashow, L.S., Weller, D.M., Yang, M. 2020. Genome-wide identification and expression profile analysis of the phospholipase C gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plants. 9(7), 885. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9070885">https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9070885</a>. Wang, X., Schlatter, D.C., Glawe, D.A., Edwards, C.G., Weller, D.M., Paulitz, T.C., Abatzoglou, J.T., Okubara, P.A. 2021. Native yeast and non-yeast fungal communities of Cabernet Sauvignon berries from two Washington State vineyards, and persistence in spontaneous fermentation. International Journal of Food Microbiology. S0168- 1605(21)00184-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109225. Wendlandt, C. E., Helliwell, E., Roberts, M., Nguyen, K. T., Friesen, M. L., von Wettberg, E., Price, P., Griffitts, J.S., & Porter, S. S. (2021). Decreased coevolutionary potential and increased symbiont fecundity during the biological invasion of a legume‐rhizobium mutualism. Evolution, 75(3), 731-747. White JF, Chang X, Kingsley KL, Zhang Q, Chiaranunt P, et al. 2021. Endophytic bacteria in grass crop growth promotion and biostimulation. Grass Research 1: 5; doi: 10.48130/GR-2021-0005. Wilkerson, DG, Crowell, CR, Carlson, CH, McMullen P, Smart, CD, and Smart LB (2022) Comparative transcriptomics and eQTL mapping of response to Melampsora americana in selected Salix purpurea F2 progeny. BMC Genomics in press Yang, M., Thomashow, L.S., Weller, D.M. 2021. Evaluation of the phytotoxicity of 2,4- Diacetylphloroglucinol and Pseudomonas brassicacearum Q8r1-96 on different wheat cultivars. Phytopathology. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-07-20-0315-R">https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-07-20-0315-R</a>. Yang, M., Xianguo, W., Dong, J., Zhao, W., Alam, T., Thomashow, L.S., Weller, D.M., Gao, X., Rustgi, S., Wen, S. 2020. Proteomics reveals the changes that contribute to Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat. Phytopathology. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-05-20-0171-R">https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-05-20-0171-R</a>. Yin, C., Schlatter, D.C., Kroese, D., Paulitz, T.C., Hagerty, C. 2021. Responses of soil fungal communities to lime application in wheat fields in the Pacific Northwest. Frontiers in Microbiology. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.576763">https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.576763</a>. Yin, C., Vargas, J.M., Schlatter, D.C., Hagerty, C., Hulbert, S., Paulitz, T.C. 2021. Wheat rhizosphere community selection reveals bacteria associated with reduced root disease. Microbiome. Article 86(2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-020-00997-5. Zhang Q, White JF. 2021. Bioprospecting Desert Plants for Endophytic and Biostimulant Microbes: A Strategy for Enhancing Agricultural Production in a Hotter, Drier Future. Biology 10(10):961. doi: 10.3390/biology10100961.  Zhao, H., Sassenrath, G.F., Kirkham, M.B., Wan, N., Lin, X. Daily soil temperature modeling improved by integrating observed snow cover and estimated soil moisture in the U.S. Great Plains. Hydrology and Earth Science Systems. 25:4357-4372. https://doil.org/10.5194/hess-25-4357-2021. Zhao, H.D., Sassenrath, G.F., Zambreski, Z.T., Shi, L., Lollato, R., De Wolfe, E., Lin, X. Predicting winter wheat heading date: A simple model and its validation in Kansas. J. Applied Meteorology and Climatology. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-21-0040.1">https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-21-0040.1</a>. Books Becker, J.O. 2021. Mitigating a galling problem in California's carrot production. Chapter 39. In: Integrated nematode management: State of the art and visions for the future. eds. Richard Sikora, Johan Desaeger, and Leendert Molendijk, CABI. Pp 284-289. DOI:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247541.0039">10.1079/9781789247541.0039</a> White JF, Kumar A, Droby S. (editors). 2021. Microbiome Stimulants for Crop Plants: Mechanisms and Applications. Woodhead Publishing, Elsevier, 485 pp. Extension and technical bulletins Becker, J.O. and J. Borneman 2021. Underground Ally. Sugar Producer. Published online Feb 01, 2021. <a href="https://www.sugarproducer.com/2021/02/underground-ally">https://www.sugarproducer.com/2021/02/underground-ally</a>. January 2021 issue of the Journal Sugar Producer, p. 18-19. <a href="http://read.uberflip.com/i/1322521-january-2021/17">http://read.uberflip.com/i/1322521-january-2021/17?</a> Becker, J.O., A. Ploeg, and J.J. Nuñez 2021. On the horizon: New tools for addressing root-knot nematode challenges in California’s carrot production. UC ANR Kern County Vegetable Crops Newsletter, Feb 2021, 2 pp. <a href="http://cekern.ucanr.edu/newsletters/Kern_Vegetable_Crops_Newsletter88463.pdf">http://cekern.ucanr.edu/newsletters/Kern_Vegetable_Crops_Newsletter88463.pdf</a> Damann, K., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Mesotunnels: Next best tool for cucurbit growers in the Northeastern US? USDA-NIFA OREI Blogpost (14 August 2020). Dille, J.A., Chism, L.I., Sassenrath, G.F. 2021. Using cover crops to suppress weeds and improve soil health. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: Vol. 7: Iss. 2. https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.8052 Hoepting, C, Smart, C, Betaw, H, and Day C. (2021) Organic control of Alternaria leaf spot and head rot in broccoli. VegEdge Newsletter Volume 17 Issue 22 September 15, 2021. Kikkert, J. R., Pethybridge, S. J., and Heck D. W. 2020. Management of Cercospora leaf spot of table beet in 2020. Cornell VegEdge (1 July 2020). 16(3):10. Kikkert, J. R., Pethybridge, S. J., and Lund, M. 2020. Management of white mold in beans. Cornell VegEdge 16(16):7. Kikkert. J. R., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. A new tool for the management of Cercospora leaf spot in table beet in New York: Miravis Prime. Cornell VegEdge 1 March 2020. Pp. 5. <a href="https://rvpadmin.cce.cornell.edu/pdf/veg_edge/pdf182_pdf.pdf">https://rvpadmin.cce.cornell.edu/pdf/veg_edge/pdf182_pdf.pdf</a>. Pethybridge, S. J., and Kikkert, J. R. 2020. Identification and management of foliar diseases of table beet. Proc. of the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Growers Convention, Hershey, Pennsylvania. 28 January 2020. Pp. 35-37. Pethybridge, S. J., Hoepting, C., and Hay, F. S. 2020. Stemphylium leaf blight in onions. Proc. of the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Growers Convention, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 28 January 2020. Pp. 24-26. Pethybridge, S. J., Olmstead, D., and Kikkert. J. R. 2020. Decision support for Cercospora leaf spot management in table beet in New York. Manual for New York table beet growers. 7 January 2020. Pp. 9. Pethybridge, S.J., and Kikkert, J. R. 2020. Identification of foliar pathogens and best management practices for Cercospora leaf spot. Proc. of the Empire Expo, Syracuse, New York. 16 January 2020. Pp. 6. Sassenrath, G.F., Knapp, M., Lin, X. 2021. Southeast Kansas weather summary – 2020. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: Vol. 7: Iss. 2. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.8053">https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.8053</a> Sassenrath, G.F., Mengarelli, L., Lingenfelser, J., Lin, X. 2021. Crop production 2020 – Corn, sorghum, Soybean, and sunflower variety testing. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: Vol. 7: Iss. 2. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.8051">https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.8051</a> Sassenrath, G.F., Mengarelli, L., Lingenfelser, J., Lin, X. 2021. Southeast Kansas wheat variety test results – 2020. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: Vol. 7: Iss. 2. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.8049">https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.8049</a> Sassenrath, G.F., Zhao, H., Lin, X. 2021. Impact of fungicide on wheat. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: Vol. 7: Iss. 2. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.8050">https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.8050</a> Schillinger, W., Jirava, R., Paulitz, T., Hansen, J., Jacobsen, J. and Schoftoll, S.  2021. Canola Rotation Effects on Soil Microbiology and Subsequent Wheat Yield. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences Technical Report 21-1. Pg. 63-64. Smart CD (2021) Integrated Pest Management School: Spots and Rots on Cole Crops. Proceedings of the 2021 Empire Producers Expo Smart, CD (2021) Managing Phytophthora in pumpkins & melons – the New York experience. Proceedings of the 2021 Minnesota Fruit and Vegetable Convention. Smart, CD, Cala, AR, and McMullen, P. (2021) Management strategies to control powdery mildew and root rots of hemp. Proceeding of the 2021 Hemp Field Day 0 posted on the Cornell hemp blog. Smart, CD, Lange, H, Kreis, R, Gonzalez Giron, JL (2021) Spots and rots on Brassicas: Managing common diseases. Proceedings of the 2021 Empire Producers Expo. Wen, N., Strauss, N., Garland-Campbell, K., and Paulitz, T. C.  2021. A Rapid Greenhouse Screening Method for Cereal Cyst Nematode (CCN) Resistance in Wheat Department of Crop and Soil Sciences Technical Report 21-1. Pg. 15. Yin, C., Schlatter, D., Kroese, D., Paulitz, T. C. and Hagerty, C. H.  2021. Responses of Soil Fungal Communities to Lime Application in Wheat Fields in the Pacific Northwest. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences Technical Report 21-1. Pg. 14 Meeting presentations and proceedings Gachomo EW, Efficacies of biofungicides against Pythium species and their impacts on non-target organisms in the soil, American Phytopathological Society annual conference, August 2021. Gachomo EW, The impacts of biofungicides on Pythium species and their associated microbiome in the soil.  The 66th annual conference on soilborne plant pathogens and the 51st California nematology workshop, March 2021 McBeath, J.H., McKee, H. and K. Thompson. 2021. Peony Disease Research in 2020 and 2021. Alaska Farm Conference, Nov. 14, 2021.    Olukolu BA (2021) Analysis of quantitative reduced representation sequencing data for strain-level metagenomic profiling. UTK OIT High Performance and Scientific Computing (HPSC) “-omics Symposium”. Knoxville, TN. Olukolu BA (2021) A quantitative Reduced Representation Sequencing (qRRS) of genomes; a paradigm shift in NGS-based genotyping. 36th Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference (SFTIC). Olukolu BA (2021) Metagenome-assisted genetic analyses improve GWAS/genomic prediction accuracy of disease traits. Department of Horticultural Science Seminar Series, University of Minnesota. Wilkerson, T. H. Thomas W. Allen, Daryl Chastain, Sally Stetina, Jack C. McCarty and Nicholus Tadlock 2020. Efficacy of Reniform Resistant Cultivars and Commercially Available Nematicides to Manage the Reniform Nematode In: Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences, virtual, January 5-7, 2021. Mississippi State University. Scope: State. Refereed: No. Invited or accepted: Accepted. Abstracts Cox, A., Moore, A. and Frost, K. 2021. Assessing spatial variability of soil health properties in Pacific Northwest potato cropping systems. ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting, November 7-10, Salt Lake City, UT.  Zeng, Y., Davidson, M., Casey, D., O’Neil, P., Pandey, B, Fulladolsa, A.C., Ham, J. Chim, B.K., Frost, K., Pasche, J. and Charkowski, A.O. 2022. Integrating remote sensing and molecular pathogen detection methods for developing a risk prediction model on an emerging soilborne disease in potato. 10th International Integrated Pest Management Symposium, February 28 – March 3, Denver, CO. Extension Talks/Field Days/Workshops/Consultations Becker, J.O. 2021. Carrot nematode management. Field day and ppt presentation. University of California South Coast Research & Extension Center, August 5, 2021. Becker, J.O. 2021. Decline of nematicide use in cole crops. UC IPM meeting, ANR Soilborne Plant Pathogens Workgroup, August 6, 2021, (invited Zoom presentation). Becker, J.O. 2021. IPM projects with sugar beet cyst and root knot nematodes. California Nematology Workgroup Meeting (Zoom), March 23, 2021. (invited) Becker, J.O. 2021. Management of plant-parasitic nematodes with chemical and biological agents. Graduate student class lecture NEM206 IPM, August 3, 2021. (invited) Becker, J.O. 2021. Nematicide use-decline: Exploring the past to understand the present. 66th Annual Conference on Soilborne Plant Pathogens and 51st Statewide California Nematology Workshop, March 23-24, 2021. Zoom presentation. Becker, J.O. 2021. New tools for nematode management in vegetable production. Field day and ppt presentation. University of California South Coast Research & Extension Center, August 9, 2021. Becker, J.O. 2021. Root-knot nematodes: Biology and IPM. Video presentation (Microsoft teams) and discussion with graduate students, University KU Leuven, Belgium, April 21, 2021. (invited) Becker, J.O. 2021. The nature of a cyst nematode population suppression. Invited international seminar presentation, organized by the Department of Plant Pathology, University College of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan, and the Phytopathological Society of Pakistan, May 26, 2021 (via Zoom and live Facebook transmission). (invited) Borneman, J., and J.O. Becker 2020. Fungal species naturally suppresses cyst nematodes responsible for major sugar beet losses. EurekAlert! 29-Oct-2020, American Association for the Advancement of Science. eurekalert.org <a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-10/aps-fsn102920.php">https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-10/aps-fsn102920.php</a> Branch, E., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Control of Rhizoctonia root rot of table beet. New York Processing Vegetable Meeting, Virtual by Zoom. Attendees = 48. Duration = 30 min. Total contact = 24 hours. 16 December 2020. Evin, B., Frost, K., Kinkel, L., MacGuidwin, A., Knuteson, D., Gevens, A., and Larkin, R. 2021. Disease suppressive soils. USDA NIFA Enhancing Soil Health in U.S. Potato Production Systems Extension Publication. Friesen, M. OSU Hermiston Farm Fair Special Session on Soil Health Agenda, November 2021 Frost, K. Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook. 2021. Edited by Pscheidt, J. and Ocamb, C., Oregon State University Press. Role: Co-author of sections describing 2 hemp diseases in 2021. Frost, K. Suppression of potato diseases using crop rotation. Washington-Oregon Potato Conference (Virtual), January 26, 2021 (~371) Invited. Frost, K.E. Blackleg and soft rot diseases in potato. Idaho Potato Conference (Virtual), January 17, 2021 (~448). Invited Frost, K.E. Diseases observed in Oregon’s hemp crop. Southern Oregon Hemp Growers Forum (Virtual), July 6, 2021 (~25). Invited. Frost, K.E. Informal Discussion. First rating of the Washington State potato seed lot trial, Othello, WA, June 8, 2021 (~30). Frost, K.E. Powdery scab and the environment.  Hermiston Farm Fair (Virtual), December 1, 2021 (~185). Invited. Frost, K.E. Summary of ongoing studies on crop rotation and soil fumigation. OSU-HAREC Potato Field Day, Hermiston, OR, June 23, 2021 (~70) Invited. Frost, K.E. What we are learning about potato soft rot in the western U.S. Wisconsin Potato and Vegetable Growers Association/University of Wisconsin Grower Education Conference (Virtual), February 3, 2021 (~140). Invited. Hay, F. S., Kikkert, J. R., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Integrated management of white mold in dry bean in New York. NYS Dry Bean Council, Batavia, New York. Attendees = 55. Duration = 60 min. Total contact = 55 hours. 10 March 2020. Leveau, JHJ.  December 17, 2019: 'Deconstructing the complexity of the plant microbial biome', John Lawrence Seminar at the Berkeley Lab, Aquatic Park, Berkeley CA. Leveau, JHJ.  December 4, 2020: ‘Microbial associations with plants: bio-based services for sustainable protection of California crops’, presentation at the annual W4147 project meeting (remote). Leveau, JHJ.  February 5, 2020: 'Scales, types, and outcomes of microbial interactions in the phytobiome', flash talk at the Tri-Institutional Partnership in Microbiome Research networking event, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA. Leveau, JHJ.  February, 1, 2021: ‘Microbial epiphytes for biocontrol of agricultural pathogens’, teaching seminar, Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, hosted by Dr. Sharon Doty (remote). Leveau, JHJ.  January 13, 2021: ‘Antimycotal activity of Collimonas isolates and synergy-based biological control of Fusarium wilt of tomato’, presentation at the 2020 UC Davis virtual meeting with Bayer Crop Science (remote). Leveau, JHJ.  March 3, 2021: ‘Studying microbial interactions in the phytobiome at microbial scales’, invited presentation at the Microbiome for Agriculture Congress, March 3-4, 2021 (remote). Leveau, JHJ.  September 23, 2020: ‘Welcome to Lab Leveau’, presentation at the 2020 Plant Pathology department retreat at UC Davis (remote). Leveau, JHJ.  September 30, 2021: ‘Mission-driven research and experience-based learning in plant-microbe ecology’, presentation as part of the application for the John and Joan Fiddyment Endowed Chair in Agriculture, Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis (remote) Murphy, S., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Potential of plant growth regulators for manipulating processing carrot growth in New York. New York Processing Vegetable Meeting, Virtual by Zoom. Attendees = 48. Duration = 30 min. Total contact = 24 hours. 16 December 2020. Paulitz, T. C.  2021. “Soil Microbial Communities: Relation to Plant and Soil Health in Wheat to the WSU Farmers Network Soil Health Webinar Jan. 13, 2021. Paulitz, T. C. 2021. “What’s New in Research on Soilborne Plant Pathogens”. Spokane Farm Forum, Ag Expo, Spokane, Washington.   Feb. 23, 2021 Paulitz, T. C. 2021. Soil Microbial Communities: Relation to Plant and Soil Health in Wheat.  Southern Mississippi University, Sept. 17, 2021. Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Bacterial diseases of cucurbits and chenopods. USDA-NIFA Specialty Crops Research Initiative Project Initiation Webinar. Attendees = 68. Duration = 60 min. Total contact = 68 hours. 20 May 2020. Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Cercospora leaf spot decision support system training program. Attendees = 20. Duration = 180 min. Total contact = 60 hours. 5 March 2020. Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Cucurbit and chenopods SCRI project: Objective 2. Attendees = 30. Duration = 180 min. Total contact = 90 hours. 12 March 2020. Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Digital agriculture in New York broad acre vegetable production. A reporting session for NSF PFI Advisory Committee. Attendees = 60. Duration = 180 min. Total contact = 180 hours. 17 March 2020. Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Digital agriculture in New York table beet production. A reporting session for Love Beets USA. Attendees = 20. Duration = 180 min. Total contact = 60 hours. 13 March 2020. Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Digital solutions to phytopathometry. NSF NRT Digital Plant Science Seminar and PLSCI 6400 and guest lecture. Attendees = 35. Duration = 60 min. Total contact = 35 h. 15 October 2020. Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Disease forecasting in vegetable pathology. Invited Lecture (Advanced Plant Pathology). University of Georgia. Attendees = 22. Duration = 90 min. Total contact = 33 h. 15 October 2020. Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Identification and management of foliar diseases of table beet. Mid-Atlantic Fruit & Vegetable Convention, Hershey, PA. Attendees = 72.  Duration = 30 min. Total contact = 36 hours. 29 January 2020.  Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Inter-cropping cover experiment. USDA-NIFA Organic Transitions Project Meeting. Attendees = 10. Duration = 120 min. Total contact = 20 hours. 26 May 2020. Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Manipulating table beet growth and health using plant growth regulators. New York Processing Vegetable Meeting, Virtual by Zoom. Attendees = 48. Duration = 30 min. Total contact = 24 hours. 16 December 2020. Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Organic management of foliar diseases of table beet. USDA-NIFA Organic Research and Extension Initiative Project Meeting 1. Attendees = 12. Duration = 120 min. Total contact = 24 hours. 24 March 2020. Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Organic management of foliar diseases of table beet. USDA-NIFA Organic Research and Extension Initiative Project Meeting 2. Attendees = 12. Duration = 60 min. Total contact = 12 hours. 19 May 2020. Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Soilborne diseases of vegetables in New York. W4147 Multistate Project (by zoom). Attendees = 25. Duration = 60 min. Total contact = 25 h. 4 December 2020. Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Stemphylium leaf blight management in onions. Mid-Atlantic Fruit & Vegetable Convention, Hershey, PA. Attendees = 120. Duration = 45 min. Total contact = 90 hours. 29 January 2020. Pethybridge, S. J. 2020. Vegetable pathology + digital agriculture. NSF NRT Digital Plant Science Seminar and PLSCI 6440 guest lecture. Attendees = 15. Duration = 60 min. Total contact = 15 h. 13 October 2020. Poleatewich, A. Michaud, I. “Natural disease suppression of peat-wood fiber substrates and implications for biological control”. UNH Extension 2020 Plant Health Webinar Series. August 2021 Sassenrath, G. Dec. 9, 2021. Soft winter wheat for southeast Kansas. Agronomy Night, Wildcat District. Independence, KS. Sassenrath, G. July 13, 2021. Technology and applications in conservation. Precision Ag Short Course. Manhattan, KS. Sassenrath, G. May 19, 2021. Cover crops, soil health, and weed control. SEREC Spring Crops Field Day. Parsons, KS. Smart, C. Empire State Producers Expo. January 14, 2021. Integrated Pest Management School: Spots and Rots on Cole Crops. 1 hour talk to 50 growers and educators. Contact hours = 50 Smart, C. Empire State Producers Expo. January 14, 2021. Spots and rots in Brassicas: Managing common diseases. 30 minute talk to 98 growers and educators. Contact hours = 49 Smart, C. Hemp Field Day. August 12 2021. Management strategies to control powdery mildew and root rots of hemp. 30 minute discussion of hemp diseases and management strategies with 75 in person attendees and 285 virtual. Contact hours = 180 Smart, C. Hop Grower project update. December 10, 2021. Plans for disease research on hops including powdery mildew resistance screening of breeding material. 3 hour event, but I spent about 30 minutes of direct interaction time with the 14 growers and researchers present. Contact hours = 7 Smart, C. Minnesota Fruit & Vegetable Convention. January 15, 2021. Managing Phytophthora and downy mildew in pumpkins & melons; the New York experience. 30 minute talk to 36 growers. Contact hours = 18 Smart, C. Western NY farm visits. August 3, 2021. 3 x 1 hour visits at three different farms. Two people per farm. Contact hours = 6 Smart, C. Western NY vegetable twilight meeting. August 3, 2021. Diseases of 2021. 2 hour meeting with 30 growers and educators. Contact hours = 60

