Duration: 10/01/2023 to 09/30/2028

Administrative Advisor(s):

NIFA Reps:

Non-Technical Summary

Statement of Issues and Justification

For over a century biological control has provided a safe and effective control method for many arthropod pests and weeds in the USA and throughout the world. The term ‘biological control’ refers to applied efforts to manage pest problems through importation, conservation, or augmentation of natural enemies, and it is generally distinguished from natural control, which is provided by unmanaged indigenous natural enemies in the native or introduced range of a pest species. Realizing that pests and management efforts cross state boundaries, the four regional associations of State Agricultural Experiment Stations have long maintained multi-state research projects in biological control of arthropods and weeds. This multi-state Hatch project fosters collaboration across a range pests to support efforts in releasing and monitoring biological control agents and to understand how abiotic and biotic environments influences population dynamics and efficacy of biocontrol agents, and provides opportunities for participants to meet and discuss emerging issues to foster further collaborations. We seek permission to renew NE-1832 Biological Control of Arthropod Pests and Weeds- a project that builds upon our national expertise in biological control and specifically addresses pest complexes and research opportunities that are unique to our region.

 Non-native plants and insects introduced into North America generally come without the natural enemies that keep them in check in their native habitats. Freed from these natural controls, these species often increase in numbers and distribution, adversely affecting the environment, the economy, and human health (Pimentel et al. 2000). Classical Biological Control, a deliberate process whereby these pests are reunited with their effective natural enemies, offers a potential for permanent control of these pests over widespread areas (Van Driesche et al. 2008; Hajek & Eilenberg 2018). Despite such advances in pest management as more selective pesticides, use of behavior modifying chemicals, resistant varieties and transgenic plants, pest arthropods and weeds continue to damage our agricultural crops and natural ecosystems. Biological control, used singly or in combination with other management options, should be the centerpiece of successful pest management programs (Van Driesche et al. 2008; Hajek & Eilenberg 2018). In recent years, researchers in the northeast have worked with many types of biological control agents including predaceous insects, mites, parasitoids, nematodes and pathogens to successfully manage key pests including spongy moth, purple loosestrife, birch leafminers, mites on apples and vegetables, fruit moths, alfalfa weevil, Mexican bean beetle, whiteflies and other pests in greenhouses, imported cabbageworm, euonymus scale, etc. They are currently working against such critical pests as hemlock woolly adelgid, Asian longhorned beetle, emerald ash borer, spotted lanternfly, spotted wing drosophila, water chestnut, swallow-wort and mile-a-minute weed. These successes and ongoing efforts have generally involved cooperative work by scientists from several states and agencies.

Interdependencies: Those attributes that make Classical Biological Control so attractive also require careful consideration of target selection, agent discovery, and pre-and post-release evaluation of agents for both efficacy and impact on non-target organisms (Mason et al. 2005; Barratt et al. 2006). These issues generally require regional input and cooperative research over a range of environmental conditions. Individual agricultural experiment stations in the Northeast Region seldom have the resources or expertise to conduct a complete Classical Biological Control program, and thus we have a long history of cooperation among state Universities, as well as with scientists from USDA-ARS, USDA-APHIS, USFS, state departments of agriculture, and specialists in foreign countries. Success in developing and implementing biological control programs is closely linked to the development of effective communication and coordination among participants. Other biological control approaches, including augmentative and conservation biological control, also require collaboration across a range of regions and environmental conditions to be successful.

 The focus of this multi-state research project is to enhance biological control of arthropod pests and weeds in the Northeast Region through increased communication and collaboration among practitioners in the region and beyond. The umbrella of a northeast multi-state project provides the framework for dialogue on pest target selection and pooling of expertise and resources to allow coordinated research and outreach programs.

Many biological control programs seek to permanently establish introduced species across a regional or even a continental scale. Conventional science, performed primarily by specialists, is not well-suited for monitoring at these broad temporal or spatial scales so researchers in the Northeast have been on the leading edge of utilizing citizen science to enhance monitoring for released biological control agents.  Compared to conventional science, programs such as the Lost Ladybug Project (www.lostladybug.org) have proven to be superior for tracking introduced and native species (Soares et al. 2022) and more cost effective per data point gathered (Gardiner 2012).

Related, Current and Previous Work

This project is a continuation of NE-1832

Mission: The mission of this northeast regional project is like that of our counterparts in other states and several NE-2332 members work with other regional groups on key national pests including spotted wing drosophila, brown marmorated stink bug, and emerald ash borer. However, in general, the agricultural and natural ecosystems of the northeast differ from other regions of the country and our scientists address some unique pests. This northeastern regional project includes biological control of both weeds and arthropod pests because these two groups of pests have many similar research issues and many individual participants in this project already work on biological control of both arthropods and weeds.

