W170: Chemistry and Bioavailability of Waste Constituents in Soils

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

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SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[04/08/2002] [05/19/2003] [04/20/2004]

Date of Annual Report: 04/08/2002

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/06/2002 - 01/07/2002
Period the Report Covers: 01/01/2001 - 12/01/2001

Participants

Ajwa, H.A. (haajwa@ucdavis.edu)- USDA-ARS (CA); Basta, Nick (bastan@okstate.edu)- Oklahoma State University (OK-AES); Elliot, H.A. (hae1@psu.edu)- The Pennsylvania State University (PA-AES); Evanylo, G. (gevanylo@vt.edu) Virginia Tech University (VA-AES);
Hue, N.V. (nvhue@hawaii.edu)- University of Hawaii (HI-AES); Jacobs, L. (jacobsl@msu.edu) (MI-AES); Page, A.L. (albert.page@ucr) -University of California at Riverside (CA-AES); Pierzynski, G. M. (gmp@ksu.edu) - Kansas State University (KS-AES); Schwab, A.P. (pschwab@purdue.edu) - Purdue University (IN-AES); Sommers, Lee (lsommers@lamar.colostate.edu) - Admin Adviser; Sullivan, Dan (dan.sullivan@orst.edu) - Oregon State University (OR AES).

Brief Summary of Minutes

Committee chair, Nick Basta, called the meeting to order at 8:30 a.m. Dr. Hue welcomed us to Hawai‘i, and gave us instructions about the logistics of the meeting.

General Business

Lee Sommers presented a report from the Directors. He stressed that the trend for regional projects is for a web-based reporting system, as implemented by the Northeast. To help reduce paperwork, all reports and proposals eventually will be placed on their respective websites. Drafts will be placed there and available for editing online. Reporting will become form-driven and submitted electronically as the 422 Report. Once the report is submitted, an email will be sent to the regional committee listserver to allow the membership to review the report.

The committee meeting minutes must be condensed for submission, or a link submitted to the website connecting the user to the long version of the minutes.

USDA funding is flat for 2002. NRI funding is the same, and IFAS was not funded. It is possible that IFAS will be refunded in the upcoming Farm Bill

Bob Heil retired this past year, and Mike Harrington has replaced him in Fort Collins.

Nick Basta discussed the web presence of W170. Our current website (in the University of Washington server) appears to be completely inactive. We can and should utilize the web server available at the Western Regional site, but the Western Regional personnel will be unable to provide support. Our website needs enhancement because in its current state, it only contains the proposal and the latest reports.

The website should have all of our reasonable information to provide the public some understanding. We will not be able to reproduce all reports and publications, but summaries with links would be very appropriate. Lee Sommers indicated that guidelines have been issued for the development of electronic publications and should be used to tailor our approach to putting information on the website.

The big problem with our website is that it has been orphaned. Nick made an appeal to the committee to have someone volunteer to take over the site, develop it, and solicit materials from members to post. Schwab volunteered to take a look at it and would handle the responsibilities pending approval from his department head. Ajwa suggested we refer to the California Strawberry Commission as an excellent example of such an approach.

Gary Pierzynski presented an announcement for George O‘Connor. Dr. O‘Connor and Bob Bastian are organizing a conference in Florida on the "Application of Nonhazardous Wastes to Soils." It will be a 3-day conference in January, 2003 and could coincide with our regional meeting. We could meet before or after the conference. The consensus of the group was to meet in Florida (assuming that O‘Connor can pull it off) with Las Vegas as a possible backup.

Lee Wolf reminded the group that the executive committee, as outlined in the proposal, has five members: two co-chairs, a secretary, and two other members. The secretary and the two other members must be re-elected annually. Schwab was re-affirmed by the membership. Greg Evanylo and Hussein Ajwa were nominated and voted in.

Station Reports

Holding with the tradition of W-170, attendees presented oral station reports. The reports were given a 20-minute time limit, and all reports generated extended discussion.

Experiment Station Tour

N.V. Hue, our gracious host, arranged a tour of one of Hawai‘i‘s experiment stations. After a scenic drive, we were treated to a unique walk to view the ongoing experiments. We were educated on the culturing of tropical fruits, nuts, and other crops.

Accomplishments

Objective 1: Characterize the chemical and physical properties of residuals and residual-amended soils. Task 1. Evaluation of Nutrient Contents in Residuals and Residual-Amended Soils. Studies were conducted to evaluate chemical components in drinking water treatment residuals (WTR) that reduce excessive soluble P in soil and reduce runoff P. Addition of WTR (50 Mg/ha) to box plots treated with poultry litter (16.7 Mg/ha) reduced runoff P by from 14.0 to 84.9 percent. Reductions in runoff P were correlated with amorphous Al (OK-AES). Bench studies where WTR treated was treated with P suggested solid octacalcium phosphate formation as the P adsorbing mechanism (CO-AES). A long term field experiment where alum WTR was added to soil with high soil test P showed soil test P decreased with time but these decrease may be due to leaching of P not WTR (MI-AES). Nitrogen mineralization rates and subsequent N available to vegetables, roadside flowers, and turfgrass from a variety of stabilized composts were highly variable indicating the need for further testing to develop better estimates of compost N mineralization factors (VA-AES). About 50 animal manures (chicken, pig, and cattle) were analyzed for plant nutrient and trace element contents (HI-AES). The effect of residuals on soil properties and/or soil quality was studied. The effectiveness of lime, yardwaste compost and other soil amendments on the revegetation potential of acid-S roadcuts was evaluated. With appropriate lime and compost additions, these sites have maintained greater than 90% vegetative cover for four growing seasons (VA-AES). Various combinations of flyash and cattle manure amendments to a Tivoli find sand significantly increased water retention at all three water potentials, and the treatment effect (mixture) was consistent across all three water potentials. The differences in water retention appear to be directly related to the amount of Tivoli sand in each mixture (KS-AES). Planned research will focus on properties affecting nutrient content of biosolids and components that affect WTR performance. Biosolids processing will be studied to determine effects of centrifuging, lagooning, air-drying, and stockpiling on total and available nutrient content. Task 2. Determination of Residual Trace Element Chemistries and Soil Quality Impacts. A variety of trace element chemistries in a range of residuals was studied. Layered double hydroxides were investigated for their abilities to retain organic (pesticides) and inorganic (As, Se) pollutants (WY-AES). Work on reducing soil As (which is rather high in Hawaii due to past use of As-based pesticides) was continued with sunflower and local braken fern besides seashore paspalum grass. Competition between soil As and added phosphate or sulfate was also evaluated (HI-AES). FL-AES completed a modified risk assessment of biosolids-Mo in support of new numerical standards for Mo, in Part 503. Objective 2: Evaluation of nutrient and trace element bioavailabilities in residual-amended field and greenhouse studies. Task 1. Evaluation of Nutrient and Trace Element Bioavailabilities in Residual-Amended Field and Greenhouse Studies. Lime stabilized biosolids appeared to alleviate B deficiency in alfalfa but increased Mo uptake in all 3 years of study (uptake coefficients: ~ 2 to 10). At the highest biosolids application rate, alfalfa Cu/Mo ratio decreased to 2.0 in the first cutting of year 3 (PA-AES). The changes in uptake of Mo, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn by corn were examined for up to 15 years following cessation of biosolids applications. Bioavailability was unchanged (Mo) or significantly decreased (Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn) over the 15 year residual period (MWRDGC). The effectiveness of biosolids, phosphates, and limestone to reduce bioavailability (plant, gastrointestinal earthworms) in heavy metal contaminated soils was evaluated. Alkaline biosolids was the most effective treatment in reducing phytotoxicity and ecotoxicity measured using earthworm bioassay (OK-AES). The concentration of cadmium in leaf lettuce increased with increasing inputs of Cd from phosphorus and trace element fertilizers. The recovery of Cd in leaf lettuce, however, was less than 3% of the total Cd added (WA-AES). Field-grown pineapple has been used as a test plant to study the N and P uptake from composted cow manure, and Ca and trace element uptake from basaltic rock dust (HI-AES). The variability in estimated plant available N from compost and manure did not significantly impact nitrate-N concentration in leachate as long as application rates were near agronomic N rates (VA-AES). Greenhouse studies of P-source (biosolids, manures, fertilizer) P bioavailability to a pasture grass (bahiagrass) was completed on two soils (FL-AES). Trace elements were shown to Inhibit B-Glucosaminidase, a key enzyme in N mineralization in soil, from 0 to 73% (IA-AES). Field studies in Michigan showed B-Glucosaminidase and Arylamidase enzyme show promise for predicting N mineralization in soil (MI-AES). Task 2. Laboratory Studies and Soil Testing Approaches Involving the Evaluation of Residual Constituent Bioavailabilities. Net N mineralized from yard trimmings in soil was correlated (R2 = 0.69 to 0.79) with total N, C:N, lignin, carbohydrate + hemicellulose concentrations in yard trimmings and 14 d CO2 evolution in soil (OR-AES). Several P rates from 0 to 1,000 mg P kg-1 from composted chicken manure, composted swine manure, and treble super phosphate were applied to 3 soils. Extraction with CaCl2, Mehlich 3, and modified Truog solutions were performed at 1, 3, 6, and 9 months after application to evaluate the change in soil-test P levels as a function of P applied (HI-AES). The mean percent water extractable P (= [H2O-P8PT]4100) was significantly lower for 42 biosolids than for 13 livestock manures, primarily due to higher Al and Fe in biosolids (PA-AES). Various combinations of flyash and cattle manure amendments to a Tivoli find sand were made in an attempt to increase available water holding capacity and to determined the effect on salinity. Increasing the proportion of flyash further produced smaller increases in salinity, but the magnitude of the increase was much less than when comparing 0% flyash to 5% flyash. The data indicate that salt tolerant species may be necessary with as little as 5% flyash in the mixture and increasing the proportion of flyash beyond 5% does not produce proportionately larger increases in salinity hazard (KS-AES). Objective 3. Predict the long-term bioavailability of nutrients, trace elements, and organic constituents in residual-amended soils. Task 1. Prediction of Nutrient Bioavailability in Long-Term Residual-Amended Soils. After 7 years of continuous biosolids application, biosolids were 74 % as effective as fertilizer N in supplying available N for tall fescue production (OR-AES). CO-AES established a research site in 1977 in the Buffalo-Creek wildfire burn area in Jefferson County, CO where Denver Metro composted biosolids followed by seeding with an US Forest Service approved mixture was applied. Significant linear effect of biosolids on biomass production and plant canopy cover; however, production levels were smaller due to another unusually dry growing season. Task 2. Evaluation of Time on Trace Element Chemistry / Organic Chemicals in Residual-amended Soils. Long-term application sites were studied to determine biosolids effects on soils and crops. Biosolids increased soil As, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Pb, and Zn at one or more depth intervals, but not Ni or Se. Biosolids had no effect on plant tissue concentrations of any macro- or microelements (PA-AES). A Virginia Piedmont soil that received up to 210 Mg/ha biosolids in 1984 had Cu (260 mg/kg), Ni (28 mg/kg), Zn (260 mg/kg), and P (2500 mg/kg), but there was no evidence of transport beyond the tillage zone. Liming the soil to a pH of 6 ameliorated the phytotoxicity and limited Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn uptake by corn, radish and lettuce to below critical safe concentrations (VA-AES). FL-AES completed risk assessment of biosolids-Mo, including assessment of long-term fate of biosolids-Mo in high pH soil where Mo risk can be problematic. Based upon long-term application of biosolids to rangeland in Sierra Blanca, Texas, elemental ratios for Pb, Cr and Hg indicated these elements in the biosolids were insoluble and immobile and have not migrated. Elemental ratios, however, suggest that Zn and Cu have either leached into the soil or been transported away in runoff (TT). Task 3. Computer Simulations and Models of Residual Bioavailability Uncomposted yard trimmings, laboratory incubation study: The model "Decomposition" (J. Gilmour) successfully predicted N availability from uncomposted yard trimmings (OR-AES). Future work will include predicting nitrogen availability from fresh and composted organic byproducts used in small-scale agriculture (field study vs. laboratory incubation vs. computer model).