Impact Statements

The long-term goal of my research is to understand the mechanism used by soil microorganism improve plant growth and disease development.

Date of Annual Report: 02/20/2023

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 12/02/2022 - 12/02/2022
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2021 - 09/30/2022

Participants

Hulbert, Scot Washington State University, Administrator scot_hulbert@wsu.edu;
Paulitz, Timothy. USDA-ARS, Pullman WA timothy.paulitz@usda.gov;
Fayad, Amer. NIFA representative;
Mcbeath, Jenifer University of Alaska jhmcbeath@alaska.edu;
Borneman, James. University of California, Riverside borneman@ucr.edu;
Sassenrath, Gretchen Kansas State University gsassenrath@ksu.edu;
Hao, Jay. University of Maine jianjun.hao1@maine.edu;
Kiran Mysore – Oklahoma;
Bais, Harsh - Deleware;
Wilkerson, Tessie Mississippi State University twilkerson@drec.msstate.edu;
Poleatewich, Anissa. University of New Hampshire anissa.poleatewich@unh.edu;
Branch, Eric - New York;
Pethybridge, Sarah - New York;
Olukolu, Bode. University of Tennessee bolukolu@utk.edu;
Friesen, Maren. Washington State University m.friesen@wsu.edu

Brief Summary of Minutes

W-4147 Agenda

Friday Dec. 2, 2022

https://wsu.zoom.us/j/97079193001

8:00AM - Introduction and remarks from Scot Hulbert, Washington State University and Amer Fayad, NIFA

Tim Paulitz – Meeting Chair: Tim discussed the agenda for the day as well as the need for everyone to submit their Annual Reports.