 

Regional Cooperation and recent accomplishments: The participants in this program have a long history of information exchange and collaborative research. Beginning in 1985 and continuing today, we hold biological control symposia at the annual meeting of the Eastern Branch of the Entomological Society of America. Many of the members listed in Appendix E have attended and participated in these symposia, which have featured discussions of methods, issues, and opportunities in biological control of weeds and arthropods. Some successful projects, including birch leafminer and lily leaf beetle, have directly resulted from discussions initiated at those meetings. Since this collaboration was formalized with the creation of NE-1032 in 2008, our participants have organized 9 symposia with international participation, and this has greatly expanded collaborative efforts (reported on the NE-1832 website). Biological control practitioners in the northeast regularly assist in agent releases and surveys and often provide insect and plant samples for colleagues in other states, taking advantage of local knowledge and greatly reducing time and cost. For instance, colleagues in five northeastern states recently documented successful biological control of birch leafminer throughout the northeast and well into the Midwest (Casagrande et al. 2009). A similar survey of imported cabbageworm parasitoids has shown displacement of an inefficient parasitoid by a more effective and host specific parasitoid, and research has also evaluated the impact on a native butterfly (Herlihy et al. 2012, Morton et al. 2015).  Damage to cultivated and native lilies from the introduced Lily leaf beetle has been reduced in New England states where parasitoids of the lily leaf beetle were released (Casagrande et al. 2022). Mile-a-minute weed insect herbivores have been released in eleven states (Hough-Goldstein et al. 2012, Smith and Hough-Goldstein 2014) and purple loosestrife herbivores were sent from NY and NJ across the US and Canada, and anecdotal and empirical evidence support the program’s success (Blossey et al. 1995; Endriss et al. 2022). In addition to cooperative release and evaluation programs, there are also ongoing research programs where essential research components are conducted at cooperating institutions such as the Phragmites biological control program involving RI, NY, Canada, and CABI Bioscience in Switzerland (Blossey et al. 2018), and a coordinated research program on swallow-worts undertaken by URI, USDA, CABI, and Canadian colleagues (Bourchier et al. 2019). Other examples include hemlock woolly adelgid and winter moth research, briefly described under procedures (below).  Project NE1832 provided support for many of these biological control successes, from increased rearing of natural enemies such as mile-a-minute and purple loosestrife specialists, to the identification of spotted lanternfly biological control agents and more. Participants in NE1832 published over 150 scientific articles and book chapters between 2018 and 2023 on biological control (Appendix B).

 Regional Facilities and Expertise: Relative to the rest of the United States, we enjoy a high concentration of insect containment and rearing facilities with Cornell, URI, and VPI all maintaining USDA-approved primary insect quarantine laboratories. Other quarantine and rearing facilities are found at the Otis ANG base in MA, the Ansonia Forest Service lab in CT, the NJ Dept. of Ag.’s Phillip Alampi Beneficial Insect Rearing Laboratory (PABIL), and the ARS Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit on the campus of the University of Delaware, Newark, DE. These facilities are essential for Classical Biological Control research and are used extensively in establishment and augmentative biological control efforts. Many of the university researchers listed in Appendix E have used one or more of these facilities. The Northeast also has many biological control practitioners.

The goals, objectives, and research approaches of this regional project are like those of the Southern, North Central, and Western regional projects in biological control. Although we deal with different pest complexes and organize objectives differently, all regions share the general goals of improving biological control.

All existing biological control programs in the northeast fall under these general goals as indicated in Procedures. Goal four is particularly important in the Northeast because many of our target pests are found in natural areas and managers need to be convinced of positive long-term consequences and minimal risk associated with our programs.

 

Objectives

1. Conserve existing natural enemies and enhance ecosystem function
   Comments: Assessment of natural enemy populations and improved knowledge of the impact of insecticides, deliberate planting habitat for natural enemies (e.g., native perennials), and other habitat manipulations will lead to reduced risk to natural enemy populations and enhanced biological control in agriculture, including blueberry, field crops, and Christmas tree production. This sets the stage for additional biological control efforts such as augmentation and classical biological control if needed.
2. Augmentation programs involving repeated rearing and release
   Comments: Experimental augmentative releases of Trichogramma ostriniae against the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) will be made in NY to assess the role of volatiles released by host eggs on the efficacy of releases. Root aphids infesting Christmas trees in Vermont will be identified and releases of Hypoaspis miles made to determine effectiveness. Research is also underway to determine the efficacy of including entomopathogenic fungi in potting soils in a plant-mediated system for management of western flower thrips in greenhouse production of ornamentals. The Shields lab at Cornell has been successful utilizing nematodes for control of alfalfa snout beetle (Shields and Testa 2017), and research is continuing in this area. PABIL has continued to rear and release Pediobius foveloatus for Mexican bean beetle to fulfill requests from all Northeastern states. PABIL will pilot augmentative releases of Hadronotus pennsylvanicus for squash bug in collaboration with USDA Beltsville Lab.
3. Introduction of new natural enemies against invasive plants
   Comments: Completion of host range testing of potential biological control agents for common reed was completed and two biocontrol agents were determined to be safe for releases in Canada. No permit has been issued yet for the US. Releases of Hypena opulenta for management of swallow-worts in Canada (Bourchier et al 2019) and the Northeast (Tewksbury at URI, Parry at SUNY ESF and PABIL in NJ, are being monitored and evaluated. In another study, continuing research on the natural decline of garlic mustard populations will determine the cause of this decline and provide important information in the decision of whether releases of exotic agents against garlic mustard are needed. A new strain of the knotweed biological control agent (Aphlara itador) has been approved by USDA/APHIS. PABIL will continue to release A. itador in NJ and supply them to regional collaborators. The Blossey lab at Cornell University is revisiting the initial agent selection for Japanese knotweeds and will attempt to assess safety of additional species using demographic approaches. To control tree of heaven, a widespread invasive tree, development of bioherbicides from naturally occurring fungi shows great promise.
4. Introduction of new natural enemies against invasive insects
   Comments: As the emerald ash borer spreads throughout the northeast, scientists will participate in establishment and evaluation of biological control agents based upon the experience of Midwest States, and better understand the effects of host-shifts by emerald ash borer on biological control. It has been 20 years since Laricobius nigrinus was first released for hemlock woolly adelgid. With it and its congener L. osakensis being released and established throughout the eastern U.S., attention has now turned to the study and release of Leucotaraxis spp., silver flies. These predators are active at times when Laricobius is not. Therefore, there is optimism that population regulation of HWA by natural enemies is within reach. Drosophila suzukii continues to cause significant economic injury to berries, cherries and other soft-skinned fruit. A larval parasitoid originally from Asia, Ganaspis brasiliensis, shows promise for reducing D. suzukii populations. An USDA APHIS permit was granted in 2022 for the release of G. brasiliensis in the USA. Research is being conducted at several locations on establishment and impact of G. brasiliensis on D. suzukii as well as adventive populations of a second larval parasitoid originally from Asia, Leptopolina japonica, that has become established in the Northeast and several other regions of the USA and Canada over the past five years.