Publications

Meyer, V.F., E.F. Redente, K.A. Barbarick, and R. Brobst. 2001. Biosolids application affect runoff water quality following forest fire. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1528-1532. Barbarick, K.A. and J.A. Ippolito. 2001. Wheat grain and soil changes following termination of sewage biosolids application. Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin. TB01-1. Tiffany, M.E., L.R. McDowell, G.A. O‘Connor, H. Nguyen, F.G. Martin, N.S. Wilkinson, and N.A. Katowitz. 2001. Effects of residual and reapplied biosolids on forage and soil concentrations over a grazing season in north Florida.I Macrominerals, crude protein, and in vitro digestibility. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 32:2189-2209. Tiffany,M.E.,et al. 2001. Effects of residual and reapplied biosolids on forage and soil concentrations over a grazing season in north Florida. II. Microminerals. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 32:2211-2226. O‘Connor, G.A., T.C. Granato, and R.H. Dowdy. 2001. Bioavailability of biosolids-Mo to corn. J. Environ. Qual. 30:140-146. Lu, Peng, and G.A. O‘Connor. 2001. Biosolids effects on P retention and release in some sandy FL soils. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1059-1063. Anjos, J.T., D. Sarkar, and G.A. O‘Connor. 2001. Extractable-P in biosolids and biosolids-amended soils: an incubation study. Revista de Estudos Ambientais (Environ. Studies J.) 2 (2-3):68-76. O‘Connor, G.A., T.C. Granato, and N.T. Basta. 2001. Bioavailability of biosolids-Mo to soybean grain. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1653-1658. Sarkar, D. and G.A. O‘Connor. 2001. Using the Pi soil test to estimate available P in biosolids-amended soils. Commun. Soil Sci. Plt. Anal. 32:2049-2063. Sarkar, D. and G.A. O‘Connor. 2001. Estimating available Mo in a biosolids-amended soil using iron oxide impregnated filter paper. Commun. Soil Sci. Plt. Anal. 32:2033-2048. O‘Connor, G. A., R.B. Brobst, R.L. Chaney, R.L. Kincaid, L.R. McDowell, G.M. Pierzynski, A. Rubin, and G.G. Van Riper. 2001. A modified risk assessment to establish molybdenum standards for the land applications of biosolids. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1490-1507. O‘Connor, G.A., T.C. Granato, and N.T. Basta. 2001. Bioavailability of biosolids molybdenum to soybean grain. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1653-1658. Acosta-Martinez, V. and M.A. Tabatabai. 2001. Arylamidase activity of soils: effect of trace elements and relationships to soil properties and activities of amidohydrolases. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 33:17-23. O‘Connor, G.A., R.B. Brobst, R.L. Chaney, R.L. Kincaid, L.R. McDowell, G.M. Pierzynski, A. Rubin, and G. G. VanRiper. 2001. Molybdenum standards for the land application of biosolids. J. Environ. Qual. 30: 1490-1507. Hettiarachchi, G.M., G.M. Pierzynski, and M.D. Ransom. 2001. In-situ stabilization of soil lead using phosphorus. J. Environ. Qual. 30: 1214-1221. Pearson, M.S., K. Maenpaa, G.M. Pierzynski, and M.J. Lydy. 2000. Effects of soil amendments on the bioavailability of lead, zinc, and cadmium to earthworms. J. Environ. Qual. 29:1611-1617. Vance, G.F. and G.M. Pierzynski. 2001. Bioavailability and fate of trace elements in long-term residual amended soil studies. P. 3-19. I.K. Iskander and M.B. Kirkham (ed.), Bioavailability, Fluxes and Transfer of Trace Elements in Soils and Soil Components. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Knox, A.S., J. Seaman, G.M. Pierzynski, and D.C. Adriano. 2000. Chemophytostabilization of metals in contaminated soils. p. 811-836. In D.L. Wise et al. (eds). Bioremediation of contaminated soils, Mercel Dekker Inc., NY. Jacobs, L.W. and A.S. Go. 2001. Michigan State University Nutrient Management (MSUNM) microcomputer program, Windows version. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and Department of Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI. Jacobs, L.W. and D.S. McCreary. 2001. Utilizing Biosolids on agricultural land. Exten. Bull. E-2781 Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI. 32 p. Jacobs, L.W. and D.S. McCreary. 2001. Applying Biosolids to land in Michigan. Exten. Bull. E-2780, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 8 p. O‘Connor, G.A., T.C. Granato, and R.H. Dowdy. 2001. Bioavailability of Biosolids Molybdenum to Corn, Journal of Environmental Quality 30:140-146. O‘Connor, G.A., T.C. Granato, and N.T. Basta. 2001. Bioavailability of Biosolids Molybdenum to Soybean Grain, Journal of Environmental Quality 30:1653-1658. Basta, N.T., R. Gradwohl, K.L. Snethen, and J.L. Schroder. 2001. Chemical immobilization of lead, zinc, and cadmium in smelter-contaminated soils using biosolids and rock phosphate. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1222-1230. Basta, N.T., R.R. Rodriguez, and S.W. Casteel. 2001. Bioavailability and risk of arsenic exposure by the soil ingestion pathway. In W.T. Frankenberger (ed.) Environmental Chemistry of Arsenic. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. Condor, J.M., R.P. Lanno, and N.T. Basta. 2001. Assessment of metal availability in smelter soil using earthworms and chemical extractions. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1231-1237. Dayton, E.A. and N.T. Basta. 2001. Characterization of drinking water treatment residuals for use as a soil substitute. Water Environ. Res. 73:52-57. O‘Connor, G.A., T.C. Granato, and N.T. Basta. 2001. Bioavailability of biosolids-Mo to soybean grain. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1653-1658. Zhang, H., T.H. Dao, N.T. Basta, E.A. Dayton, and T.C. Daniel. 2001. Remediation techniques for manure nutrient loaded soils. The National Center for Manure and Animal Waste Management, Wash., DC. Sullivan, D.M. and R.O. Miller. 2001. Compost quality attributes, measurements and variability. p. 95-120. In: P.J. Stofella and B.A. Kahn (eds.). Compost utilization in horticultural cropping systems. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. Bary, A.I., D.M. Sullivan, S.C. Fransen, and C.G. Cogger. 2001. Supercow: a liquid manure applicator for small-plot research. Agron. J. 93:1344-1345. Cogger, C.G., A.I. Bary, S.C. Fransen, and D.M. Sullivan. 