Introductions: All attendees briefly described what they are doing.

Amer Fayad – NIFA Representative for the project: Amer told the group that NIFA is building their staff in Washington DC and Kansas City, and most personnel have been working remotely since 2020. James Borneman asked Amer about how we could get the Biologically Based Pest Management Program resurrected – which was a USDA funding program that funded only biologically based research. Amer suggested we email him with this request and leave a comment in the website of the Pests and Beneficial Species in Agricultural Production Systems Program.

Scot Hulbert – Administrative Advisor for the project: Scot reminded the group that Appendix E needs to be filled by each member to enroll in new project (W5147) and that our new proposal looks good thus far. Scot also described a high level of interest in topics relevant to this group like soil health in Washington State. Scot informed new members of the group that they should talk to their experimental station administrator about funding for travel to the group meeting and possibly research.

8:15–10:25AM - State Reports: Each person will have 10 minutes, and can share via zoom

Jenifer McBeath – AK: Jenifer showed that Trichoderma atrovirde (Plant Helper) increased several nutrients in plant tissues. Plant helper also was shown to increase peony yields. Plant helper appears to also increase Rhodiola rosea (medicinal plant) growth. Large seasonal differences in microbial communities were also described.

James Borneman – CA: James described a project examining HLB (citrus greening) survivor trees in Florida. These trees are infected with the HLB-associated pathogen but they have either remained healthy or increased in health over the last 7 years – where the vast majority of trees have died over this same period. Several microbes and RNA transcripts were found to be more abundant in the survivor trees and non-survivor trees.

Gretchen Sassenrath – KS: Gretchen told us that it was a bad year in terms of drought and high temperatures in Kansas. Soybean yields were low and charcoal rot was the major problem. Treatments like a corn stubble layer on the soil were examined and various soil parameters including microbes were measured or assessed. Corn stubble led to the lowest soil temperatures.

Jay Hao – ME: Jay described a potato experiment with different potato genotypes, crop rotations, cover crops, compost, and soil fumigation treatments. Various soil and plant parameters are being measured. Compost and fumigation led to the best yields. Soil communities were not obviously different among the treatments thus far but this is an ongoing project. Lobster Shell Meal (LSM) is also being tested as a soil amendment and thus far it has been shown to increase growth. A phylogenetic analysis of bacterial strains from an outbreak of potato soft rot and blackleg was performed. Also, the most infectious strain had an extra copy of the Type 4 secretion system.

Kiran Mysore – OK: Kiran is examining bacterial and fungal diversity in the rhizosphere in relation to Arabidopsis PAMP mutants. No large differences in bacterial taxa were observed. There also were no large differences in fungal taxa, but Pezizaceae increased with a cerk1 mutant and many pathogens are in this taxonomic group. Also, a fls2 mutant showed a difference in bacterial beta diversity.

Emma Gachomo – CA: Emma described how California is the main producer or carrots and carrot cavity spot is a common disease caused by several Pythium species. An experiment with Ridomil and Pythium found small differences in the fungal communities via beta diversity. Ridomil also reduced several fungal taxa and increase other fungal taxa even though it is not supposed to target fungi.

Harsh Bais – DE: Harsh is examining Bacillus subtilis (UD1022) in relation to plant health. UD1022 forms biofilms and protects plants against multiple stressors. He is investigating mechanisms involving drought tolerance and soil water retention as well as microbial diversity and plant traits. Harsh showed that this bacterium can increase soil water retention. He is also examining how UD1022 or a synthetic microbial community can shape the microbiome and plant health.

Tessie Wilkerson – MS: Tessie is examining reniform nematode management strategies in cotton. She is investigating commercial reniform nematode resistant cotton lines/varieties in relation to nematode populations and crop yields. There were differences in cotton yields with various susceptible and resistant varieties with the resistant varieties in general performing better. She also discussed her educational outreach to students.

Anissa Poleatewich – NH: Anissa described the effects of different propagation substrates on plant growth in presence of root pathogens. Both cucumbers and Calibrachoa had less disease in with the Oasis substrate. She is also examining alternatives to peat moss including wood substrates. Radish grown in hammer-milled pine tree substrate had less damping off by R. solani and also increased plant growth. Wood fiber type and amount had varying effects on pathogen control and plant growth.

Eric Branch/Sarah Pethybridge – NY: Eric is examining treatments to improve the management of Rhizoctonia solani in table beets. Azoxystrobin (Quadris) and other fungicides were the treatment groups along with some biological control products. The standard treatment (Quadris) worked well and combining it with other fungicides did not improve crop yields. Biological control products were not nearly as effective as Quadris.

Bode Olukolu – TN: Bode described the use of quantitative Reduced Representation Sequencing (OmeSeq-qRRS) and the Qmatey automated pipeline for analysis of metagenomic and other types of datasets. This approach can be used to examine multipartite host-microbe interactions at the strain level including genotyping for breeding. Correlations with endosymbionts and pathogens with sweet potato and white-fly were found. Host JA-defense pathways (and others) correlated (interacted) with some of these microbes. Several different types of data can be fed into this analysis pipeline including metagenome, amplicon, genome, and others. Bode uses a library construction method that amplifies both DNA and RNA.

Tim Paulitz – WA: Tim is examining nematode communities in wheat cropping systems. Canola was shown to influence the microbiomes in a subsequent wheat crop. Canola led to increased Streptomyces as well as reductions of AMF fungi.

Maren Friesen – WA: Maren is examining rhizosphere and soil microbial communities as well as host-microbe interactions and rhizobial species in various systems. Maren's outreach includes organizing the Washington SoilCon meeting and engaging tribal communities.

Discussion of new 5-year plan: The group discussed a series of collaborative projects that we plan on performing in the next cycle of this project.

Election of secretary, discussion on next meeting site: Jay Hao will be the secretary for the 2023 meeting. Meeting locations were discussed and one possibility was in Riverside CA. The group agreed that a hybrid (virtual/in-person) meeting would be optimal, because it will enable more members to attend.