Methods

Methods

The procedures for the many aspects of this project are outlined below, under individual objectives. The key activities for the group include an annual meeting where progress of individual research programs is shared with other members of the project and feedback is sought on selection of biological control targets, host range testing, release methodology, and follow-up sampling. Likewise, these meetings feature biological control symposia organized around key topics, where members consider overarching issues and report on research and outreach efforts and identify new collaborations. Discussions of the various projects associated with this multistate project at the annual meeting and at other forums help to coordinate research, implementation, and evaluation programs. Because biological programs are diverse and encompass many different agricultural, forest and urban settings such interaction and integration of efforts is exceptionally valuable for the broad discipline of biological control of weed and arthropod pests.

Objective 1 (To conserve existing natural enemies and enhance ecosystem function)

In managed landscapes, conservation biological control seeks to restore natural predator-prey linkages by conserving natural enemies and their associated food resources.

At Cornell, researchers have looked at the impact of landscape structure on the success of biological control (Grab et al. 2018, Dunn 2020a, and Dunn 2020b). The next steps for this work will be to assess the impact of this habitat on pest populations on adjacent Christmas trees in a research field, and to help establish and monitor the impacts of planting habitat for natural enemies on commercial farms. In addition, we are determining which plant species are most likely to attract and nurture a key group of predators, Coccinellids (ladybugs).  In particular, because predators benefit from nectar but lack a “tongue” structure and can only access nectar from plants with very shallow blooms, researchers will evaluate the effect of shallow blooms on predators and biological control for Christmas tree farms. This type of flower is most prevalent in the carrot family which includes several herbs like coriander and dill (Losey et al. 2022).

Leveraging recent funding from the Department of Energy, researchers at Cornell will work as part of a multi-disciplinary team to determine how vegetation around the rapidly increasing number of solar energy arrays on farmland can be optimally managed to produce natural enemies that can then disperse and reduce pest damage in surrounding fields.

In West Virginia, Elizabeth Rowen’s group will investigate the effects of fertility manipulations on biological control, specifically comparing different types of cow manure as an organic amendment to increase ground predator abundance, diversity, and ground-dwelling insect and weed control (Halaj and Wise 2002, Purvis and Curry, 1984, Rowen et al. 2019, Rowen and Tooker 2020, 2021). The Rowen lab will also investigate the effects of cover crops in conserving predator populations in vegetables cropping systems (Rowen et al 2022).

Objective 2. (To release and evaluate augmentative biological control agents)

The New Jersey Phillip Alampi Beneficial Insect Rearing Laboratory will continue rearing and releasing the tropical parasitoid Pediobius foveolatus against the Mexican bean beetle in a program that has been a major success throughout the northeast region. PABIL will pilot augmentative releases of Hadronotus pennsylvanicusfor squash bug in collaboration with USDA Beltsville Lab beginning in 2023. Over the past several years augmentative releases of Trichogramma ostriniae have been made in MA, VA, PA, ME, and in Quebec against the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). Most efforts are focused on sweet corn, but trials are also conducted in sweet peppers and potatoes.

Augmentative biological control will be attempted and evaluated in a variety of nursery and landscape settings. These studies include releases of lady beetles, lacewings, predatory mites, and entomopathogenic nematodes to control aphids, lace bugs, caterpillars, and phytophagous mites. This research will involve collaborators from University of Maryland, Rutgers University, the Smithsonian Institution, and several commercial and private enterprises.