2001. Seven years of biosolids vs. inorganic nitrogen applications to tall fescue. J. Environ. Qual 30:2188-2194. Zartman, R.E, R.H. Ramsey, and A. Huang. 2001. Variability of total and dissolved elements in Lubbock, Texas playa lakes. J. Soil Water Cons. 56(3):262-265 Bendfeldt,E. S., J. A. Burger, and W. L. Daniels. 2001. Quality of amended mine soils after sixteen years. SSSAJ 65:1736-1744. Bulluck, L.R. III, M. Brosius, G.K. Evanylo, and J.B. Ristaino. 2002. Organic and synthetic fertilizer amendments influence soil microbial, physical and chemical properties on organic and conventional Farms. Applied Soil Ecology: (In Press). Pierson, S.T., M.L. Cabrera, G.K. Evanylo, H.A. Kuykendall, C.S. Hoveland, M.A. McCann, and L.T. West. 2001. Phosphorus and ammonium concentrations in surface runoff from grasslands fertilized with broiler litter. J. Environ. Qual.30:1784-1789. Pierson, S.T., M.L. Cabrera, G.K. Evanylo, P.D. Schroeder, D.E. Radcliffe, H.A. Kuykendall, V.W. Benson, J.R. Williams, C.S. Hoveland, and M.A. McCann. 2001. Phosphorus losses from grasslands fertilized with broiler litter: EPIC simulations. J. Environ. Qual.30:1790-1795. Stewart, B.R., W.L. Daniels, L.W. Zelazny, and M.L. Jackson. 2001. Evaluation of leachates from coal refuse blended with fly ash at different rates. J. Env. Qual. 30:1382-1391. Kuo, S. 2001. Factors to consider in managing cover crop residue. PNW sustainable Agriculture 12:5-7. Kuo, S., B. Huang, and R. Bembenek. 2001. Effects of winter cover crops on soil nitrogen availability, corn yield, and nitrate leaching. The Scientific World Journal 1(S2):22-29. Vance, G.F. and G.M. Pierzynski. 2001. Chapter 1 "Bioavailability and Fate of Trace Elements in Residual-Amended Soil Studies" In: I.K. Iskandar and M.B. Kirkham (eds.) Trace Elements in Soils: Bioavailability, Flux, and Transfer. CRC Publishers Inc., Boca Raton, FL. pp. 1-17. (Invited). You, Y., G.F, Vance and H. Zhao. 2001. Selenium adsorption on Mg-Al and Zn-Al Layered Double Hydroxides. Applied Clay Science 20:13-25. You, Y., H. Zhao and G.F. Vance. 2001. Removal of arsenite from aqueous solutions by anionic clays. Environmental Technology Vol. 22: 11 pp. Vance, G.F. and K.L. Panter. 2001. Backyard composting: Simple small-scale methods. Agricultural Experiment Station Research Publication B-974R. University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. 8 pp. Young, J.A., G.F. Vance, L.C. Munn, B.M. Christensen, and M.S. Schaad. 2001. Identification of potential alternative crops using a geographic information system in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin B-1109. University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. 19 pp. Vance, G.F. 2001. Selenium Chemistry in Agriculture. Infography, Fields of Knowledge, Vershire, Vermont. http://www.infographyu.com/content/195132980679.html

Impact Statements

Objective 1:Characterize the chemical and physical properties of residuals and residual-amended soils. Objective 2:Evaluation of nutrient and trace element bioavailabilities in residual-amended field and greenhouse studies. Objective 3: Predict the long-term bioavailability of nutrients, trace elements, and organic constituents in residual-amended soils.

Date of Annual Report: 05/19/2003

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/19/2003 - 01/21/2003
Period the Report Covers: 01/01/2002 - 12/01/2002

Participants

Ajwa, H.A. (haajwa@ucdavis.edu)- USDA-ARS; Barbarick, Ken (kbarbari@ceres.agsci.colostate.edu) Colorado State University; Basta, Nick (bastan@okstate.edu)- Oklahoma State University; Brobst, Bob (bob.brobst@epa.gov)US EPA Region 8; Brown, Sally (slb@u.washington.edu)-Univeristy of Washington; Chang, Andrew (acchang@ucrac1.ucr.edu ); Cox, Albert Chicago MWRD; Daniels, Lee (wdaniels@vt.edu) - Virginia Tech; Elliot, H.A. (hae1@psu.edu)- The Pennsylvania State University; Granato, Tom (Thomas.granato@mwrdgc.dst.11.05) Chicago MWRD; Hue, N.V. (nvhue@hawaii.edu)- University of Hawaii; Jacobs, L. (jacobsl@msu.edu)-Michigan State Univeristy; OConnor, George ( gao@gnv.ifas.ufl.edu) - University of Florida; Page, A.L. (albert.page@ucr) -University of California at Riverside; Pierzynski, G. M. (gmp@ksu.edu) Kansas State University; Schwab, A.P. (pschwab@purdue.edu) Purdue University; Sloan, John (j-sloan@tamu.edu) Texas A&M University; Sommers, Lee (lsommers@lamar.colostate.edu) Colorado State University; Stehouwer, Rick (rcs15@psu.edu) - Penn State University; Sullivan, Dan (dan.sullivan@orst.edu) Oregon State University; Tabatabi, Ali (malit@iastate.edu) - Iowa State University

Brief Summary of Minutes

Annual Meeting of W170 Multi-State Project - January 19-21, 2003 - Las Vegas, Nevada

Sunday, January 19:
Nick Basta called the meeting to order at 3:00 p.m.

Project Renewal: The first order of business was a discussion of the upcoming, 5-year project renewal. Nick was seeking input from the group regarding the possibility of new objectives and tasks. Lee Sommers extended his assurances that the 3rd year annual review of W170 was very positive. He strongly suggested that we continue to pursue multi-state emphasis because it is still required that 25% of formula funds must be multistate projects. Input from George O‘Connor and Bob Brobst indicated the need for including organics and biological aspects in the renewal. Al Page suggested we take the project to the level of including "ecosystem health." Sally Brown added that we should balance the subject matter and objectives to reflect the expertise of the current membership. We shouldn‘t ignore important new trends, but we cannot totally redefine ourselves simply because of upcoming, hot areas of research. Brown and Basta stated that they felt the need to include toxicity issues. Also, there was discussion concerning the title of the project and which wastes/byproducts we will be pursuing. Lee Sommers and Rich Stehouwer voiced the opinion that extension/outreach language should be included in each objective. This was held in general agreement along with the notion of eliminating the tasks under each objective. Andrew Chang requested that we also include some language concerning modeling. Lee Sommers stated that the revision must be completed by January 15, 2003.