Accomplishments

Objective 1 To identify and characterize new biological agents, microbial community structure and function, naturally suppressive soils, cultural practices, and organic amendments that provide management of diseases caused by soilborne plant pathogens. CA. The goal of this research is to create more effective and sustainable strategies to manage cyst nematodes. Towards this goal, we have identified a group of fungi that dramatically reduces the population densities of cyst nematodes. This group is called the Hyalorbilia oviparasitica Clade, which was formerly called Dactylella oviparasitica. In this reported period, we demonstrated that we could predict which fields would suppress cyst nematode populations by quantifying the amount of these fungi in soil before a crop was planted. We expect that this will lead to the development of new cropping decision models that will enable growers to be create and maintain soils that suppress schachtii, which we anticipate will lead to higher crop yields and profitability for the growers. This work is currently being used to write a peer-reviewed paper. CA. The goal of this research is to create more effective and sustainable strategies to manage citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) disease, which is a citrus disease causing enormous damage in the US and across the planet. We have examined Huanglongbing (HLB) Survivor and Non-Survivor trees in Florida over the last seven years. Survivor trees are those that have a very slow rate of disease. In this reporting period, we have identified one key root-associated bacterium that correlates with this phenotype, along with the RNA transcripts from this bacterium that correlates with this phenotype. We expect that this will lead to the development of effective treatments for citrus HLB disease, which we anticipate will lead to higher crop yields and profitability for the growers. CA. Vanette- We have continued to isolate microbial agents from plants, mostly from leaves and flowers, to identify microbes that have biocontrol properties against plant pathogens sourced from soils, plants or insects. Our work has focused on agricultural and natural systems, including from insects that visit and feed on plants. We have also used high throughput sequencing to identify microbial taxa that inhabit agricultural systems under multiple agricultural management regimes. KS. Crop production fields with disease pressure were identified. Soil samples were taken and tested for diseases (Phytophthora root rot and charcoal rot) and nematodes (soybean cyst nematodes). Soil biological activity was assessed using PLFA; soil background nutrient status was also measured. Charcoal rot was identified to be a much more pervasive disease in southeast Kansas than other diseases or SCN. OR – Soil microbiome variation in potato cropping systems. We continued work to characterize the soil microbiome as a function of metam sodium fumigation, a disease control practice commonly used in the used in potato cropping systems. We found that previous MS fumigation had negative impact on soil bacterial diversity but did not affect microbial richness and fungal diversity. Fumigation history, soil series, and rotation crop diversity were the main contributors to the variation in microbial β-diversity. Predominant bacterial and fungal taxa were similar between fumigated and non-fumigated soils, but the relative abundance of bacterial and fungal genera varied with fumigation history. Also, MS fumigation altered soil bacterial and fungal co-occurrence network structure and associations. In general, legacy effects of MS fumigation are more pronounced for soil bacterial communities than they are for fungal communities. Additionally, the responses of soil microbiome to MS fumigation are context dependent and seem to vary depending on field management history. OR – Management factors influencing the potato rhizosphere microbiome. We characterized the microbiome in soils closely associated with seed potato (tare soils) and found that the microbiome varies as a function of seed source and that a large number of potentially plant pathogenic taxa were detected by sequencing tare soil, including pathogens of plants other than potato. We also found taxa potentially beneficial to plant health. Potato rhizosphere microbiome establishment appears to be heavily influenced by the bulk soil microbial community (i.e., the microbial community of the soil in which the seed tuber is planted). This suggests that on farm management practices that influence the soil microbiome are an important contributing factor to rhizosphere microbiome establishment that could influence plant productivity.  ME- Investigated soil biochemistry and microbial communities in improving soil health for enhancing potato production. Studied soil microbiomes and soilborne pathogens under soil fumigation. Examined microbial association in blackleg and soft rot disease of potato. Conducted field trials and examined soil treatments with chemicals and biological products on the control of potato early dying, black scurf and pink rot of potatoes. Evaluated potato clones and varieties for pink rot resistance. NJ- We continued research on mechanisms used by plants to extract nutrients from microbes absorbed from soils into plant tissues. NJ- We reported the functions of plant trichomes to cultivate diazotrophic microbes and described a hypothesized mechanism for nitrogen extraction in plants. NY- Pethybridge Lab: Characterizing the microbiome associated with table beet. To characterize the microbiome associate with table beet, samples have been collected from six organic and conventional fields across NY. DNA extractions have been conducted from samples collected in the phyllosphere, rhizosphere and bulk soil. ITS and 16s Illumina sequencing is being conducted to quantify microbial community structure, alpha and beta diversity, and differentiation in these variables based on azoxystrobin in-furrow for Rhizoctonia root rot control. NY- Pethybridge Lab: Effects of table beet residue management on the microbiome associated with table beet. A small plot replicated trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of selected residue management strategies, including plowing, flaming, urea, and lime application, for Cercospora leaf spot control in table beet. Treatments were applied to infested residue in fall and disease intensity was evaluated throughout summer. Samples to evaluate the microbiome in the phyllosphere, rhizosphere and bulk soil were also taken from each treatment. A repeat of this trial was again established in fall 2022 for monitoring in summer 2023. Results from this trial are pending. VA- Conducted field trials evaluating biological control agents (BCAs) against boxwood blight in western North Carolina, in collaboration with NC Department of Agricultural and Consumer Services, and NC Cooperative Extension. Selected BCAs and their combos, along with a fungicide standard and a nontreated control, were included in these trials. BCAs were applied monthly starting in late May while fungicide standard was sprayed every 3 weeks. VA- Elucidated the mechanisms by which a broad-spectrum biocontrol agent – Burkholderia sp. SSG controls boxwood blight. VA- Analyzed, wrote and published the research data on population dynamics of the boxwood blight pathogen in garden soil of five state, in collaboration with Cornell University, Clemson University, Dominican University of California, Illinois Department of Agriculture and California Department of Food and Agriculture. VA- Analyzed 16S amplicon sequence data, wrote and published one paper on bacterial communities in the boxwood blight pathogen suppressive garden soil under five different climatic conditions of the United States. WA- Bacterial community abundance in the soil fluctuates over the growing season. Bacterial communities in the soil play a major role in wheat health, nutrient uptake, residue decomposition and tolerance to abiotic stress. Most previous studies look at one time point, but little is known about how populations change over the growing season. ARS scientists at Pullman, Washington, and the Cook Long Term Agroecosystems Research site sampled every two weeks during the growing season (March-November) over three years and examined bacterial communities with amplicon sequencing of the 16S gene. Some bacteria families declined during the hot and dry months (June-August), but others maintained their populations. Previous rotation crops also influenced populations. This will help growers determine soil health in their field and how management practices may be adapted to favor beneficial microbiomes and increase yield and sustainability. WA- Camelina has a core microbiome of bacteria around its roots. Camelina, a member of the Brassicaceae family, is a potential low-input bioenergy crop that can be grown in rotation with wheat in dryland areas. But nothing is known about the microbial communities on the roots, and how this may influence crop performance and nutrient uptake. ARS researchers at Pullman, Washington, and Washington State University scientists, funded by a grant from Department of Energy, grew camelina in 33 soils and extracted DNA from the bulk soil, rhizosphere, and roots. The core microbiome present in all the locations included Sphingomonas, Rhizobium, Micrococcaceae, Gemmatimonadaceae, Phenylobacterium, and Streptomyces. We have made a culture collection to isolate and test the ability of these bacteria to increase camelina health and performance in the greenhouse and field. This research will help in the adaption of this crop to eastern Washington. Objective 2  To understand how microbial populations and microbial gene expression are regulated by the biological (plants and microbes) and physical environment and how they influence disease. CA. Vanette. Work in our lab has focused on how host plant factors, including specific chemicals produced, affect microbial growth, including the growth of prospective biocontrol agents and pathogens using both field and lab experiments. We performed a large-scale field experiment to assess variation in microbial growth. In 2020, we used a field–based experiment, where we inoculated two microbial species into many individuals of 4 cultivars of the native plant Epilobium canum to examine variation in microbial growth. In addition, we sampled uninoculated plants to see if our inoculation study corresponded well with unmanipulated plants’ microbial load. From our initial analysis of the data, we found significant variation in growth among cultivars in both fungal and bacterial growth. In the lab, we tested effects of common plant defenses (peroxides, alkaloids, volatiles) on microbial growth, both for individual microbes and communities in co-inoculation. Our results reveal that these common plant constituents have species-specific effects on potential microbial colonists and can influence species interactions among microbes. KS. Fundamental knowledge of specific environmental conditions that enhance infection of crop plants by pathogens is not known. While evidence suggests charcoal rot is more abundant in hot and dry environments, the particular environmental susceptibility of disease formation is unknown. We measured the abundance and viability of disease organisms as a function of the environmental conditions within the soil. Controlled environment studies were conducted to explore the linkages between soil conditions and microenvironment (moisture and temperature) on pathogen viability of M. phaseolina, the organism responsible for charcoal rot. Treatments were implemented in replicated field plots to measure the disease organisms under different environmental conditions in the fields. Treatments included two treatments that are likely to increase disease (soybeans and corn stubble, both hosts of disease organisms), three treatments that are likely to decrease disease (brassica cover crop, animal manure, and solarization), and a fallow control. Temperature sensors were installed in plots and temperatures were recorded continuously. Plastic sheets provide a “solarization” treatment, increasing soil temperature and potentially reducing soil microbes. Corn stubble is a potential source of pathogens, as corn is a host; alternatively, corn stubble provides more carbon for soil microbes, increasing their abundance and potentially reducing pathogens by increasing beneficial microbial populations. Animal manure would also provide a greater carbon source for the microbes, and add additional microbes to the soil, increasing the complexity of the soil microbiome. Interesting differences were observed in the environment within the soil of the different treatments. The plastic sheets raised the temperature more than 10 degrees above the fallow treatment, and temperatures remained elevated at night. Animal manure also raised the day-time temperature, but temperatures decreased at night to that of fallow. Temperatures under corn stubble greatly decreased soil temperatures throughout the day, keeping soil temperatures cooler than air temperatures during both night and day. Because of the extremely hot air temperatures in 2022, and the poor crop canopy development, soil temperatures in the crop canopy were near those of the fallow treatment. Soil samples were collected and are being analyzed for microbial activity. NY. Smart Lab: Change in Phytophthora capsici populations in NY over time. To identify control strategies, it is important to know how a pathogen population in a field is changing over time.  