Root aphids infesting Christmas trees in Vermont will be identified and releases of Hypoaspis miles will be made to determine effectiveness. Research is also underway to determine the efficacy of including entomopathogenic fungi in potting soils in a plant-mediated system for management of western flower thrips in greenhouse production of ornamentals. These trials will use marigolds as a trap plant, luring the pest out of the crop, where populations are managed with a combination of a granular formulation of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana in the soil and release of the predatory mite, Neoseiulus cucumeris, on the foliage. The effectiveness of this plant-mediated system will be tested in several commercial greenhouses in Vermont and New Hampshire.  Evaluating the release methods of commercially produced predatory mites for thrips, whiteflies, and spider mites on greenhouse crops will be evaluated at Cornell.

The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum, strain F52 has been investigated for development and use as a biopesticide to help in eradication of Asian longhorned beetles. At Cornell, researchers will work with colleagues at the USDA ARS in the Midwest and Xavier University in Cincinnati to optimize formulations, especially toward improved moisture retention that would prolong and enhance activity of the formulated fungus.

Other augmentative release studies on greenhouse crops with predatory mites, predatory bugs, pathogens, and hymenopterous parasitoids will occur at Cornell and the University of Vermont. The use of entomopathogenic nematodes for use against a variety of soil-dwelling pests in crop systems as diverse as alfalfa, field corn, apples, turf, grapes, and greenhouses will be spearheaded by the Shields lab at Cornell with numerous collaborators.  In some of these crops, the nematodes have persisted for years after an initial release.

For both conservation and augmentation, John Losey has established the first Ladybug Farm at a research facility just off the Cornell campus. Utilizing the insights gained from their citizen science program they will maintain their laboratory populations of the nine-spotted ladybug, Coccinella novemnotata, while also rearing much larger populations in the field.

Objective 3. (Classical Biological Control of Weeds)

Phragmites australis. The biological control program directed at introduced Phragmites australis provides a good example of regional cooperation spearheaded by scientists at Cornell and URI. In this project Cornell has taken the lead in regional surveys for native and exotic Phragmites australis populations and their herbivores while URI has measured impact of native and exotic herbivores on these plants. Both groups have funded and directed the efforts of CABI in Switzerland to identify and evaluate potential biological control agents. This program has completed host range testing at URI and CABI. A petition to release was submitted and approved by TAG in 2019, but USDA/APHIS is requesting additional host-specificity tests focusing on safety of native Phragmites and an evaluation of the potential utility of introduced Phragmites by wetland managers. Cornell will address these issues over the next several years (Casagrande et al. 2018, Blossey et al. 2018).

Swallow-worts. A program directed against swallow-worts (Vincetoxicum nigrum and V. rossicum) had URI and USDA/ARS (New York) scientists surveying Europe for potential natural enemies. CABI assisted in conducting surveys and field tests that can only be done in Europe. Host range testing was completed at URI for two agents (Hazlehurst et al. 2012),  and pre and post release studies of a third agent are being conducted by ARS scientists at Cornell and Montpellier, France and pre-and (potential) post-release sites are under study. Scientists at Agriculture and AgriFood Canada-Lethbridge Research Centre are working closely with URI, CABI, and Carleton University in Ontario on this project. First releases of one agent, Hypena opulentawere made in Canada in 2014 and the U.S. in 2017. PABIL will continue to rear and release H. opulenta in NJ and supply them to regional collaborators such as SUNY and Cornell.  URI released this agent in multiple locations in CT, RI and MA and is continuing to evaluate these releases for establishment.  Dylan Parry at SUNY-ESF will commence host range trials for European genotypes of the beetle Chrysochus asclepiadeus, pending forthcoming certification of the SUNY-ESF containment facility,

Because deer can alter effectiveness of plant and invertebrate invasion in Northeastern forests, natural ecosystems are under evaluation at Cornell where the inter-relationships among introduced plants, deer, earthworms, salamanders, and slugs are studied in long-term plots with various manipulations, including excluding deer to monitor effect of deer browsing on weed and earthworm invasion (Gorchov et al. 2021). Work will continue at Cornell on a project evaluating potential facilitation between pale swallow-wort, deer, and European and Asian (jumping) earthworms in forest ecosystems.

Mile-a-minute weed (Persicaria perfoliata). Another cooperative venture is directed against mile-a-minute weed, an aggressive annual vine native to Asia that was accidentally introduced into PA in the 1930s and has so far spread into at least 11 states and DC. A joint research program initiated in 1996 has resulted in the establishment of a stem-feeding weevil, Rhinoncomimus latipes in all these states, though not in all areas invaded by the vine. The University of Delaware, US Forest Service, and PABIL are cooperating on this project, along with many state agencies, universities, and natural area land managers throughout the region (Hough-Goldstein et al. 2022).  Present efforts focus on continued release of the weevil in mile-a-minute populations that have not yet been colonized, evaluation of impact on the target weed and associated plant community under different environmental conditions, and development of integrated weed management strategies incorporating the weevil.

Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata).