Meeting Format: We discussed the possibility of changing the format of the meeting to make it more focused perhaps with a theme. The discussion covered various possibilities, but we agreed to try the notion of focusing on one topic for about 2 hours in which several members will contribute information, and it will be summarized in a 1-hour presentation with follow-up discussion. State reports and other, typical W170 would be included. We‘ll try this approach in 2005. Ray Knighton stated that individual reports are not particularly meaningful from USDA‘s perspective, but they are more interested in hearing about multistate interactions and how the intended clientele are being represented.

Next Year‘s Meeting(2004): George O‘Connor is organizing the Sustainable Land Application Conference, January 4-8 in Orlando, Florida. The conference runs from Monday and runs through noon on Thursday. Registration is $395, and the deadline for submitting an abstract is February 3, 2003. It was suggested that W170 members should attend and could participate by submitting posters. Lee Sommers said that he‘d be willing to consider the conference as an official function if we met for about 2 hours and conducted a business meeting. A written report would still be required.

Officers and Representatives: Chuck Henry announced his withdrawal from the committee. Sally Brown has been filling in as co-chair on a temporary basis until the committee could vote on a change. Al Page moved to accept Henry‘s resignation. The motion was seconded by Schwab, and the motion was approved by proclamation. George O‘Connor moved to have Sally Brown as the new co-chair for the coming year. Seconded by Lee Jacobs. Approved by voice vote. George O‘Connor moved that, for 2003, Dan Sullivan would serve on the executive committee as the Western representative, Greg Evanylo as executive committee at-large representative, and Paul Schwab as secretary. Seconded by Sally Brown, approved by proclamation.

Administrative Adviser Update (Lee Sommers): The directors are going completely to a web-based system for reporting and disseminating information, called the National Information Management and Support System (NIMSS). It‘s a database with all project information, including annual reports. During the project renewal process, each member of W170 can log in and create a password. It will be possible to work on the proposal on-line. Important considerations include impact, accountability, and upcoming biosecurity proposals -- ESCOP and Western Region. Lee reviewed the amount of support to W170 by each state. Formula funds can be spent only for approved federal projects entered in the CRIS system.

USDA/CSREES Update: Ray Knighton gave us an update from the USDA perspective. The federal budgets are still under continued resolution and awaiting appropriation. The House of Representatives is proposing basically flat funding with a $10 million increase fir NRI. The Senate version has a $120 million overall increase with $40 million increase for NRI. Will require a conference to obtain an agreement. Upcoming areas of emphasis include air quality and global climate change with more rules and regulations on the way. There will be a need to know emissions from various practices, fate and transport, and better dispersion models for air pollutants. The "Clear Skies" initiative will result in the Department of Congress with $50 million to spend on decision support tools for climate change. The National Climate Change Technology Initiative (DoE) has the goal of reducing NOx emissions from agriculture by 30%. Pathogens and pharmaceuticals will also begin to get more attention.

Bob Brobst (U.S EPA: Bob discussed recent activities relating to CAFOs and the National Academy of Sciences Biosolid Report.

STATION REPORTS

Phosphorus Issues - Chip Elliot, Dan Sullivan, Albert Cox, Lee Jacobs

Ecological Effects - Paul Schwab, Ken Barbarick

Conference Updates - George O‘Connor, Alex Iskandar (ICOBTE)

Miscellaneous - Gary Pierzynski, Bob Brobst, John Sloan

Metals - Rick Stehouwer, Lee Daniels, Nick Basta, Sally Brown, Tom Granato,
Andrew Chang

Tuesday, January 21 - Gary Pierzynski called the meeting to order at 8:00 a.m. He announced that we would likely meet twice in Orlando -- Sunday evening and once over lunch.

Station Reports: Holding with the tradition of W-170, attendees presented oral station reports. The reports were given a 20-minute time limit, and all reports generated extended discussion. This year the station reports were organized by topic. This was an effective way to organize the talks so that related research was presented together and more effective discussion and comparison of findings could take place. The accomplishments for this years report will be presented in a similar fashion. The research emphasizes were threefold with additional work also taking place in other fields. The three primary foci of the work were P bioavailability in biosolids amended soils; evaluating and reducing metal bioavailability in contaminated soils, and ecosystem restoration using residuals.�

Accomplishments

Phosphorus in Biosolids - Objective 1: Characterize the chemical and physical properties of residuals and residual-amended soils. Task 1. Evaluation of Nutrient Contents in Residuals and Residual-Amended Soils. Work was done at UFL and at the MWRDGC. Biosolids samples were collected from two treatment plants in Chicago and analyzed for total P and form of P. Total P in the biosolids varied widely (18 to 30 g kg-1) and most of the P was in the inorganic form. The sum of the loosely bound, Fe+Al bound, and Ca bound P forms represented 73 to 87 percent of the total P in the biosolids and were in the order Fe+Al bound P > Ca bound P > loosely bound P. At the UFL, P form and solubility of 12 biosolids, 3 manures, and a commercial fertilizer, as well as in an acid sandy soil amended with each P-source were determined. Inorganic P forms dominated all P-sources and residuals-amended soils. Inorganic P was primarily in Fe- and Al-associated forms in most biosolids, and in all residuals-amended soils after 5 months reaction.(UFL) Objective 2: Evaluation of nutrient and trace element bioavailabilities in residual-amended field and greenhouse studies. Task 1. Evaluation of Nutrient and Trace Element Bioavailabilities in Residual-Amended Field and Greenhouse Studies. Phosphorus bioavailability was also measured in the field at UO and MI State. At MI, alum water treatment residuals (WTR) were added to soils having high to very high soil test P levels at six field sites. At two sites (established in 1998), soil test P levels have declined with time at all sites, but alum WTR did not contribute to this decrease. At the other four sites (two established in 1999 and two in 2000), some decline in Bray P1 soil test levels was observed and alum WTR amendments significantly decreased soil test P levels compared to unamended control soils. It was pointed out in discussion that P binding capacity of WTR varied significantly and that this study did not take that variability into account. Soil tests were also used to evaluate P bioavailability in OR and CO. In OR the effect of biosolids application on labile P in soils in the Willamette Valley of Oregon at 20 field sites was evaluated. Biosolids application sites had 2 to 5 previous biosolids applications with cumulative P loading of approximately 200 to 1000 kg P ha-1. Soil was analyzed for P via an agronomic method (Bray P1) and via environmental methods. Biosolids application increased average soil test P (0-5 cm depth) from 46 to 75 mg kg-1 Bray P, from 35 to 53 mg kg-1 anion-exchange resin-P, from 583 to 950 mg kg-1 ammonium oxalate extractable P, from 1.8 to 2.3 mg kg-1 dilute salt (0.01 M CaCl2) extractable P. Agronomic soil test P (Bray) was strongly correlated with other indices of water soluble P. In CO, P extractability of biosolids + WTR amended soils was evaluated using a range of extracts. Deionized water appeared to be the most useful and consistent extract tested. Bioavailable P was defined at UFL as P concentration in above ground plant tissue Above ground plant uptake of P served as the measure of P bioavailability, and was linearly regressed against applied (total) P-rate. Relative P bioavailability was determined by statistically comparing regression slopes of the organic sources of P to the slope for fertilizer-P (TSP). Biosolids produced via biological P removal (BPR) processes tended to be as available as TSP, and represented members of the high bioavailability group of materials. The moderate availability group included most of the biosolids evaluated, and had an average relative bioavailability of 46%. The low bioavailability category included biosolids and manures with greater than normal total Fe + Al concentrations, or whose forms (pellets) or associated salinity and/or alkalinity confounded bioavailability interpretation. U FL Bioavailability to other endpoints was also measured. Penn State measured runoff P following rainfall simulations. A rainfall simulation study evaluated the relationship between the percent extractable P (PWEP = [WEP/PT]x100) and runoff P levels. Five P-sources [fresh dairy manure, anaerobically digested biosolids produced without Fe or Al addition, aerobically digested biosolids (elevated Al), anaerobically digested biosolids (elevated Fe), and composted biosolids (elevated Fe)] were surface applied at 100 lbs P/ac to runoff trays containing an acid-shale and a calcareous soil, each with high and low soil-test P background levels (four soils in all). For all soil treatments, the trend of runoff dissolved P (RDP in mg/L) consistently followed the pattern: dairy manure >> biosolids without Al or Fe > biosolids with Al >composted biosolids with high Fe ; biosolids cake with high Fe. Runoff DP for all soils was highly correlated (r2 > 0.98) with the PWEP of the P-source. Average runoff DP from high-Fe biosolids (both cake and compost) was not statistically different from unamended soil control treatments. Total runoff P (mg/L) was also significantly greater for dairy manure than for biosolids. UFL measured leached P in a greenhouse study. Leached P was dominantly inorganic, and was much less from soils amended with biosolids than with TSP. In a moderately P-sorbing soil, no biosolids lost >0.45% of the applied P. Manure-P was generally more leachable than biosolids-P. Biosolids-P leaching in a poorly P-sorbing soil was related to the P saturation index. Co-applying water treatment residuals (WTRs) with high soluble P sources can eliminate leaching in soils where drainage-P is a concern. Limiting biosolids applications to rates based on P crop needs appears unnecessary to minimize P leaching concerns except for BPR materials on the poorest of P-retaining soils. OTHER NUTRIENTS Nitrogen in soils under livestock waste lagoons was measured in KS. All lagoons showed evidence of N-enrichment to a depth of at least 1 m. Total- and ammonium-N concentrations were as high as 2100 and 1100 mg/kg, respectively. Nitrate concentrations were negligible in all soil samples. Nitrogen mineralization was measured in MI as part of a WERF funded study. Partial results from this study have been published in JEQ (Gilmour et al., 2003) Ecosystem Restoration Biosolids were used to restore land damaged by fire (CO), coal mining (VA,PA), Fe slag (MWDGC), and Pb, Zn mining (WA). Objective 1: Characterize the chemical and physical properties of residuals and residual-amended soils. In May 1997, composted biosolids were applied to a severely burned, previously forested site near Buffalo Creek, CO to improve soil fertility and help establish seven native, seeded grasses. Vegetation and soils data were collected for four years following treatment. Following treatment, total biomass of vegetation increased with increasing biosolids application and the percentage of bareground decreased. Higher rates of biosolids application were associated with increased concentrations of N, P, and Zn in tissue of the dominant plant species (Elymus lanceolatus [Scribn. & J.G. Sm] Gould ssp. lanceolatus) relative to controls. The highest biosolids application rate resulted in elevated C and N content of soils after four years. The application of biosolids to this site has improved soil fertility and plant production, and resulted in enhanced post-fire ecosystem recovery. Objective 2: Evaluation of nutrient and trace element bioavailabilities in residual-amended field and greenhouse studies. a. Nutrients Leaching of nitrate from higher than agronomic N rates of biosolids used to reclaim disturbed land was temporal and reduced to background concentrations within one growing season (VPI) . Application of lime-stabilized biosolids at 40 to 200 Mg/ha to acid-sulfate soils (150 ha) was successful at stabilizing soil pH, allowing revegetation, and correcting local surface water pH and metal contamination. However, significant N losses to local surface water were also observed. During mid-summer unvegetated conditions, ammonium losses were high, but a flush of nitrate-N was also observed in the fall of 2002 once the soils stabilized and could support nitrification. Ortho-P levels in local receiving surface waters have been low (< 0.3 mg/L). In PENN, reclamation of coalmine lands with biosolids resulted in spikes of NO3- in surface water (up to 65 mg N L-1) and leachate water (up to 300 mg-N/L) during the first year following application. No changes in groundwater quality have been observed to date. b. Contaminants. Purdue has been conducting a study to evaluate the residual toxicity of biosolids on biosolids amended soils. This has involved evaluation of soil function including earthworm survivability, CO2 respiration, and nematode and seedling survival. There has been no toxicity to the endpoints identified associated with biosolids application. Biosolids mixed with lime or high calcium carbonate residuals was able to restore a plant cover to metal mine wastes from Jasper County, MO, Leadville, CO and Bunker Hill, ID in both greenhouse and field studies (U WA). Plant tissue concentrations suggest little possibility for ecosystem transfer of contaminants. MWRDGC also observed low metal uptake in foliage grown on biosolids remediated slag soils. Addition of a high Fe compost reduced Pb availability as measured by both in vivo and in vitro studies, to a Pb contaminated urban soil. Compost and wood ash addition to the surface of a mine tailings repository that was also a natural wetland reduced Pb bioavailability and resulted in a change in mineral form of Pb in the underlying tailings. The capacity of an in vitro gastrointestinal (IVG) method to predict relative bioavailable Cd from soil ingestion was evaluated. Bioaccessible Cd, determined by the IVG method, was compared with relative bioavailable Cd measured from dosing trials using juvenile swine for 10 soils contaminated with Cd from 23.8 to 465 mg kg-1. Linear relationships between Cd dissolved in the IVG gastric extraction step and in vivo relative bioavailable Cd (r=0.86) were found. Inexpensive in vitro methods may be useful in estimating the relative bioavailability of Cd in soils from contaminated sites.(OK) Objective 3. Predict the long-term bioavailability of nutrients, trace elements, and organic constituents in residual-amended soils. Task 3. Computer Simulations and Models of Residual Bioavailability A model was developed to predict the phytoavailability of metals in biosolids treated solid that considers the role of organic acids in the rhizosphere (UC Riverside) The following model: Mt = C x [1 e- (k x t)] where Mt (mg kg-1) is the cumulative metal removal from the biosolids-treated soils by growing and harvesting plants for t years, C is the total phytoavailable metal pool (mg kg-1), and k is the metal release coefficient (yr-1) of the soils appears to describe metal uptake. If the C and k of a soil are defined, the phytoavailability of the metals in the biosolids receiving soils may be evaluated. This has been developed based on greenhouse data and long-term field data is currently being collected to validate the model.