Sexual, endemic populations of the heterothallic Phytophthora capsici continue to devastate vegetable crops in the northeast. Over the past year we have collected 100 isolates from fields in Western NY that have been previously sampled, as well as 70 isolates from pepper fields in California. More than 50 of the isolates from Western NY were insensitive to the commonly used fungicide mefenoxam. This is a change in the population as only 5% of isolates collected in 2012 were insensitive to this fungicide. Cultivars of pepper and squash being planted on these farms have not changed dramatically in the past decade, however growers have continued to use mefenoxam at least once (and usually 2-3 times) per year. These data indicate that mefenoxam insensitive isolates are now established in Western NY and are overwintering, as isolates were collected early in the season when symptoms first appeared. NY- Pethybridge Lab: Differentiating inoculum sources for Cercospora leaf spot epidemics in table beet. Cercospora beticola (cause of Cercospora leaf spot of table beet) is the most important disease affecting foliar health in table beet. Despite the importance of this disease, little is known of the dominant inoculum sources for CLS epidemics. Potential inoculum sources include infested seed, alternative weed and crop hosts, infested residue, and soil. However, despite C. beticola populations being heterothallic and that sexual recombination is likely (through population genetic analyses), the sexual morph and hence a potential source of long-distance dispersal is unknown.  This knowledge will improve the design of effective disease management strategies. To address this question, a table beet field was established in an isolated location without a history of table beet (or alternative crop hosts). Specific genotypes of C. beticola were inoculated (MAT 1-1, and MAT1-2) in a transect perpendicular to the crop rows, and compared to a noninoculated area. CLS severity was quantified at regular intervals at specific distances from the inoculum source and samples were taken at the end of the season for isolation and genotype characterization. OR –Population dynamics of Spongospora subterranea in soils. In 2022, we repeated an observational field study first conducted in 2021. Again, pathogen inoculum changes and hourly soil water and temperature throughout the growing season were tracked in four commercial potato fields (selected based on their powdery scab disease history). Pathogen population dynamics and disease expression varied among locations and the environmental data are currently being used to model risk for powdery scab occurrence and PMTV infection. Bulk soil and potato rhizosphere soils were collected to characterize the soil microbiome and determine if microbial taxa antagonistic to S. subterranea are present in the soils. The long-term goal of the project is to develop diagnostic tools that would inform growers of their risk for losses due to powdery scab and PMTV transmission. WA- Plant root exudates feed bacteria on roots. Plant root exudates provide nutrients for soil microorganisms and modulate their affinity to host plants, but molecular details of this process are largely unresolved. ARS scientists at Pullman, Washington, and Mississippi State University researchers addressed this gap by characterizing the molecular dialog between eight well-characterized beneficial strains of the Pseudomonas fluorescens group and Brachypodium distachyon, a model for economically important grass family crops. RNA-seq profiling of the bacteria amended with root exudates revealed changes in the expression of genes and products that are important for the multiple benefits that Pseudomonas fluorescens provides to the plant, including protection against plant disease. These results collectively reveal the diversity of cellular pathways and physiological responses underlying the establishment of mutualistic interactions between these beneficial rhizobacteria and their plant host. Objective 3 Implement sustainable management strategies for soilborne pathogens that are biologically based and are compatible with soil health management practices. KS. Cover crops were planted in replicated blocks in the field in the fall and included: control (fallow with herbicide, no cover crop); wheat; Graza radish; annual ryegrass; spring oats; winter oat; forage collards; commercial cover crop mix; and a mix of radish + ryegrass planted both drilled and broadcast methods. Spring oats had the highest levels of NO3-N remaining, but lower levels of NH4-N. No consistent changes in nutrient levels for the different cover crops could be related to the measured difference in soybean yield. Bacterial percentage was the highest in all cover crop plots, with a similar pattern in percentage of actinomycetes and fungi ME. Conducted field trials and studied fungicides with biological control agents, cover crops, and soil amendment to control soilborne diseases. NY. Smart Lab: Efficacy of biologicals to control Phytophthora capsici in the field. To determine if products are available for control of Phytophthora capsici in organic vegetable production, we tested two products currently in development as well as three commercially available products on delecata squash. The two products in development are plant-based while the three commercially available products were Bacillius or Trichoderma-based. As a control, mefenoxam was included. None of the biological products were effective against the pathogen, while squash treated with mefenoxam showed no signs of disease. Untreated plants died within two weeks of inoculum being added to the soil. NY. Pethybridge Lab: Efficacy of fungicides for the control of Rhizoctonia root rot in table beet. A small plot replicated field trial was conducted at Cornell AgriTech in Geneva, New York. On 18 May, table beet seed (treated with Maxim 4FS, Apron XL, and Thiram 42-S) was planted at 17 seeds/ft using a Monosem planter with the press wheels up. Fertilizer (350 lb/A 10-5-10) was banded at planting, and 300 lb/A 10-5-10 and 2 lb/A boron were broadcast and incorporated one day earlier. Open furrows were inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani AG 2.2 on infested barley at 31.2 lb/A. Fungicides were applied in a 7-inch band using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer with a TeeJet 8003VS nozzle delivering 22.5 gal/A at 30 psi either just prior to furrow closing, post-emergent on 14 Jun (27 days after planting (DAP)), or on both dates. Eleven treatments (Quadris; Stargus applied once or twice; Regalia applied once or twice; Stargus + Regalia applied twice; Double Nickel applied once or twice; and Howler applied once or twice), including a nontreated control, were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Plots consisted of a 10-ft length of two rows, with 5 ft between plots in the same row and two rows between adjacent plots. Overhead sprinkler irrigation was applied as needed to ensure optimal plant growth and disease development. The total number of plants per 10 ft row was recorded. Crop stand at 19, 26, 34, 40, 48, and 61 DAP, was used to calculate area under the disease progress stairs (AUDPS) in the R package ‘Agrigolae’. At 70 DAP, all plants within a 3.2 ft transect were harvested and assessed. Disease incidence was determined based on the presence or absence of root disease symptoms. Roots were assigned a value from 0 to 5 for both exterior and internal disease severity: 0 = no diseased tissue; 1 = 1 to 10% diseased tissue; 2 = 11 to 30% diseased tissue; 3 = 31 to 60% diseased tissue; 4 = 61 to 99% diseased tissue; and 5 = 100% diseased tissue. Scores were converted to the averages within each category: 0 = 0%; 1 = 5.5%; 2 = 20.5%; 3 = 45.5%; 4 = 80%; and 5 = 100%. Weighted averages were then calculated for each root: (Exterior Rating × 0.25) + (Interior Rating × 0.75) = Weighted Average Disease Rating. The effect of treatment on AUDPS, root number, average shoulder diameter, and average root disease incidence and severity was evaluated using a generalized linear mixed model with means separated by a least significant difference test (R version 4.2.1). Nontreated plots had a Rhizoctonia root rot disease incidence of 68% and average disease severity per root of 11%. In general, the biopesticide treatments were like the nontreated control, with average disease incidence of 58%. Quadris (azoxystrobin, FRAC 11) was the only treatment to significantly decrease AUDPS and root disease incidence. Quadris reduced disease severity by 96%. Two applications of Howler, one or two applications of Double Nickel, and one application of Regalis also significantly reduced disease severity per root, but only by 61% to 82%. OR –Effects of rotation, soil amendment, and fumigation on potato early dying and the soil microbial community. In 2022, we continued work on two four-year crop rotation studies established in 2019 to examine how management practices including crop rotation with traditional fumigation, mustard biofumigant crop, dairy compost amendment, and a mustard biofumigant crop combined with a dairy compost amendment influence the soil abiotic and biotic properties, pathogen inoculum densities, and plant health and productivity. 2022 was the final year of the rotation study when all treatments were fully established and comparison could be made. WA. Influence of greenbridge management and weeds on soilborne pathogens. In a collaborative project with Oregon State University at Pendleton, OR, field trials have been established to look at the timing of weed sprayout in the fall, on Rhizoctonia and Fusarium crown rot. This project is also looking at how weed species composition affects the carryover of diseases. Objective 4. Provide outreach, education, extension and technology transfer to our clients and stakeholders- growers, biocontrol industry, graduate and undergraduate students, K-12 students and other scientists. CA. Borneman Accelerating Growth and Treating Disease via Metabolic Modeling of Citrus, The International Congress on Citrus Nurseries, October 3 2022, Visalia Convention Center, CA Understanding the Survivor Tree Phenotype. Annual Meeting of Western Regional Project W4147 on Biological Control, December 2 2022, Zoom because of COVID pandemic. James Borneman gave presentations to undergraduate and graduate students in his two Microbiomes courses (MCBL 126 & MCBL 226). These presentations covered biological suppression of plant parasitic nematodes as well as root microbes that may inhibit or exacerbate Huanglongbing (HLB) disease of citrus. CA. Vanette. Gave a plenary presentation on microbial mediation of plant-insect interactions at the Phytobiomes alliance meeting, which brought together researchers, industry, growers and students/trainees to discuss how microbes might be used in sustainable agriculture. KS. The Spring Crops Field day was held on May 17, 2022 at the SEREC in Parsons, KS. Presentations on wheat production, crop management, and soil health were shared with 75 attendees. A Soil Health field day was held in McCune, KS on February 8, 2022. Presentations were made by experts on soil-borne diseases, agroecological system functions, soil structure, and soil biology. A Regenerative Ag field day was held on August 11, 2022 in Girard, KS. Demonstrations included information on soil formation processes, measurements of soil health, and impacts of management choices on soil health and performance. NY. Pethybridge Lab: Outreach activities on sustainable disease management. In 2022, Pethybridge gave 10 extension/outreach presentations on soilborne disease management to the broadacre vegetable and dry bean industry stakeholders and growers. These presentations were predominantly meetings organized by Cornell Cooperative Extension throughout NY, and the Northeast Cover Crop Association. Undergraduate research experience Pethybridge had two undergraduate summer scholars in the lab during summer 2022. NY. Smart lab - 2022 Disease management strategies for Phytophthora capsici    In 2022, Smart gave nine talks to growers, extension educators and industry representatives including pathogen biology and disease management of Phytophthora blight and other pathogens. Undergraduate research experience.  Smart had two undergraduate researchers in the lab during the summer of 2022 OR (Frost) – Advised two one faculty research assistants, one technician, two graduate students, and one undergraduate students. In 2022, we published five refereed papers, one extension document, and six abstracts. Information has been disseminated to clientele within the region through talks at two grower education events and one field day, and to scientific peers via seven presentations. I have provided plant disease diagnostic services via the Pathology Diagnostic Clinic at the HAREC to Oregon, southeastern Washington, Idaho, and other crop production regions in the U.S. These services result in approximately 250 direct contacts with farmers or crop managers every year. In 2022, I organized a workshop with topics including soil health for the Hermiston Farm Fair Grower education event. Editorial positions currently held include Senior Editor and Editor for the APS Journals Plant Disease and Phytofrontiers, respectively. VA- Co-organized and -conducted quarterly international boxwood seminars. Co-organized a session at Cultivate’22, the largest annual educational event hosted by AmericanHort, the national trade organization with over 16,000 members, in addition to two symposia at professional conferences. Used Google groups for mass distribution of the latest research about boxwood blight mitigation. WA- Paulitz. Served as lead organizer of the 67th Conference on Soilborne Plant Pathogens, on zoom, March 23-24, 2022. Co-organizer of the 8th International Cereal Nematodes Symposium, Abant, Turkey.  Sept. 26-29, 2022. Hosted a Moroccan collaborator who was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship, May-October 2022. To work on nematode communities with morphological and molecular characterization. Also collaborated on numerous manuscripts. Continued a long collaboration with CIMMYT in Turkey, Morocco, and Kazakhstan and collaborated on numerous manuscripts. Consulted with the Washington State Department of Agriculture on the crucifer quarantine and black leg of canola. Presented 1.5 hour hands-on lab on The Soil Microbiome & Soil Health to growers at the Washington Wheat Academy, Dec. 15, 2022. Section editor of the Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology. Presently supervising one PhD student, one MSc applied, and on thesis committee of 3 MSc and 2 PhD students. WA- Friesen WSU “Intentional Inclusion: Minimizing Unconscious Bias and Microaggressions” April 5, 2022. WSU CEREO-Native American Program Seminar Series, Spring & Fall 2022 6 monthly seminars on Indigenous Knowledge