This cooperative effort involving scientists at Cornell, University of Minnesota and CABI Switzerland, has completed host range testing of potential biological control agents, but monitoring of long-term plots in many states has shown garlic mustard populations to decline dramatically in less than a decade after spread into an area and establishment (Blossey et al 2021). Research at Cornell will continue on the nature of this decline, which appears to be the result of negative soil feedback. It may be that biological control of garlic mustard is not needed.

Knotweeds. Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica), Giant knotweed (F. sachalinensis), and their interspecific hybrid (R. x bohemica) have become serious widespread weeds throughout the Northeast and are the focus of a cooperative biological control project presently involving scientists at Cornell and U. Mass. working with colleagues in Oregon, Lethbridge Canada, and CABI in Great Britain. Releases of a biological control agent were approved and have been made across the country. Participants will continue to monitor these populations. In addition, a new population of A. itadori, collected from Murakami in Japan, has also been approved for release. This population has a greater impact on the knotweed hybrid, Bohemian knotweed (Reynoutria x bohemica), and a few states in the Northeast are planning releases of this population on hybrid knotweed. PABIL will continue to release Aphlara itadori in NJ and supply them to regional collaborators

Tree of heaven (Alianthus altissima). Virginia scientists are working on biological control of tree of heaven (Alianthus altissima) in collaboration with scientists at Penn State and in China. Strains of Verticillium fungus will be developed into a bioherbicide to control tree of heaven. After demonstrating efficacy at the experimental level (Brooks et al. 2020), a commercial bioherbicide formulation will need to progress through the regulatory process.

At VT, the Salom Lab will use Verticillium nonalfalfae, a naturally occurring fungus specific to Ailanthus, is a biological herbicide that rapidly (within months) causes wilt and kills the tree, spreading clonally and affecting most of the trees in a stand.   Sites where Ailanthus is removed are at risk of being recolonized by different non-native plants.  We will remove Ailanthus using this environmentally safe treatment and apply science-based restoration approaches to these sites.  The goal of this project is to demonstrate an operational approach to removing SLF habitat (Ailanthus stands) using a treatment that is environmentally sustainable, followed by restoration of the treated sites with desired native plant species.  For assessing plant re-colonization of sites where Ailanthus is removed, it is expected that re-colonization by plants will be influenced by forest types and land use following the removal of ailanthus.  It is unknown how prevalent non-native invasive plants will be part of the plant composition that re-colonizes these sites.  Six sites in VA dominated by Ailanthus and treated with the Verticillium bioherbicide in 2017 will be sampled in detail for plant species.  All plants in each of the 4 quadrats for each of the 6 sites will be tallied and analyzed using ecological indices that measure abundance, richness, and diversity 6-8 years post-treatment.  To actively restore native vegetation where Ailanthus has been treated with the Verticillium bioherbicide, the present understory vegetation will be sampled at the time of the treatment. Restoration species may include blight-resistant American chestnut tree, chestnut oak, white oak, black locust, common persimmon, sassafras, black cherry, Virginia pine, and loblolly pine.  Sites will be monitored for up to 5 years following the planting of these trees to assess their establishment and ability to prevent incursion from non-native plants.

Additional Weed Problems. In addition to the above-mentioned projects that are well underway, scientists across the region are collaborating on other projects with application for the northeast. Water chestnut (Trapa natans) is the target of research involving collaborative efforts with Chinese scientists in cooperation with Cornell (Simmons and Blossey 2023). CABI scientists are involved in studies to assess the potential for biological control of glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus). St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) is a significant weed pest in the Northeast. It is a recent invader in Maine where it has become established in glacial outwash areas that encompass the present blueberry production region of Downeast, Maine. Observations have shown the two H. perforatum biological control agents (Chrysolina beetles and the fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) also occur in Maine. Future studies will focus on the extent, abundance, and role that these biological control agents are currently having on this invasive plant species.

 

Objective 4. (Classical Biological Control of Insects)

 Emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis, native to China and Russia, was found in Michigan in 2002. It currently is found in about 15 states and one Canadian province and is continuing to spread. It is the subject of intensive research by USDA-ARS, APHIS, and FS scientists, as well as university entomologists in DE, MA, MI, CT and abroad. Three parasitoids were approved by the USDA for environmental release and were released in 2007. Since then, at least two of these species have become established in one or more locations and releases continue, supported by an APHIS mass rearing laboratory in Brighton, MI. This pest is now found in NY, MD, MA, CT, NJ, NH, WV, and VT. Because complete larval development of EAB has been recorded on white fringe tree (Chionanthus virginicus), in DE, the Tallamy lab will assess the efficacy of biocontrol agents in the face of EAB host-range expansion. They will evaluate whether white fringe tree serves as enemy-free space for EAB. As EAB spreads throughout the northeast, scientists will participate in establishment and evaluation of biological controls (Bauer et al. 2015, Duan et al. 2017).

 Hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae, has been the subject of extensive cooperative biological control efforts over the past two decades. While several groups of predators have been studied and several species introduced, most current efforts are focused on release and evaluation of the western US species, Laricobius nigrinus (Story et al. 2012), Leucotaraxis argenticollis, and Leucotaraxis piniperda (Dietschler et al. 2021). Laricobius osakensis from Japan has been released since 2013.  Releases of L. nigrinus have been made in most eastern states where HWA populations have been identified. Establishment and spread have been found in most release locations, especially in southern states. Impacts on the sistens generation of HWA have been described (Jubb et al. 2021), but these impacts were found to be largely mitigated by a density dependent response in the progrediens generation (Crandall et al. 2021). This provides short-term health benefits to hemlock trees (Preston et al. 2023). However, Crandall et al. (2020) demonstrated that the next generation of HWA is able to rebound with out the presence of Laricobius. Research will now focus on Leucotaraxis argenticollis and Leucotaraxis piniperda, two specialists (silver flies) of the progrediens generation from the Pacific Northwest. Research on Leucotaraxis spp. currently involves a coordinated effort among cooperators in several states to evaluate establishment. In addition, research on the biology and impacts of Leucotaraxis spp. is being carried out at Cornell and Virginia Tech. This research, funded and coordinated by US Forest Service and some state agencies, involves many state agencies and universities throughout the region, especially in GA, MA, NY, PA, TN, and VA.

The Entomology Insectary at Virginia Tech proposes to transition from Laricobius-only production to a combination of Laricobius production at a reduced rate and increased processing and release of Leucotaraxisflies, from regular shipments of flies from the western U.S.  They will continue to monitor and help assess Laricobius beetle recoveries.

At this time, it is unknown if Leucotaraxis flies imported from western North America can be established in eastern hemlock stands. Releases since 2015 have not resulted in any confirmed recoveries past the F1 generation.  So systematic studies have yet to be carried out on how many flies to release, when to release or attempt short-term closed cage or larger open releases.  Since we know very little about adult fly behavior, it may help us to study it in the lab experimentally.  Lastly, assessing the predator potential in terms of amt of prey eaten and reproduction capacity at different prey levels will help us better understand the impacts this predator could have on HWA populations.  

The Salon Lab at VT will 1) rear beetles for release to land managers throughout the eastern U.S. andprovide some founding beetles to other rearing labs, 2) rear out flies from western HWA-infested hemlock branch collections and distribute throughout the eastern US, 3) assess open and closed releases, timing of releases, and species (Leucotaraxis argenticollis and Le. piniperda) released followed by annual monitoring of fly presence at the release sites, 4) use digital recording to document searching activity and strategy used by flies to find prey and lay eggs, at low and high densities, and analyze the behavior, using specialized tracking software, 5) measure functional (feeding) and numerical (reproductive) responses of each fly species to prey density, as a way to quantify what their predation capacity is.

 Winter moth (Operophtera brumata) is another new pest in the northeastern USA. Based upon past biological control successes in Nova Scotia and the Pacific Northwest, scientists at U. Mass. have worked with USDA Forest Service and APHIS researchers in MA to rear, release, and evaluate the tachinid parasitoid Cyzenis albicans against this pest. Entomologists in RI and CT are assisting in locating suitable release sites in their states. Joe Elkinton’s lab at UMASS has introduced many thousands of C. albicans distributed across 43 sites in eastern MA, RI, CT, and ME, and so far, have established the fly at 33 of those sites. As was seen in Nova Scotia, it typically takes 3 to 5 years before C. albicans are recovered at release sites. Since there is only one generation per year of both the fly and the winter moth, it takes several years for the 1500-2000 flies that are released at a site to catch up with the millions of winter moths that exist at that site. The fly has been recovered at all 17 of the sites where it was released prior to 2012 and at 21 of 22 release sites in MA (Elkinton and Boettner 2017, Elkinton et al. 2014).

 Brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Haylomorpha halys, is an invasive pest of fruits and vegetables in North America. Foreign exploration, combined with host range testing and continuing monitoring of existing natural enemies is underway to determine the need and potential for biological control of the BMSB (Jones et al. 2017). PABIL is continuing to rear BMSB for use in regional research as well as the locally recovered strain of Trissolcus japonicus.

Spotted-wing drosophila (Drosophilia suzukii) is a pest of unripe berries and stone fruit that causes significant losses across the US. Ganaspis brasiliensiswas approved for release against spotted-wing drosophila in 2022. Multiple laboratories have started mass-rearing for releases of the Gb1 strain material provided by the USDA research lab in Newark, DE. PABIL released 1,000 wasps each at 5 sites in 2022 in collaboration with Rutgers’ Rodriguez-Saona Lab. It will expand releases each season. The Loeb lab at Cornell AgriTech released over 600 Gb1 strain parasitoids at four sites in NY in 2022 and are following up with additional releases in subsequent seasons.  The Loeb lab is conducting experiments in the lab investigating interactions between Gb1 and a second larval parasitoid of D. suzukii, Leptopolina japnonica, that has established adventive populations in the Northeast and elsewhere in the US (e.g. how host fruit influences interspecific competition and parasitism rates). The Loeb lab will also initiate studies on how candidate repellents for managing D. suzukii influence behavior of exotic parasitoids.  The Loeb lab, in collaboration with Dr. Philip Fanning’s lab at the University of Maine, are investigating overwintering success of Gb1 in laboratory and field experiments. 