Publications

UC Riverside PAGE CHANG JA Pan, G., A. C. Chang, and A. L. Page. 2002.Modeling transfer and partitioning of potentially toxic pollutants in soil-crop system for human food security. Chinese Jour. Appl. Ecology 13 (7): 854 858. (In Chinese) BC Chang, A. C., A. L. Page, and Bonjun Koo. 2001. Biogeochemistry of phosphorus, iron, and trace elements in soils as influenced by soil-plant-microbial interaction. Pp. 43 58. In: A. Violante, P. M. Huang, J. M. Bollag, and L. Gianfreda (Eds.), Soil Mineral-Organic Matter Interactions and Ecosystem Health, Ecological Significance of the Interactions Among Clay Minerals, Organic Matter and Soil Biota. Development in Soil Science 28B. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 434pp. TH Koo, Bonjun. 2001. Assessing Bioavailability of Metals in Biosolids-treated Soils: Root Exudates and Their Effects on Solubility of Metals. Ph.D. Dissertation. Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 261pp. TH Krage, N. J. 2002. The Role of Fertilizers on Arsenic, Cadmium and Lead Accumulation in California Cropland Soils. M.S. Thesis. Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 120pp. TB Mantovani, P., T. Asano, A. C. Chang, and D. A. Okun. 2001. Management Practices for Nonpotable Water Reuse. Project 97 IRM 6 Final Report. Water Environment Research Foundation, Alexandria, VA. 230pp. TB Chang, A. C., D. E. Crowley, and A. L. Page, and M. R. Matsumoto. 2002. Assessing Bioavailability of Metals in Biosolid-treated Soils: Root Exudates and Their Effects on Solubility of Metals. Final Report Submitted to Water Environment Research Foundation, Alexandria, VA. 178pp. TB Chang, A. C., G. Pan, A. L. Page, and T. Asano. 2002. Developing Human Health-related Chemical Guidelines for Reclaimed Wastewater and Sewage Sludge Applications in Agriculture. Final Report submitted to World Health Organization, Community Water Supply and Sanitation Unit, Division of Environmental Health, Geneva, Switzerland. 105pp. CO AES Barbarick AB Green, C.H., K.A. Barbarick, G. Butters, D.M. Heil. 2002. The impact of vegetative filter strips and water treatment residuals on phosphorus runoff. Agron. Abstracts. American Society of Agronomy. Madison, WI. JA Al-Wabel, M.A., D.M. Heil, D.G. Westfall, and K.A. Barbarick. 2002. Solution chemistry influence on metal mobility in biosolids-amended soils. J. Environ. Qual. 31:1157-1165. JA Ippolito, J.A., K.A. Barbarick, and E.F. Redente. 2002. Combinations of water treatment residuals and biosolids affect on two range grasses. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 33:831-844. TR Ippolito, J., K.A. Barbarick, and T. Gourd. 2002. Application of anaerobically digested biosolids to dryland winter wheat. Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Report. TR02-5. AB Ippolito, J.A., and K.A. Barbarick. 2002. Phosphorus extraction methods from water treatment residual-amended soil. Agron. Abstracts., American Society of Agronomy. Madison, WI. FL AES OConnor JA Elliott, H.A., G.A. OConnor, and S.R. Brinton. 202. Phosphorus leaching from biosolids-amended sandy soils. J. Environ. Qual. 31:681-689. JA Elliott, H.A., G.A. OConnor, P. Lu, and S.R. Brinton. 2002. Influence of water treatment residuals on phosphorus solubility and leaching. J. Environ. Qual. 31: 1362-1369. JA Tiffany, M.E., L.R. McDowell, G.A. OConnor, F.G. Martin, N.S. Wilkinson, S.S. Percival, and P.A. Rabiansky. 2002. Effects of residual and reapplied biosolids on performance and mineral status of grazing beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 80:260-269. PR OConnor, G.A., H.A. Elliott, and P. Lu. 2002. Characterizing water treatment residuals phosphorus retention. Soil Crop Sci. Proc. 61:67-73. PR Brandt, R.C., H.A. Elliott, and G.A. OConnor. 2002. Comparative evaluation of water extractable P in biosolids and animal manures. WEF Biosolids Conf. Proc. (CD). 16th Annual Residuals and Biosolids Management Conf., 3-6 March 2002, Austin, TX. PR OConnor, G.A. and H.A. Elliott. 2002. Co-application of biosolids and water treatment residuals. Trans. World Congress Soil Sci. (CD). 14-21 Aug 2002, Bangkok, Thailand. AB Makris, K.C., G.A. OConnor, W.G. Harris, and T.A. Obreza. 2002. Thermally-induced physicochemical changes in iron and aluminum gels. SSSA Abstracts. 2002. pp244. AB Makris, K.C., G.A. OConnor, W.G. Harris, and T.A. Obreza. 2002. Phosphorus sorption by water treatment residuals: kinetics and mechanisms. SSSA Abstracts. 2002. pp385. TH Lane, C.T. 2002. Water treatment residuals effects on phosphorus in soils amended with dairy manure. MS Thesis. Univ. FL, Gainesville, FL. University of Hawaii - Hue JA Hue, N. V., S. Campbell, Q. X. Li, C. R. Lee, and J. Fong. 2002. Reducing salinity and organic contaminants in the Pearl Harbor dredged material using soil amendments and plants. Remediation J. Autumn 2002:45-63. JA Hue, N. V. and Y. Mai. 2002. Manganese toxicity in watermelon as affected by lime and compost amended to a Hawaiian soil. Hort Sci. 37: 656-661. AB Hue, N.V, C.R. Lee, R. Price, A. Palazzo, D. Nakamura, and P. Adam. 2002. Phyto-engineering of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated dredged material. In Annual meeting Abst. (CD rom), ASA, CSSA, SSSA, Madison, WI. IA AES Tabatabai JA Ekenler, M. and M.A. Tabatabai. 2002. Effects of trace elements on B-glucosaminidase activity in soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 34:1829-1832. TH Lacorbiniere-Jn Baptiste, M. 2002. Nutrient-enriched mixtures of exogenous humic substances as organic fertilizers. M.S. Thesis. Iowa State University, Ames. 108 p. KS AES Pierzynski JA Pierzynski, G.M., M. Lambert, B.A D. Hetrick, D.W. Sweeney, and L.E. Erickson. 2002. Phytostabilization of metal mine tailings using tall fescue. Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste Management 6: 212-217. JA Pierzynski, G.M., J.L. Schnoor, A. Youngman, L. Licht and L. Erickson. 2002. Poplar trees for phytostabilization of an abandoned zinc-lead smelter. Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste Management 6: 177-188. JA Hettiarachchi, G.M., and G.M. Pierzynski. 2002. In-situ stabilization of soil lead using phosphorus and manganese oxide: influence of plant growth. J. Environ. Qual. 31: 564-572. BC McLaughlin, M.J., R.E. Hamon, D.R. Parker, G.M. Pierzynski, E. Smolders, I. Thorton, and G. Welp. 2002. Soil Chemistry. In A. Fairbrother et al. (eds.), Test Methods to Determine Hazards of Sparingly Soluble Metal Compounds in Soils. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Pensacola, FL. AB DeSutter, T.M., G.M. Pierzynski, and J.M. Ham. Soil Chemical Properties Beneath Swine and Cattle Waste Lagoons. 2002 National American Society of Agronomy meetings (November, Indianapolis, IN). AB Sonmez, O., and G.M. Pierzynski. A Field-Based Assessment Tool for Phosphorus Losses in Runoff in Kansas. 2002 National American Society of Agronomy meetings (November, Indianapolis, IN). AB Heitman, J.L., G.M. Pierzynski, P.A. Kulakow, and G.J. Kluitenberg. Revegetation Strategies for a Fly-Ash Disposal Site in a Semi-arid Region. 2002 National American Society of Agronomy meetings (November, Indianapolis, IN). MI AES Jacobs EB Ess, D., S. Hawkins, C. Gould, and L.W. Jacobs. 2002. Manure applicator calibration. Purdue U./MI State U. publication series on Best Environmental Management Practices. Exten. Bull. E-2825, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI. 8 p. EB Frankenberger, J.R., D.D. Jones, C. Gould, and L.W. Jacobs. 2002. Land applicaion of manure and environmentally sensitive field characteristics. Purdue U./MI State U. publication series on Best Environmental Management Practices. Exten. Bull. E-2821, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI. 8 p. AB Jacobs, L.W., J.T. Gilmour, C.G. Cogger, G.K. Evanylo, and D.M. Sullivan. 2002. New N mineralization factors for estimating plant-available N in biosolids. Agronomy Abstracts, CD-ROM, Am. Soc. Agronomy/Crop Sci. Soc. America/Soil Sci. Soc. America, Madison, WI. MWRGDC Granato, Hundal AB Cox, A.E., T.C. Granato, R.I. Pietz, and P. Tata, Comparison of phosphorus release characteristics in Chicago biosolids, SSSA Abstracts. 