Publications

Peer Reviewed Ahmadi, M., Mirakhorli, N., Erginbas-Orakci, G., Ansari, O., Braun, H., Paulitz, T.C., Dababat, A. 2022. Interactions among cereal cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi, dryland crown rot Fusarium culmorum, and drought on grain yield components and disease severity in bread wheat. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology. 44(3):415-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060661.2021.2013947. Alkan, M., Bayraktar, H., Imren, M., Ozdemir, F., Lahlali, R., Mokrini, F., Paulitz, T.C., Dababat, A.A., Ozer, G. 2022. Monitoring of host suitability and defense-related genes in wheat to Bipolaris sorokiniana. The Journal of Fungi. 8(2). Article 149. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8020149">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8020149</a>. Blundell, R, Schmidt JE, Igwe AI, Cheung AL, Vannette RL, Gaudin A, Casteel, C 2020 Organic management promotes natural pest control through altered plant resistance to insect, Nature Plants 6 (5) 483-491. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-020-0656-9">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-020-0656-9</a> Bock, C. H., Pethybridge, S. J., Barbedo, J. G. A., Esker, P. D., Mahlein, A-K., and Del Ponte, E. M. 2022. A phytopathometry glossary for the 21st century: Towards consistency and precision in intra- and inter-disciplinary crosstalk. Trop. Plant Pathol. 47:14-24.<a href="https://gcc02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs40858-021-00454-0&data=04%7C01%7C%7Cec6b2b73b1ba46d9492108d955dfdd45%7Ced5b36e701ee4ebc867ee03cfa0d4697%7C0%7C0%7C637635243145068082%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000&sdata=1ldH68pU0tRrz0p5%2BhhkscLJCCCx8QooTc3in76m%2FF0%3D&reserved=0">https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-021-00454-0</a>. Chen, H, White, K Malik, H Chen, Y Jin, X Yao, X Wei, C Li, Z Nan. 2022. Soil nutrient dynamics relate to Epichloë endophyte mutualism and nitrogen turnover in a low nitrogen environment. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 174, 108832 Chen, H., JF White, K Malik, F Qi, C Li. 2022. Diplocarpon mespilicola sp. nov. Associated with Entomosporium Leaf Spot on Hawthorn in China. Plant Disease 106 (11), 2884-2891 Cheng, X., Dai, T., Hu, Z., Cui, T., Wang, W., Han, P., Hu, M., Hao, J., Liu, P., and Liu, X. 2022. Cytochrome P450 and glutathione s-transferase confer metabolic resistance to SYP-14288 and multi-drugs resistance in Rhizoctonia solani. Frontiers in Microbiology 13: 806339. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.806339. Crowell, CR, Wilkerson, DG, Bekauri, M, Cala, A, McMullen, P, Mondo, S, Andreopoulos, W, Lipzen, A, Lail, K, Yan, M, Ng, V, Grigoriev, I, Smart, LB, and Smart CD (2022) The Melampsora americana population on Salix purpurea in the Great Lakes Region is highly diverse with a contributory influence of clonality. Phytopathology 112:907-916. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-05-21-0201-R">https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-05-21-0201-R</a> Crowell, CR, Wilkerson, DG, Smart, LB and Smart CD (2022) Evidence of asexual overwintering of Melampsora paradoxa and mapping of stem rust host resistance in Salix. Plants 11: 2385. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11182385">https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11182385</a> Crowley-Gall A, Trouillas FP, Niño EL, Schaeffer RN, Nouri MT, Crespo M, Vannette RL. Floral microbes suppress growth of Monilinia laxa with minimal effects on honey bee feeding. Plant Disease. 2022 Feb 28;106(2):432-8. Curland, R.D., Mainello, A., Perry, K.L., Hao, J., Charkowski, A.O., Bull, C.T., Johnson, S., Rosenzweig, N., Secor, G.A. and Ishimaru, C.A. 2021. Species of Dickeya and Pectobacterium associated with 2015-2016 outbreaks of soft rot and blackleg of potato in Northeastern and North Central United States. Microorganisms 9(8): 1733. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081733. Del Ponte, E. M., Cazon, L. I., Alves, K. S., Pethybridge, S. J., and Bock, C. H. 2022. How much do standard area diagrams improve accuracy of visual estimates of disease severity? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop. Plant Pathol. 47:43-57.<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40858-021-00479-5">10.1007/s40858-021-00479-5</a>. <a href="https://osf.io/t2yjw/">Online Research Compendium Including Statistical Code: DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/T2YJW</a>. Delventhal, K., Busby, P., and Frost, K.E. 202X. Tare soil alters the composition of the developing the potato rhizosphere microbiome. Phytobiomes XX:XXX-XXX (Accepted November 2022 – In press). Delventhal, K., Skillman, V., Li, X., Busby, P., and Frost, K.E. 202X. Characterizing variation in the bacterial and fungal tare soil microbiome of seed potato. Phytobiomes XX:XXX-XXX (Accepted November 2022 – In press). Dubrow, ZE, Carpenter, SCD, Carter, ME, Grinage, A, Gris, C, Audran, C, Butchachas, J, Jacobs, JM, Smart, CD, Tancos, MA, Noel, LD, and Bogdanove, AJ (2022) Cruciferous weed isolates of Xanthomonas campestris yield insight into pathovar genomic relationships and genetic determinants of host- and tissue-specificity. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 35:791-802 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-01-22-0024-R">https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-01-22-0024-R</a> Gao, Y., Lu, X., Guo, R., Hao, J., Miao, Z., Li, Y. and Li, S. 2021. Responses of soil abiotic properties and microbial community structure to 25-year cucumber monoculture in commercial greenhouses. MDPI Agriculture 11 (4): 341. DOI: 10.3390/agriculture11040341. Gargouri, S., Bouatrous, A., Murray, T.D., Paulitz, T.C., Khemir, E., Souissi, A., Chekali, S., Burgess, L.W. 2022. Occurrence of eyespot of cereals in Tunisia and identification of Oculimacula species and mating types. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology. 44(3):345-353. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/07060661.2021.1995501">https://doi.org/10.1080/07060661.2021.1995501</a>. Ge, T. Ekbataniamiri, F., Johnson, S.B., Larkin, R.P. and Hao, J. 2021. Interaction between Dickeya dianthicola and Pectobacterium parmentieri in potato infection under field conditions. Microorganisms 9: 316. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020316. Giles, G, Indermaur, EJ, Gonzalez-Giron, JL, Herrmann, TQ, Shelnutt, SS, Starr, JK, Myers, K, Jensen, SL, Bergstrom, GC, Crawford, JL, Hansen, JL, Smart, LB, and Smart CD (2023) First report of downy mildew caused by Pseudoperonospora cannabina on Cannabis sativa in New York. Plant Disease. In press <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-22-1930-PDN">https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-22-1930-PDN</a> Hagerty, C., Gardner, S., Kroese, D.R., Yin, C., Paulitz, T.C., Pscheidt, J.W. 2022. Occurrence of mummy berry associated with huckleberry (Vaccinium membranaceum) caused by Monilinia spp. in Oregon. Plant Disease. 106(2):357-359. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-21-0691-SC. Han, R., Wu, Z., Teng, L., Wang, T., Liu, P., Hao, J. and Liu, X. 2021. Tracking pesticide exposure to operating workers for risk assessment in seed coating with tebuconazole and carbofuran. Pesticide Management Science 77(6): 2820-2825. DOI: 10.1002/ps.6315. Hao, J. and Ashley, K. 2021. Irreplaceable role of amendment-based strategies to enhance soil health and disease suppression in potato production. Microorganisms 9: 1660. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081660. Hassanzadeh, A., Zhang, F., Murphy, S. M., Pethybridge, S. J., van Aardt, J. 2022. Toward crop maturity assessment via UAS-based imaging spectroscopy – A snap bean pod size classification. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 60:5519717.<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2021.3134564">10.1109/TGRS.2021.3134564</a>. Hay, F. S., Heck, D. W., Klein, A., Sharma, S., Hoepting, C. A., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. Spatiotemporal attributes of Stemphylium leaf blight epidemics and effects of residue management in New York onion fields. Plant Dis. 106:1381-1391. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-07-21-1587-RE">https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-07-21-1587-RE</a>. Hay, F. S., Heck, D. W., Sharma, S., Klein, A., Hoepting, C., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. Stemphylium leaf blight of onion. Plant Disease Lesson. The Plant Health Instructor 22: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PHI-P-2022-01-0001">10.1094/PHI-P-2022-01-0001</a>. He, Y, T Chen, H Zhang, JF White, C Li. 2022. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=5iYm42cAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=5iYm42cAAAAJ:npT69zEmqdIC">Fungal endophytes help grasses to tolerate sap-sucking herbivores through a hormone-signaling system</a>. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 41 (6), 2122-2137 Hong, C. X., Daughtrey, M. L., Howle, M., Schirmer, S., Kosta, K., Kong, P., Likins, M., and Suslow, K.  2022. Rapid decline of Calonectria pseudonaviculata soil population in selected gardens across the United States. Plant Disease 106:2831-2838 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-22-0443-RE">https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-22-0443-RE</a>) Indermaur EJ, Day CTC, and Smart CD (2022) First report of Didymella rhei causing leaf spot on rhubarb in New York. Plant Disease in press <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-22-0573-PDN">https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-22-0573-PDN</a> Kim, D., Jeon, C., Cho, G., Thomashow, L.S., Weller, D.M., Paik, M., Lee, Y., Kwak, Y. 2021. Glutamic acid reshapes the plant microbiota to protect plants against pathogens. Microbiome. 9. Article 244. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-021-01186-8">https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-021-01186-8</a>. Kong, P., Li, X. P., Gouker, F., and Hong, C. X.  2022. cDNA transcriptome of Arabidopsis reveals various defense priming induced by a broad-spectrum biocontrol agent Burkholderia sp. SSG. International Journal of Molecular Sciences <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063151">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063151</a> Lange, HW, Tancos, MA and Smart, CD (2022) Investigating cruciferous weeds as reservoirs of Xanthomonas campestris in New York State. Plant Disease 106:174-181  <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-21-0998-RE">https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-21-0998-RE</a> Lehner, M. S., Alves, K., Del Ponte, E. M., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. Comparative fungicide sensitivity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum using mycelial growth and ascospore germination assays. Plant Dis. 106:360-363. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-21-1234-SC">https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-21-1234-SC</a>. Li, K., Wang, Y., Ge, T., Larkin, R.P., Smart, A., Johnson, S.B., and Hao, J. Risk evaluation of benzovindiflupyr resistance of Verticillium dahliae population in Maine. Plant Disease. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-06-22-1384-RE. Li, X. P., Kong, P., Daughtrey, M. L., Kosta, K., Schirmer, S., Howle, M., Likins, M., and Hong, C. X.  2022. Characterization of the soil bacterial community in selected boxwood gardens across the United States. Microorganisms 10, 1514 at <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/8/1514/pdf">https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/8/1514/pdf</a> Li, X., Petipas, R.H., Antoch, A.A., Liu, Y., Stel, H.V., Bell‐Dereske, L., Smercina, D.N., Bekkering, C., Evans, S.E., Tiemann, L.K. and Friesen, M.L., 2022. Switchgrass cropping systems affect soil carbon and nitrogen and microbial diversity and activity on marginal lands. GCB Bioenergy, 14(8), pp.918-940.  Li, X., Skillman, V., Dung., J., and Frost, K.E. 2022. Legacy effect of fumigation on soil bacterial and fungal communities and their response to metam sodium application. Environmental Microbiome 79:59 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40793-022-00454-w">https://doi.org/10.1186/s40793-022-00454-w</a>. Li, Y. Liu, Y., Zhang, Z., Shen, K., Hao, J., Luo, L. and Li, J. 2022. Characterization of the host range, sensitivity to fungicides of Trichothecium spp. associated with fruit rot in the field and harvest. Plant Pathology 71(5): 1142-1151. DOI: 10.1111/ppa.13550. Liu, Q., Liu, Xu, Y., Wang, B., Liu, P., Hao, J. and Liu, X. 2021. Encapsulation of fluazinam to extend efficacy duration in controlling Botrytis cinerea on cucumber. Pesticide Management Science 77(6): 2836-2842. DOI: 10.1002/ps.6318. Liu, Q.L., Q.Q. Huang, F. Zhou, P.W. Song, D.X. Li, H. Y. Hu, Y. Y. Guan, Y.A. Yu, P. Hu, Q. C. Wei, E.Y. Chen, C.W. Li and J. Hao. 2021. First report of Bacillus altitudinis causing rot of pomegranate in China. Australasian Plant Pathology 50: 427-429. DOI: 10.1007/s13313-021-00789-x. Liu, Y., Evans, S. E., Friesen, M. L., & Tiemann, L. K. (2022). Root exudates shift how N mineralization and N fixation contribute to the plant-available N supply in low fertility soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 165, 108541. Lu, X., Zhang, X., Jiao, X., Hao, J., Li, S. and Gao, W. 2022. Genetic diversity and population structure of Cylindrocarpon-like fungi infecting ginseng roots in Northeast China. Journal of fungi 8:814 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080814. Ma, X., Brazil, J., Rivedal, H., Frost, K., Perry, K., and Swingle, B. 2022. First report of Pectobacterium versatile causing potato soft rot of potato in Oregon and Washington. Plant Disease (Note) 106:1292. Madden, L. V., Esker, P. D., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. Forrest W. Nutter Jr.: A career in phytopathometry. Tropical Plant Pathol. 47:5-13. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-021-00469-7">https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-021-00469-7</a>. Madsen, I. J., Parks, J. M., Friesen, M. L., & Clark, R. E. (2022). Increasing Biodiversity and Land-Use Efficiency Through Pea (Pisum aestivum)-Canola (Brassica napus) Intercropping (Peaola). Frontiers in Soil Science, 20. McFarland, C. R., Friedrichsen, C., Tao, H., & Friesen, M. L. (2022). Working Together for Soil Health: Liberating Structures for Participatory Learning in Extension. Journal of Extension, 60(2), 7. Micci A, Zhang Q, Chang X, Kingsley K, Park L, Chiaranunt P, Strickland R, Velazquez F, Lindert S, Elmore M, Vines PL, Crane S, Irizarry I, Kowalski KP, Johnston-Monje D, White JF. Histochemical Evidence for Nitrogen-Transfer Endosymbiosis in Non-Photosynthetic Cells of Leaves and Inflorescence Bracts of Angiosperms. Biology. 2022; 11(6):876. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11060876">https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11060876</a> Mokrini, F., Laasli, S., Benseddik, Y., Joutei, A.B., Blenzar, A., Lakhal, H., Sbaghi, M., Imren, M., Ozer, G., Paulitz, T.C., Lahlali, R., Dababat, A.A. 2021. Potential of Moroccan entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae). Scientific Reports. 10. Article 19204. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76170-7.  Lewis, R.W., Okubara, P.A., Sullivan, T.S., Madden, B.J., Johnson, K.L., Charlesworth, C.M., Fuerst, E.P. 2022. Proteome-wide response of dormant caryopses of the weed, Avena fatua, after colonization by a seed-decay isolate of Fusarium avenaceum. Phytopathology. 112(5):1103-1117. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-06-21-0234-R">https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-06-21-0234-R</a>. Nieto-Lopez, EH, Cerritos-Garcia, DG, Koch Bach, RA, Petka, A, Smart, CD, Hoepting, CA, Langston, D, Rideout, S, Dutta, B, Everhart, SE. (2023) Species identification and fungicide sensitivity of fungi causing Alternaria leaf blight and head rot in cole crops in the eastern US. Plant Disease In press. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-22-1318-SC">https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-22-1318-SC</a> Pal, G., S Saxena, K Kumar, A Verma, PK Sahu, A Pandey, JF White. 2022. Endophytic Burkholderia: Multifunctional roles in plant growth promotion and stress tolerance. Microbiological Research, 127201 Pethybridge, S. J., Murphy, S., and Kikkert, J. R. 2022. Efficacy of fungicides and plant growth regulators for foliar disease control and yield components in processing carrots, 2020. Plant Dis. Manage. Rep. 16:V040. Pethybridge, S. J., Murphy, S., Hay, F. S., Branch, E. B., Sharma, P., and Kikkert, J. R. 2022. Control of Phoma leaf spot and root decay of table beet in New York. Plant Dis. 106:1857-1866. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-21-2506-RE">https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-21-2506-RE</a>. Pethybridge, S. J., Sharma, P., Murphy, S., and Sharma, S. 2022. Efficacy of fungicides for Cercospora leaf spot control in table beet, 2021. Plant Dis. Manage. Rep. 16:V039. Ren, H., Ding, Y., Hao, X., Hao, J., Liu, J. and Wang, Y. Enhanced rhizoremediation of polychlorinated biphenyls by resuscitation-promoting factor stimulation linked to plant growth promotion and response of functional microbial populations. Chemosphere. In print. Rivedal, H., Funke, C.N., and Frost, K.E. 2022. An overview of pathogens associated with biotic stresses in hemp crops in Oregon, 2019-2020. Plant Disease 106:1334-1340. Schaeffer RN, Pfeiffer VW, Basu S, Brousil M, Strohm C, DuPont ST, Vannette RL, Crowder DW. Orchard Management and Landscape Context Mediate the Pear Floral Microbiome. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2021 Jul 13;87(15):e00048-21. Schaeffer, R.N., Crowder, D.W., Illán, J.G., Beck, J.J., Fukami, T., Williams, N.M. and Vannette, R.L., 2022. Ecological dynamics of the almond floral microbiome in relation to crop management and pollination. Journal of Applied Ecology, in press. Preprint: bioRxiv. <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.05.367003v1.full">https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.05.367003v1.full</a> Schmidt, JE, Igwe AI, Blundell R, Gaudin A, Casteel, C, Vannette RL, 2019Effects of agricultural management on rhizosphere microbial structure and function in processing tomato. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, AEM. 01064-19. Schlatter, D.C., Hansen, J.C., Carlson, B.R., Leslie, I.N., Huggins, D.R., Paulitz, T.C. 2022. Are microbial communities indicators of soil health in a dryland wheat cropping system? Applied Soil Ecology. 170. Article 104302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2021.104302.   Sharma, S., Kikkert, J. R., Heck D. W., Branch, E. A., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. Cercospora leaf spot of table beet. Disease Lesson. The Plant Health Instructor 22: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PHI-P-20%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8B22-02-0%E2%80%8B101">10.1094/PHI-P-2022-02-0101</a>. Spanner, R., Neubauer, J., Heick, T. M., Grusak, M. A., Hamilton, O., Rivera-Varas, V., Hamilton, O., de Jonge, R., Pethybridge, S. J., Webb, K. M., Leubner-Metzger, G., Secor, G. A., and Bolton, M. D. 2022. Seed-borne Cercospora beticola can initiate disease in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Phytopathology 112:1016-1028. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-03-21-0113-R">https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-03-21-0113-R</a>. Sudermann, MR, McGlip, L, Regnier, M, Rodriguez Jaramillo, A, Vogel, G, and Smart, CD (2022) The diversity of Passalora fulva isolates collected from tomato plants in US high tunnels. Phytopathology 112:1350-1360. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-06-21-0244-R">https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-06-21-0244-R</a> Sun, Y. Wu, H., Zhou W., Yuan, Z., Hao, J., Liu X. and Han, L. 2022. Effects of indole derivatives from Purpureocillium lilacinum in controlling tobacco mosaic virus. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 183: 105077. DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105077. Sun, Y., Wu, H., Xu, S., Tang, S., Hao, J., Liu, X., Zhang, H., Han, L. 2022. Roles of the EPS66A polysaccharide from Streptomyces sp. in inducing tobacco resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 209: 885-894. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.081. Ulbrich, T. C., Rivas-Ubach, A., Tiemann, L. K., Friesen, M. L., & Evans, S. E. (2022). Plant root exudates and rhizosphere bacterial communities shift with neighbor context. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 172, 108753. Verma SK, Chen Q, White JF. 2022. Evaluation of colonization and mutualistic endophytic symbiosis of Escherichia coli with tomato and Bermuda grass seedlings. PeerJ 10:e13879 <a href="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13879">https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13879</a> Vogel, G, Giles, G, Robbins, KR, Gore, MA, and Smart CD (2022). Quantitative genetic analysis of interactions in the pepper-Phytophthora capsici pathosystem. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. 35:1018-1033 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-12-21-0307-R">https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-12-21-0307-R</a> Wang, Y., Jin, Y., Han, P., Hao, J., Pan, H. and Liu, J. 2021. Impact of soil disinfestation on soil fungal and bacterial communities in cucumber cultivation. Frontiers in Microbiology 12: 685111. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.685111. Wang, Y., Yang, R., Hao, J., Sun, M., Wang, H. and Ren H. 2021. The impact of Pseudomonas monteilii PN1 on enhancing the alfalfa phytoextraction and responses of rhizosphere soil bacterial communities in cadmium-contaminated soil. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 9(6): 106533. DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2021.106533. Wendlandt, C.E., Roberts, M., Nguyen, K.T., Graham, M.L., Lopez, Z., Helliwell, E.E., Friesen, M.L., Griffitts, J.S., Price, P. and Porter, S.S., 2022. Negotiating mutualism: A locus for exploitation by rhizobia has a broad effect size distribution and context‐dependent effects on legume hosts. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 35(6), pp.844-854. Wilkerson, DG, Crowell, CR, Carlson, CH, McMullen P, Smart, CD, and Smart LB (2022) Comparative transcriptomics and eQTL mapping of response to Melampsora americana in selected Salix purpurea F2 progeny. BMC Genomics 23, 71 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-021-08254-1">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-021-08254-1</a> Wu, Z., Wang, G., Zhang, B., Dai, T., Gu, A. Li, X., Cheng, X., Liu, P., Hao, J. and Liu, X. 2021. Metabolic mechanism of plant defense against rice blast induced by probenazole. Metabolites 11(4): 246. DOI: 10.3390/metabo11040246. IF3.303. Zhang, F., Hassanzadeh, Z., Kikkert, J. R., Pethybridge, S. J., and van Aardt, J. 2022. Evaluation of Leaf Area Index (LAI) of broadacre crops using UAS-based LiDAR point clouds and multispectral imagery. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 15:4027-4044. <a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9769924%20">10.1109/JSTARS.2022.3172491</a>. Zhang, Qiuwei, Kathryn L. Kingsley, and James F. White. 2022. Endophytic Pseudomonas sp. from Agave palmeri Participate in the Rhizophagy Cycle and Act as Biostimulants in Crop Plants Biology 11, no. 12: 1790. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11121790">https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11121790</a> Zhang, X., Li, D., Huo, H., Xing, X., Lian, Y., Yu, Z., Hao, J. 2021. Improving evaluation of potato resistance to Rhizoctonia solani infection by optimizing inoculum-based method combined with toxin-based assay. Crop Protection 144: 105544. DOI: 0.1016/j.cropro.2021.105544. Zhao, H.D., Sassenrath, G.F., Zambreski, Z.T., Shi, L., Lollato, R., De Wolfe, E., Lin, X. Predicting winter wheat heading date: A simple model and its validation in Kansas. J. Applied Meteorology and Climatology. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-21-0040.1">https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-21-0040.1</a>. Zhao, S, S Banerjee, JF White, JJ Liu, N Zhou, CY Tian. 2022. High salt stress increases archaeal abundance and network connectivity in saline agricultural soils. Catena 217, 106520 Book Chapters Hay, F. S., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. Stemphylium leaf blight of onion. Allium Chapter in World Handbook of Vegetables. In press. Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. Cercospora leaf spot. Chenopodiaceae Chapter in World Handbook of Vegetables. In press. Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. Alternaria leaf spot. Chenopodiaceae Chapter in World Handbook of Vegetables. In press. Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. Aphanomyces root rot. Chenopodiaceae Chapter in World Handbook of Vegetables. In press. Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. Bacterial leaf spot. Chenopodiaceae Chapter in World Handbook of Vegetables. In press. Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. Black leg. Chenopodiaceae Chapter in World Handbook of Vegetables. In press. Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. Common scab. Chenopodiaceae Chapter in World Handbook of Vegetables. In press. Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. Pythium root rot. Chenopodiaceae Chapter in World Handbook of Vegetables. In press. Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. Rhizoctonia root rot. Chenopodiaceae Chapter in World Handbook of Vegetables. In press. Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. Southern root rot. Chenopodiaceae Chapter in World Handbook of Vegetables. In press. Quesada-Ocampo, LM, Parada-Rojas, CH, Hansen, Z, Vogel, G, Smart, CD, Hausbeck, MK, Huitema, E, Naegele, RP, Kousik, CS, Tandy, P, and Lamour, K. (2023) Phytophthora capsici: Recent progress on fundamental biology and disease management 100 years after its description. In: xxyy ed Annual Review of Phytopathology Volume x. APS Press, St. Paul. Smart, L.B., Toth, J.A., Stack, G.M., Monserrate, L.A. and Smart, C.D. (2022) Breeding of hemp (Cannabis sativa). In: Goldman, I. ed. Plant Breeding Reviews Vol. 46, New York, NY; Wiley, pp. XX-XX. (in press). Extension and technical bulletins Ashley, K.A., Zhang, X.Y., Mason, M., Fan, X.W., Levasseur, P. and Hao, J. 2022. Effects of B Sure and Invigorate on the control of soilborne diseases of potato. Plant Disease Management Reports 16: V020. Damann, K., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-xnUAZkJPX0">Identification of powdery mildew on cucurbit</a>. YouTube Video. 16 March 2022. Damann, K., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. <a href="https://www.cucurbit.plantpath.iastate.edu/post/reflecting-2021-mesotunnel-trials-ny">Reflecting on the 2021 mesotunnel trials in New York</a>. Current Cucurbit (blog post). 8 March 2022. Damann, K., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. Reflections on the 2022 mesotunnel research trials in NY. 1 December 2022. The Current Cucurbit Website. Damann, K., Gleason, M., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. What is cucurbit powdery mildew? Extension Bulletin Infographic. 21 April 2022. The Current Cucurbit Website.<a href="https://www.cucurbit.plantpath.iastate.edu/files/inline-files/Final%20PM%20Infographic.pdf">Final PM Infographic.pdf (iastate.edu)</a>. Damann, K., Gleason, M., and Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. What is cucurbit downy mildew? Extension Bulletin Infographic. 21 April 2022. The Current Cucurbit Website. <a href="https://www.cucurbit.plantpath.iastate.edu/files/inline-files/DM%20Infographic.pdf">DM Infographic.pdf (iastate.edu)</a>. Dille, J., Hewitt, A., Sassenrath, G. 2022. Using cover crops to control weeds and improve soil health. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports. Vol. 8:Iss. 3. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.8284">https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.8284</a> Moore, A., Frost, K., Rosen, C., Knuteson, D., Ruark, M., and Steinke, K. 2022. Organic Amendments & Potatoes. USDA NIFA Enhancing Soil Health in U.S. Potato Production Systems Extension Publication. Pethybridge, S. J., Murphy, S. M., and Kikkert, J. R. 2022. 2022 fungicide trials for white mold control in snap beans. Cornell VegEdge 18 (25):5.