Spongy moth (Lymantria dispar dispar) is a devastating introduced lepidopteran pest that was first brought to the US in the 1860s  and has caused deforestation across the Northeast. Biological control with a variety of fungi, viruses, parasitoids, and predators has helped slow the spread. Dylan Parry at SUNY-ESF will continue evaluating wholesale changes in the parasitoid community of spongy moth, which is fundamentally different in the Northeast from that recorded in the 1970’s. He is also evaluating an apparent failure of biological control in browntail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea) after a century of stability.

Additional Insect Pests.

Ann Hajek at Cornell is researching the use of nematodes as biological control agents for Sirex noctilio (Williams and Hajek 2017, Morris and Hajek 2014).  As the invasive pine-killing woodwasp Sirex noctilio spreads from the northeast to the south, where pine forests are more extensive, the Hajek lab has been tasked with investigating whether the parasitic nematode, Deladenus siricidicola, used for control in Australia would be appropriate for use in North America. The Hajek lab at Cornell has found that a predominantly avirulent strain of the same nematode already occurs in S. noctilio in northeastern forests. The Hajek lab has also documented some horizontal transmission of this nematode to the native non-pest Sirex nigricornis that also develops in pines and an associated wood-boring beetle. Studies suggest that the strain of D. siricidicola commercialized in Australia might also hybridize with the already-present strain.

Scientists at Cornell are also testing entomopathogenic nematodes against the alfalfa snout weevil (Otiorhynchus porcatus) and evaluating the persistence and effectiveness of NY strains against endemic populations of plum curculio in both organic and conventionally grown apple orchards.

Measurement of Progress and Results

Outputs

• Output Comments: Ouputs include documentation of natural enemy host range, establishment of biological control agents, natural enemy spread, reduced pest problems and associated effects on other components of the ecosystem because of natural enemy releases. Another common output is increased knowledge about the science of biological control through publication and presentations in the region. • The specific biological control programs that comprise this regional project are at different steps in the sequences of programs and their progress will be reported annually, both individually to their parent organizations and collectively in the annual report of the regional project. • In addition to publishing journal articles (see Appendix B), biological control practitioners in the northeast regularly participate in regional publications and symposia proceedings. Through this regional project we will annually compile a list of publications by project participants to enhance communication within the project and with the general public. • Northeastern biological control specialists regularly make presentations at local, statewide, and regional meetings of scientific societies, conservation organizations, land managers and grower groups. • In the NY greenhouse industry, in 2017, more than 60% of growers indicated that they are now using some form of biological control.

Outcomes or Projected Impacts

• Overall impact The many research and outreach components of this regional project share common outcomes which can be documented. Impacts of this work include improved future programs based upon new knowledge and reduced need for pest control activities and attendant environmental and economic consequences because of successful biological control programs. In most cases, these results are not yet achieved and that is why we continue working on them. This section includes examples of potential benefits of ongoing work as well as documented impacts of some ongoing projects and others just completed through this regional project. Tangible outputs of the work of this regional project are the increased populations of natural enemies throughout the region. This is reflected in parasitism rates such as the 30% parasitism of winter moth in MA by a tachinid parasitoid and the recovery of the hemlock woolly adelgid predator (Laricobius nigrinis) 17 miles from release sites where a NJ population of this predator is rapidly increasing in density and distribution. Another example of a project output is provided by a collaborative regional effort against mile-a-minute weed where over 160,000 Rhinoncomimus latipes weevils have been reared by the Phillip Alampi Beneficial Insect Laboratory in NJ and released in CT, DE, MA, MD, NJ, NY, PA, RI, VA, and WV. Spread is over 4 km/yr from release sites. In another example from NJ, 376,000 adult Pediobius foveolatus were released against the Mexican bean beetle during the 2022 soybean growing season. • For Objective 1: Understanding what conservation practices, including flowering species for insectary strips, locations for habitat manipulations, or fertilizer types that promote biological control will lead to enhanced biological control in agricultural systems, and lower the need for pesticides. This will reduce impacts on the environment and costs to producers. In organic systems, increased biological control using fertility amendments can increase yield and economic returns for producers. • For Objective 2: The effectiveness of the ongoing NJ Mexican bean beetle program is demonstrated by New Jersey soybean growers have not used insecticides against the Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis) in over 25 years. We will continue this work to avoid outbreaks of Mexican bean beetle. Our goal is to achieve similar outcomes for European corn borer, western flower thrips, root aphids, and using generalist natural enemies in greenhouse, nursery, and landscape production • For Objective 3: For each invasive weed listed, our ultimate goal is to have natural enemies that are able to reduce the spread and help decrease the extent of invasion. For example, to date, it appears that Rhinoncomimus latipes will be extremely successful in controlling mile-a-minute weed (P. perfoliata) on its own in certain circumstances and will contribute to an integrated management program under other conditions. • For Objective 4: Like for objective 3, our goal is to release and establish populations of natural enemies that reduce invasive insect populations and or/slow the spread of those insects. For example, as a result of parasitoid releases and surveys conducted by regional project members, the birch leafminer is now known to be successfully controlled by Lathrolestes nigricollis throughout the Northeast and well into Canada and the mid-western states and there is no need for additional control efforts against this pest. For insects where release has been widespread (Emerald ashborer), we will document the effect of ecological changes on natural enemies (ie effects of host shifts by the pest on natural enemy ecology). For other species (e.g. winter moth, Brown marmorated stink bug), researchers are rearing and releasing biological control agents and our goal is to establish populations that can reduce pest densities.