2002. PR Cox, A.E., T.C. Granato, R.I. Pietz, and P. Tata, Uptake of Cd and Zn by garden vegetables grown in NuEarth biosolids amended soil, Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference, Austin,Texas, March 3 through 6, 2002. TR Hundal, L., A. E. Cox, T. C. Granato, and R. I. Pietz, USX Research and Demonstration Project Results for 2000, Research and Development Environmental Monitoring and Research Division 2000 Annual Report, Report Number 02-1, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago, January 2002. OK AES Basta JA Schroder, J.L., N.T. Basta, M. Payton, J.A. Wilson, R. I. Carlson, D. M. Janz, and R.L. Lochmiller. 2003. Ecotoxicological risks associated with land treatment of petrochemical waste: I. Residual soil contamination and bioaccumulation by cotton rats (Sigmodon Hispidus). J. Tox. Environ. Health Part A 66:305-325. JA Wilson, J.A., J.L. Schroder, N.T. Basta, D. Janz, R.I. Carlson, and R.L. Lochmiller. 2003. Abandoned petrochemical landfarms and wildlife in Oklahoma. II. Effects of contaminants on the immune system and hematology of cotton rats inhabiting abandoned petroleum landfarms. J. Tox. Environ. Health Part A. 66:345-363. JA Carlson, R.I., J.A. Wilson, R.L. Lochmiller, D.M. Janz,, J.L. Schroder, and N.T. Basta, 2003. Ecotoxicological risks associated with land treatment of petrochemical wastes: III. Immune function and hematology of cotton rats. J. Tox. Environ. Health Part A, 66:327-343. JA Yang, J.K., M.O. Barnett, P.M. Jardine, N.T. Basta, and S.W. Casteel. 2002. Adsorption, sequestration, and bioaccessibility of As (V) in soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36:4562-4569. AB Basta, N.T., J.L. Schroder, K. Bradham, J. Si, and R.P. Lanno. 2002. The effect of soil spiking procedures on heavy metal availability during earthworm and plant bioassays. Abstract Book. p. 84. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23rd Annual Meeting in North America, Salt Lake City, UT, Nov. 16-20. AB Bradham, K.D., R.P. Lanno, N.T. Basta, J. Schroder, and M. Payton. 2002. Effects of soil properties on the bioavailability and toxicity of metals in contaminated soils to earthworms. Abstract Book. p. 84. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23rd Annual Meeting in North America, Salt Lake City, UT, Nov. 16-20. AB Basta, N.T., S.W. Casteel, J.L. Schroder, F.P. Armstrong, R.R. Rodriguez, and D.C. Ward. 2002. Application and limitations of in vitro gastrointestinal methods for estimating bioavailable Cd, Pb, and As in contaminated soil. Soil Sci. Soc. of Am. Abstracts (CD-ROM), Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting, Indianapolis, IN, Nov. 10-14. TH Snethen, K.L. 2002. Chemical immobilization of lead, zinc, and cadmium based on risk and contaminant extractability. MS Thesis. Oklahoma State Univ. Stillwater, OK. OR AES Sullivan AB Sullivan, D.M. 2002. Biological stability assessment methods for compost. In: 2002 Agronomy Abstracts, SSSA, Madison, WI. AB Jacobs, LW., J.T. Gilmour, C.G. Cogger, G.K. Evanylo and D.M. Sullivan. 2002. New N mineralization factors for estimating plant-available N in biosolids. In: 2002 Agronomy Abstracts, SSSA, Madison, WI. JA Sullivan, D.M., A.I. Bary, D.R. Thomas, S.C. Fransen, and C.G. Cogger. 2002. Food waste compost effects on fertilizer nitrogen efficiency, available nitrogen, and tall fescue yield. Soil Sci. Soc. Am J. 66:154-161. PR Brewer, L.J. and D.M. Sullivan. 2002. Maturity and stability evaluation of composted yard trimmings. p. 682-704. In: F.C. Michel, Jr., R.F. Rynk, and H.A.J. Hoitink (ed) 2002 Intl Symposium on Composting and Compost Utilization. 6-8 May 2002. Columbus, OH. JG Press. Emmaus, PA. PENNSYLVANIA AES Elliot, Stehouwer JA Elliott, H.A., G.A. OConnor, and S.R. Brinton. 202. Phosphorus leaching from biosolids-amended sandy soils. J. Environ. Qual. 31:681-689. JA Elliott, H.A., G.A. OConnor, P. Lu, and S.R. Brinton. 2002. Influence of water treatment residuals on phosphorus solubility and leaching. J. Environ. Qual. 31: 1362-1369. PR Brandt, R.C., H.A. Elliott, and G.A. OConnor. 2002. Comparative evaluation of water extractable P in biosolids and animal manures. WEF Biosolids Conf. Proc. (CD). 16th Annual Residuals and Biosolids Management Conf., 3-6 March 2002, Austin, TX. PR OConnor, G.A., H.A. Elliott, and P. Lu. 2002. Characterizing water treatment residuals phosphorus retention. Soil Crop Sci. Proc. 61:67-73. PR Womer, J., H.A. Elliott, R.C. Brandt. 2002. Determining phosphorus in biosolids using neutral ammonium citrate extraction. Proc.16th Annual Residuals and Biosolids Conference. March 3-6, 2002. Austin, TX. AB OConnor, G.A. and H.A. Elliott. 2002. Co-application of biosolids and water treatment residuals. Trans. World Congress Soil Sci. (CD). 14-21 Aug 2002, Bangkok, Thailand. AB Stehouwer, R.C., and K.E. Macneal. 2002. Water quality effects of surface mine reclamation with biosolids. Soil Science Society of America Meetings, Indianapolis, IN, November 10-14, 2002. Annual Mtg. Abstracts, ASA, CSSA, SSSA AB Stehouwer, R.C. and K.E. Macneal. 2002. Nutrient and trace element flux following surface mine reclamation with biosolids. Northeastern Branch ASA and SSSA Meeting, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV., July 14-17, 2002. TH Shober, A.L. 2002. Assessing the effects of biosolids application on soil and crop quality. M.S. Thesis. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. 255 p. TH von Willert, F.J. 2002. Chemical processes affecting the subsoil during reclamation of highly acidic minespoil. Ph.D. Thesis. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA., 158 p. Purdue, Indiana- Schwab JA Pu, XZ, Y.J. Zhao, L.S. Lee, A.P. Schwab, G.P. Carlson. 2002. Bioavailablity of Pentachlorophenol from Different Types of Soils, 41st Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology, March 18-22, 2002, The Toxicologist-Supplement of Toxicological Sciences. Vol. 66(1-S):138. BC Hutchinson, S.L., A.P. Schwab, and M.K. Banks. 2002. Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the rhizosphere. In Phytoremediation: Transformation and Control of Contaminants. Steven C. McCutcheon and Jerry L. Schnoor (eds.) AB Lee, L.S. 2002. Bioavailability of Organic Chemicals and Implications. Invited to be presented at the Bouyoucos Conference "Molecular Level Processes on Availability of Chemical Species to Plants and Microbes in Soil", Sani Halkidiki, Greece, June 23-28, 2002. AB Lee, L.S., P.S.C. Rao. 2002. Sorption and Transport of Hormonally Active Agents in Soils. Annual American Society of Agronomy Conference, Indianapolis, IN, November 10-14, 2002. AB Oliveira, M., A.K. Sarmah, L.S. Lee, P.S.C. Rao. 2002. Fate of Tylosin in Aqueous Manure-Soil Systems, Annual American Society of Agronomy Conference, Indianapolis, IN, November 10-14, 2002. Texas AMU- Sloan AB: Wang, D., K. Huang, J.J. Sloan. 2002. Changes in heavy metal chemistry during accelerated organic matter mineralization. Presented at: Urban Agriculture: Emerging Opportunities in Science, Education, and Policy. Dallas, Texas May 20-22, 2002. AB: J.T. Spargo, J.J. Heitholt, J.B. Farr, J.J. Sloan, and C.T. MacKown. 2002. Evaluation of the utility of dairy manure in a soybean-wheat rotation in Northeast Texas. Agronomy Abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI. TT- Zartman JA Reed, R.L., M. A. Sanderson, V. G. Allen, and R. E Zartman. 2002. Cadmium application and pH effects on growth and Cadmium accumulation in switchgrass. Commun. Soil Science Plant Anal. 33(7&8):1187-1203. JA Wester, D. B., R. E Sosebee, R. E Zartman, E. B. Fish, and J. C. Villalobos. 2003. Biosolids in a Chihuahuan desert ecosystem: Biosolids can improve semiarid rangelands in many ways. Rangelands. (In press). PR Perez, S. D. and R. E Zartman. 2002. Infiltration along a playa basin-outer basin transect. Great Plains Symposium: Protection and utilization of air and water resources of the Great Plains. 1-3 April 2002, Amarillo, TX. PR Green, C. J., R. E Zartman, J. C. Zak, and M. J. San Francisco. 2002. An update of ricin research at Texas Tech University. Meeting of the Consortium of Biological Defense Researchers, 17-19 April 2002, Tampa, FL. PR Zartman, R., C. Green, M. San Francisco, J. Zak, W. Jaynes and E. Boroda. 2002. Mitigation of ricin contamination in soils: sorption and degradation. Joint Service Scientific Conference on Chemical and Biological Defense Research. 19-21 November 2002, Hunt Valley, MD. AB Basinger, A. J., R. E Zartman, J. Borrelli, C. McKenney, and R. Sosebee. 