<a href="https://rvpadmin.cce.cornell.edu/pdf/veg_edge/pdf256_pdf.pdf">VegEdge newsletter – Vol. 18, Iss. 25, 12/1/2022 (cornell.edu)</a>. Pethybridge, S. J., Murphy, S. M., and Kikkert, J. R. 2022. Manipulating table beet and carrot production with plant growth regulators. Cornell VegEdge (submitted). Sassenrath, G., Andersen Onofre, K., Lingenfelser, J., Lin, X. 2022. Comparison of sensitivity to Fusarium head blight in soft red and hard red winter wheat varieties. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports Vol. 8:Iss. 3. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.8285">https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.8285</a> Smart, C.D. (2022) Tomato IPM School – so many diseases so little time. Proceedings of the Tomato IPM School and the 2022 Empire Producers Expo. Smart, C.D. (2022) Vegetable disease issues of the 2021 growing season. Proceedings of the 2022 Empire Producers Expo. Zhang, X.Y., Fan, X.W., Ashley, K.A., Levasseur, P., Chim, B. and Hao, J. 2022. Field evaluation of chemical and biological products on the control of Verticillium wilt of potato in Maine, 2021. Plant Disease Management Reports 16: V119. Zhang, X.Y., Fan, X.W., Ashley, K.A., Mason, M., Ge, T., Levasseur, P. and Hao, J. 2022. Field evaluation of Actinovate for soil treatment on the control of potato black scurf in Maine, 2021. Plant Disease Management Reports 16: V116. Zhang, X.Y., Fan, X.W., Ashley, K.A., Mason, M., Ge, T., Levasseur, P. and Hao, J. 2022. Field evaluation of four fungicides for soil treatment on the control of pink rot of potato in Maine, 2021. Plant Disease Management Reports 16: V117. Meeting presentations and proceedings Frost, K. Enhancing potato health through management-based optimization of plant and soil microbiomes. NC State Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Seminar Series, April 11, 2022, Raleigh, NC. Invited. Hao, J. Understanding the outbreak of blackleg and soft rot of potato in NE US. PEI Potato Conference, Prince Edward Island, Canada, via Zoom. Mar. 30, 2022. Karim, S., Li, X., Skillman, V., Swisher Grimm, K., and Frost, K. 2022. Short-term response of the soil microbial community to soil applied pesticides commonly used for potato production. American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting, August 7 - August 10, 2022, Pittsburg, PA. Moore, A., Sathuvalli, V., Frost, K., Yilma, S., Aguilar, M., and Charlton, B. 2022. Powdery scab of potato: expanding genomic resources for the pathogen and host. Annual meeting of the Potato Association of America, July 17-21, Missoula, MT. Ocamb, C.M., Rivedal, H.M., Gent, D.H., KC, A. N., Shrestha, G., Jones, G.B., Frost, K.E., Dung, J.K.S., Thom, W.J., Garfinkel, A.R., Claassen, B.J., Wiseman, M.S., and Massie, S.T. 2022. Disease risks associated with hemp production in the Pacific Northwest. OSU Global Hemp Innovation Center Virtual Cannabis Research Conference, August 8-11 (Online). Paulitz, T. C. Soil Microbial Communities: Relation to Plant and Soil Health in Wheat to Southern Mississippi University, Sept. 17, 2022 Paulitz, T. C. 2022. Soil Health and Microbiomes of Dryland Wheat in the Pacific Northwest of the US. 13th Arab Congress of Plant Protection Hammamet, Tunisia 16-21 October 2022 Paulitz, T. C. 2022.  The Wheat Microbiome and Soil Health- Making the Connections 8th International Cereal Nematodes Symposium Sept. 28, 2022 Bolu, Turkey Rivedal, H.M., Shrestha, G., Jones, G. B., KC, A., Frost, K. E., Dung, J.K.S., Zasada, I. A., Núñez, L., Gent, D. H., Garfinkel, A. R., Thomas, W., and Ocamb, C. M. 2022. A disease survey of industrial hemp grown outdoors in Oregon and Washington. American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting, August 7 - August 10, 2022, Pittsburg, PA. Schlatter, D., Yin, C., Hanson, J., Schillinger, W and Paulitz, T C. 2022. Rhizosphere and endosphere microbiomes associated with reduced wheat yields following canola.  Plant Health 2022, Pittsburgh, PA Aug. 6-19, 2022. Vanette, R. Microbes mediate insect-plant interactions Phytobiomes Conference, plenary speaker, Sept 13, 2022 Vanette, R. Entomological Society of America,The impact of mighty microbes and their arthropod hosts in agro-ecosystems. Nov 13, 2022 Zeng, Y., Davidson, M., Casey, D., O’Neil, P., Pandey, B, Fulladolsa, A.C., Chim, B.K., Frost, K., Pasche, J. and Charkowski, A.O. 2022. Model-based forecasting of powdery scab risk in potato, integrating soil sporosorus inoculum, potato cultivar, and environmental monitoring data. American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting, August 7 - August 10, 2022, Pittsburg, PA. Zeng, Y., Davidson, M., Casey, D., O’Neil, P., Pandey, B, Fulladolsa, A.C., Chim, B.K., Frost, K., Pasche, J. and Charkowski, A.O. 2022. Integrating remote sensing and molecular pathogen detection methods for developing a risk prediction model on an emerging soilborne disease in potato. 10th International Integrated Pest Management Symposium, February 28 – March 3, Denver, CO. Abstracts Ashley, K., Hao, J., Larkin, R. Crop management impacts on soil health, disease, and yield in northern Maine potato production. 2022 Annual Meeting of American Phytopathological Society, August 5 – 10, 2022. Pittsburg, PA. Ekbataniamiri, F., Ge, T., Johnson, S.B., Larkin, R. and J. Hao. 2022. Investigating surface water in association with potato blackleg and soft rot. Abstract of the paper presented at the 104th Virtual Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America, July 20 -22, American Journal of Potato Research 100: #28. DOI: 10.1007/s12230-022-09868-1. Karim, S., Li, X., Skillman, V., Swisher Grimm, K., and Frost, K. 2022. Short-term response of the soil microbial community to soil applied pesticides commonly used for potato production. Phytopathology xx(Suppl. yy):SX.YY. Moore, A., Sathuvalli, V., Frost, K., Yilma, S., Aguilar, M., and Charlton, B. 2022. Powdery scab of potato: expanding genomic resources for the pathogen and host. Annual meeting of the Potato Association of America, July 17-21, Missoula, MT Ocamb, C.M., Rivedal, H.M., Gent, D.H., KC, A. N., Shrestha, G., Jones, G.B., Frost, K.E., Dung, J.K.S., Thom, W.J., Garfinkel, A.R., Claassen, B.J., Wiseman, M.S., and Massie, S.T. 2022. Disease risks associated with hemp production in the Pacific Northwest. OSU Global Hemp Innovation Center Virtual Cannabis Research Conference, August 8-11. Rivedal, H.M., Shrestha, G., Jones, G. B., KC, A., Frost, K. E., Dung, J.K.S., Zasada, I. A., Núñez, L., Gent, D. H., Garfinkel, A. R., Thomas, W., and Ocamb, C. M. 2022. A disease survey of industrial hemp grown outdoors in Oregon and Washington. Phytopathology xx(Suppl. yy):SX.YY. Zeng, Y., Davidson, M., Casey, D., O’Neil, P., Pandey, B, Fulladolsa, A.C., Chim, B.K., Frost, K., Pasche, J. and Charkowski, A.O. 2022. Model-based forecasting of powdery scab risk in potato, integrating soil sporosorus inoculum, potato cultivar, and environmental monitoring data. Phytopathology 112(Suppl. 12):SX.YY. Zeng, Y., Davidson, M., Casey, D., O’Neil, P., Pandey, B, Fulladolsa, A.C., Chim, B.K., Frost, K., Pasche, J. and Charkowski, A.O. 2022. Integrating remote sensing and molecular pathogen detection methods for developing a risk prediction model on an emerging soilborne disease in potato. 10th International Integrated Pest Management Symposium, February 28 – March 3,  Denver, CO. Zhang, X., Ge, T., Fan, X., Chim, B.K., Johnson, S.B., Porter, G. and Hao, J. Impact of inoculation methods on potato tuber responses to Dickeya dianthicola infection. 2022 Annual Meeting of American Phytopathological Society, August 5 – 10, 2022. Pittsburg, PA. Extension Talks/Field Days/Workshops/Consultations Borneman, J. Accelerating Growth and Treating Disease via Metabolic Modeling of Citrus, The International Congress on Citrus Nurseries, October 3 2022, Visalia Convention Center, CA Borneman, J. Understanding the Survivor Tree Phenotype. Annual Meeting of Western Regional Project W4147 on Biological Control, December 2 2022, Zoom because of COVID pandemic Frost, K.E. 2022 plant disease research: fumigation, tuber blemishes, and stem canker. OSU-HAREC Potato Field Day, Hermiston, OR, June 22, 2022 (~70) Invited. Frost, K.E. Impact of tare soils on rhizosphere microbiome establishment and implications for plant health. Hermiston Farm Fair (Virtual).  November 30, 2022 (~250). Invited. Frost, K.E. Suppression of soilborne diseases: fumigation and crop rotations. Hermiston Farm Fair (Virtual).  December 1, 2022 (~230). Invited. Frost, K. F. Hermiston Farm Fair, Soil Health/General Session (AD). Eight invited speakers. (~230 attendees) Hao, J. Maine Potato Research Field Day, Aroostook Research Farm, Presque Isle, ME. Aug. 17, 2022. 100 attendees. Paulitz T. C.  2022. The Soil Microbiome. Talk at the annual LTAR meeting at the Cook Agronomy Farm, July 13, 2022. Paulitz, T. C.  Does canola suppress AMF infection in a following wheat crop? WA  SoilCon Feb. 23, 2022  Paulitz, T. C. 2022. Research at USDA-ARS Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit:  What’s New? talk at Spokane Farm Forum on New Research in Feb. 2, 2022. Paulitz, T. C. 2022. The Soil Microbiome & Soil Health.  A 1.5 hour lab presented to growers at the Washington Wheat Academy, Dec. 15, 2022. Paulitz, T. C. 2022.Soil Microbial Communities: Relation to Plant and Soil Health in Wheat to Walla Walla Conservation District Annual Meeting January 27, 2022. Paulitz, T. C. Black leg of canola , Canola field day, Davenport, WA June 17, 2022. Paulitz, T. C. Current Research at USDA-ARS Pullman Presented talk at Western Wheat Workers meeting, Pendleton, OR, June 20, 2022. Paulitz, T. C. Determination of the Microbial Bases for Yield Decline In Wheat After Canola to Washington Oilseeds and Cropping Systems Commission, March 15, 2022, Spokane, WA. Pedreira, B., Sassenrath, G.F. 2022. Corn production in Southeast Kansas. Kansas Corn School. Jan. 18, 2022. Parsons, KS. Pedreira, B., Sassenrath, G.F. 2022. Wheat disease and soil health. Kansas Crop Improvement Association. Feb. 15-16. Manhattan, KS Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. Mesotunnels for integrated pest management of organic cucurbit production. Organic Cucurbit Field Day, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY. Attendees = 20. Duration = 2 hours. Total contact = 40 hours. 9 August 2022. Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. On-farm trial results for mesotunnels for organic cucurbit Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. Optimizing pollination in mesotunnels for cucurbit production (NY results). Iowa State University Mesotunnel Working Group. Virtual by Zoom. Attendees = 25. Duration = 60 min. Total contact = 25 hours. 25 October 2022. Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. Potential of cereal rye mulch to suppress white mold in no-till soybean and dry bean. Northern Grain Growers Association. 2022 Grain Growers Series. University of Vermont Extension. Virtual by Zoom. Attendees = 30. Duration = 60 min. Total contact = 30 hours. 30 March 2022. Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. Potential of cereal rye mulch to suppress white mold in no-till soybean and dry bean. Empire Expo. Virtual by Zoom. Attendees = 32. Duration = 40 min. Total contact = 21.3 hours. 9 March 2022. Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. Potential of cereal rye mulch to suppress white mold in no-till soybean and dry bean. Northeast Cover Crop Conference. Virtual by Zoom. Attendees = 80. Duration = 45 min. Total contact = 60 hours. 10 March 2022. Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. Stakeholder engagement. Tips for new Assistant Professors on extension. Cornell Cooperative Extension Seminar Series. Virtual by Zoom. Attendees = 42. Duration = 60 min. Total contact = 42 hours. 28 April 2022. Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. Towards a durable management strategy for white mold in dry beans in New York: Sclerotial survival (2021/22). NYS Dry Bean Council. Virtual by Zoom. Attendees = 40. Duration = 45 min. Total contact = 30 hours. 16 March 2022. Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. Untangling the web of cover crops and root diseases in summer crops. Organic No-Till Field Day, Hudson Valley Farm Hub, Hurley, NY. Attendees = 50. Duration = 4 hours. Total contact = 200 hours. 4 August 2022. Pethybridge, S. J. 2022. Using mesotunnels for integrated pest management in organic cucurbit production (NY results). Iowa State University Mesotunnel Working Group. Virtual by Zoom. Attendees = 30. Duration = 60 min. Total contact = 30 hours. 11 November 2022. production (NY results). Iowa State University Mesotunnel Working Group. Virtual by Zoom. Attendees = 25. Duration = 60 min. Total contact = 25 hours. 18 November 2022. Sassenrath, G.F. 2022. Measuring soil biology. Extension presentation. March 10, 2022. Haven, KS Sassenrath, G.F. 2022. Soil health: Improving production and profitability. Southeast Kansas Soil Health Field Day, McCune, KS. Feb. 8, 2022. Sassenrath, G.F. 2022. Suppressive soils for improved crop production. Radio interview with Greg Akagi, WIBW radio. Smart, C. Alternaria leaf and head rot on broccoli research update. January 6, 2022. 2x15 minutes talks to 26 participants. Contact hours = 13 Smart, C. Empire State Producers Expo, February 25, 2022. Broccoli issues including Alternaria leaf spot. 50 minute talks and discussion with 40 participants. Contact hours = 30 Smart, C. Empire State Producers Expo, February 28, 2022. Hemp diseases – results from 2021 field trials. 30 minute talk to 40 participants. Contact hours =  20 Smart, C. Empire State Producers Expo, March 10, 2022. Tomato IPM School – so many diseases so little time. 53 participants for a 1 hour talk. Contact hours = 53 Smart, C. Empire State Producers Expo, March 10, 2022. Winter squash cultivar evaluations for resistance to powdery mildew. 15 minute talk to 40 growers. Contact hours = 10 White, J. Acres Annual Convention in Covington, KY on December 8, 2022. Title: How plants use soil and plant microbes to acquire nutrients (Plenary presentation). White, J. Acres Healthy Soil Summit in Sacramento, CA in August 2-3, 2022. Title: Rhizophagy cycle and endophytes in plants (Plenary presentation). White, J. Australian Biological Farming and Tradeshow (online) on December 3, 2022. Title: The rhizophagy cycle (Plenary presentation).

Impact Statements

The development of effective treatments for citrus HLB disease, leading to higher crop yields and profitability for the growers.