Milestones

(2023):• Implement habitat modifications, horticultural practices, and pest suppression tactics to conserve natural enemy activity. • Characterize and identify pest and natural enemy communities and their interactions. • Assess ecological characteristics of natural enemies. • Survey indigenous natural enemies attacking pests

(2024):• Conduct foreign exploration and ecological studies in the native range of the pest. • Determine systematics and biogeography of the pest and natural enemies. • Develop procedures for rearing, storing, quality control and release of natural enemies, and conduct experimental releases to assess feasibility. • Determine environmental safety and potential efficacy of exotic candidates prior to release • Evaluate effect of previously established habitat modifications on natural enemies and biological control • Implement augmentation programs • Evaluate efficacy of conservation and augmentation programs on natural enemies.

(2026):• Evaluate efficacy of conservation and augmentation programs on natural enemies. • Release, establish and redistribute natural enemies. • Evaluate natural enemy efficacy and study ecological/physiological basis for interactions.

Projected Participation

View Appendix E: Participation

Outreach Plan

Education has always been essential to success in biological control, and this has become more evident in recent years as developing programs involve the general public and other stakeholder groups. Northeastern biological control scientists continue to address the educational needs of our clients through refereed publications, non- refereed peer reviewed publications, workshops, producer field days, etc., as described above under Outputs.

 

We will meet with growers, foresters, land owners/managers, regulatory agencies and other stakeholders to solicit their needs and to inform them of opportunities and results of research projects. These meetings vary from individual one-on-one conversations to presentations at the Northeast Greenhouse Conference and the USDA Interagency Research Forum on Invasive Species at Annapolis (audience about 300). We will continue to present and discuss pertinent research findings at regularly scheduled professional meetings such as the Entomological Society of America and international meetings on weed and insect biological control.  

 

We will make use of web sites and social media. Cornell has widely used web sites on biological control of weeds (www.invasiveplants.net) and insects (https://biocontrol.entomology.cornell.edu/index.php). The Cornell biological control site originally created by Dr. Tony Shelton is transitioning to management by the New York State Integrated Pest Management Program at Cornell University. Much of the general educational information about biocontrol has been moved to https://cals.cornell.edu/new-york-state-integrated-pest-management/eco-resilience/biocontrol during phase 1 of the transition. In phase 2 updated articles about individual biocontrol agents will be added. New content on this site will be promoted through social media accounts and the Cornell blog Biocontrol Bytes (https://blogs.cornell.edu/biocontrolbytes/). Additionally, U. Mass maintains a web site for the US Forest Service on current biological control projects (http://www.invasiveforestinsectandweedbiocontrol.info/). The University of Maryland has several popular websites (http://growit.umd.edu/, http://www.hgic.umd.edu/,http://www.mdipm.umd.edu/) that emphasize conservation of beneficial insects. Most researchers and all institutions represented in Appendix E have web sites describing their current projects.

 

WVU Entomology has recently run a Meta Facebook/Instagram campaign on the invasive species spotted lanternfly that was seen by over 180,000 people in WV, had more than 3800 survey responses in 3 weeks. This use of targeted advertising can be used in many contexts to educate the public about other invasive species and biological control.

 

The New York State IPM Program at Cornell has also developed extensive resources to help both growers and the general public practice conservation biocontrol through the creation of habitat for pollinators and natural enemies of pests on rural and urban farms and gardens. These include step-by-step instructions (https://cals.cornell.edu/new-york-state-integrated-pest-management/eco-resilience/beneficial-insects/creating-beneficial-insect-habitat) and resources for recognizing arthropod natural enemies and selecting plants that support them (https://cals.cornell.edu/new-york-state-integrated-pest-management/eco-resilience/biocontrol/how-use-biocontrol). These resources continue to be promoted and information shared with between 250 and 350 people a year in New York.

Organization/Governance

The regional project officers will consist of a Chair, Secretary, and Representative at Large elected from the regional project membership. These elected officials, plus the administrative advisor, comprise the Executive Committee. The Chair will prepare technical and executive meeting agendas, preside at meetings, and prepare an annual progress report on the research activities of the regional project. The Secretary will record the minutes of technical and executive committee meetings and perform other duties as necessary. The Representative at Large, who will be elected annually, will succeed the Secretary who will in turn succeed the Chair. Subcommittees may be appointed by the Chair to assist with project needs. The regional project will meet annually, unless otherwise planned, at a place and on dates designated by majority vote of the project membership.

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Attachments

Land Grant Participating States/Institutions

MA, NJ, NY, RI, VA, WV

Non Land Grant Participating States/Institutions