2002. Frequency and mowing height influence on root density distribution along Texas Highways. Agron Abs. (S06-basinger135056). AB Boroda, E., R. E Zartman, C.J. Green, M. J. San Francisco, and J. C. Zak. 2002. Extraction, detection and quantification of ricin in agricultural soils. Agron Abs. (S03-boroda125458). AB Jaynes, F., R. E Zartman, C.J. Green, M. J. San Francisco, and J. C. Zak. 2002. Sorption of castor toxin by soil components and other materials. Agron Abs. (S02-jaynes104122). AB Weeaks, J. D., M. A. Maurer and R. E Zartman. 2002. Seeded Bermudagrass establishment using subsurface drip irrigation. Agron. Abs. (C05-weeaks115421). TH Boroda, Eli. 2002. Quantifying ricin in agricultural soils. Ph.D. dissertation. Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX. TH Weindorf, David. 2002. The effect of compost on soil physical properties in the Dallas metropolitan area. Ph.D. dissertation. Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX. VA AES Evanylo, Daniels JA Bulluck, L.R. III, M. Brosius, G.K. Evanylo, and J.B. Ristaino. 2002. Organic and synthetic fertilizer amendments influence soil microbial, physical and chemical properties on organic and conventional Farms. Applied Soil Ecology 19:147-160 JA Evanylo, G.K. 2003. Effects of biosolids application timing and soil texture on nitrogen availability for corn. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 34(1&2): 127-145. PR Daniels, W.L., S.M. Nagle, G.R. Whittecar, and G.K. Evanylo. 2002. Effects of biosolids application on ground water nitrate-N levels in sand and gravel mine reclamation in Virginia. p. 645-674 In: Proc., 2002 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation, Lexington, KY, June 9-13, 2002. Published by ASMR, 3134 Montavesta Rd., Lexington, KY, 40502. PR Daniels, W.L., P. Schroeder, S. Nagle, L. Zelazny and M. Alley. 2002. Reclamation of prime farmland following mineral sands mining in Virginia. Preprint 02-132 for 2002 SME Annual Meeting, Feb. 25-27, Phoenix. SME, Littleton, Co., 12 p. PR Evanylo, G.K. and C.A. Sherony. 2002. Agronomic and environmental effects of compost, manure, and fertilizer use. p. 730-740. In 2002 International Symposium: Composting and Compost Utilization. May 6-8. Columbus, OH. PR Evanylo, G.K., C.A. Sherony, and G.L. Mullins. 2002. Water quality effects of compost, manure, and fertilizer use for vegetables. Composting in the Southeast Conference, Palm Harbor, FL. October 6-9. PR Orndorff, Z.W., W.L. Daniels and L.E. Dias. 2002. Evaluation of sulfidic materials in Virginia highway corridors. p. 866-879 In: Proc., 2002 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation, Lexington, KY, June 9-13, 2002. Published by ASMR, 3134 Montavesta Rd., Lexington, KY, 40502. PR Sherony, C.A., G.K. Evanylo, and J.W. Pease. 2002. Yield differences and economic implications of compost, poultry litter, and fertilizer amended soils. Composting in the Southeast Conference, Palm Harbor, FL. October 6-9. AB Abaye, A.O., R. Lemus, G. Evanylo, C. Zipper, and S. Hutton. 2002. Extending the Potential of Forages into Partially Reclaimed Soils. In 2002 Agronomy abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI. AB Coale, F.J., J.T. Sims, J.W. White, M-F Lavahun, and G.K. Evanylo. 2003. Phosphorus fate and transport in biosolids amended soils: III. Phosphorus forms in soils and losses in runoff from fescue pastures. WEF/AWWA/CWEA Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference. Residuals and Biosolids Management Partnering for a Safe, Sustainable Environment. Baltimore, MD. February 19-22. AB Jacobs, L.W., J.T. Gilmour, C.G. Cogger, G.K. Evanylo, and D.M. Sullivan. 2002. New N mineralization factors for estimating plant available N in biosolids. In 2002 Agronomy abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI. AB Sims, J.T., F.J. Coale, M-F Lavahun, J.W. White, and G.K. Evanylo. 2003. Phosphorus fate and transport in biosolids amended soils: I. Phosphorus forms in soils used for corn production. WEF/AWWA/CWEA Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference. Residuals and Biosolids Management Partnering for a Safe, Sustainable Environment. Baltimore, MD. February 19-22. AB Sims, J.T., F.J. Coale, M-F Lavahun, J.W. White, and G.K. Evanylo. 2003. Phosphorus fate and transport in biosolids amended soils: II. Phosphorus losses in runoff from soils used for corn production. WEF/AWWA/CWEA Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference. Residuals and Biosolids Management Partnering for a Safe, Sustainable Environment. Baltimore, MD. February 19-22. AB Sukkariyah, B., G.K. Evanylo, and L.W. Zelazny. 2003. Bioavailability of heavy metals from biosolids. WEF/AWWA/CWEA Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference. Residuals and Biosolids Management Partnering for a Safe, Sustainable Environment. Baltimore, MD. February 19-22. TH Orndorff, Z. W. 2001. Evaluation of Sulfidic Materials in Virginia Highway Corridors. Ph.D. Dissertation. 187 p. TR Sims, J.T., S. Dentel, F.J. Coale, and G.K. Evanylo. 2002. Agricultural phosphorus management for biosolids: Developing sustainable management practices for the mid-Atlantic states. Final research report to the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments. 60p. TR Sims, J.T., F.J. Coale, G.K. Evanylo, J. White, and A. Leytem. 2002. Field and on-farm evaluation of the effects of biosolids on phosphorus in soils and runoff. Final Project Report to the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments and the Environmental Protection and Improvement Company. 135p. U WA Brown Henry JA Brown, S., C.L. Henry, R.Chaney, H. Compton, and P.S. DeVolder. 2003. Using municipal biosolids in combination with other residuals to restore metal-contaminated mining areas. Plant and Soil, 249:203-215. JA Brown , S. , R. Chaney J. Halfrisch, and Q. Xue. 2003. Effect of Biosolids Processing on Lead Bioavailability in an Urban Soil. J. Environ. Qual. 32:100-108. JA Brown, S.L., R. Chaney, M. Sprenger, and H. Compton. 2002. Soil remediation using biosolids. Biocycle June: 40-44 JA Brown, S.L., R. Chaney, M. Sprenger, and H. Compton. 2002. Assessing impact to wildlife at biosolids remediated sites. Biocycle August: 51-58. JA Grey, M., and C. Henry. 2002. Phosphorus and nitrogen runoff from a forested watershed fertilized with biosolids. J. Environ. Qual. 31:926-936. AB Chaney, R L, JA Ryan, S Brown C Henry, T Stuczynski, T Siebielec and W R Berti. 2002. Ecosystem restoration on metal-toxic soils using biosolids and alkaline byproducts. SETAC 23rd Annual Meeting in North America. Salt Lake City Nov 16-20. 011. AB Brown, S, B Christiansen, S McGrath, E Lombi, M McLaughlin, and J Vagronsveld. 2002. Ability of soil amendments to reduce metal bioavailability on zinc and lead mine tailings. SETAC 23rd Annual Meeting in North America. Salt Lake City Nov 16-20. 012. AB McGrath, S, E Lombi, M McLaughlin, S Brown and J Vangronsveld. 2002. Comparison of biological and chemical indicators to evaluate soil remediation. SETAC 23rd Annual Meeting in North America. Salt Lake City Nov 16-20. 013. AB Vagronsveld, J, J Colpaert, A Ruttens, E Lombi, B. Christiansen, S McGrath, S Brown, and M McLaughlin. 2002. Use of cyclonic ashes to remediate metal contaminated soils. 2002. SETAC 23rd Annual Meeting in North America. Salt Lake City Nov 16-20. 014. AB Lombi, E, R Hamon, M McLaughlin, S McGrath, S Brown, J Vangronsveld, B Christiansen, J Colpaert and V Ferguson. 2002. Importance of sorption versus fixation reactions in decreasing metal bioavailability for in situ remediation. 2002. SETAC 23rd Annual Meeting in North America. Salt Lake City Nov 16-20. 015. AB Maxemchuk, A, H Compton, M Sprenger, S Brown, and M Zimmerman. 2002. Reducing bioavailability and toxicity of metals at mining sites using biosolids and lime soil amendments. SETAC 23rd Annual Meeting in North America. Salt Lake City Nov 16-20. 017. AB Brown, S, D Mosby, J Yang, R Chaney, W Berti. 2002. In situ field tests to reduce metal bioavailability: site characterization and treatment selection, installation and performance. 2002. SETAC 23rd Annual Meeting in North America. Salt Lake City Nov 16-20. 018. AB Ryan, J, W Berti, S Brown, S Casteel, R Chaney, P Grevatt, J Hallfrisch, M Maddaloni and K Scheckel. 2002. Reducing childrens risk to soil lead: Summary of a field experiment to reduce soil lead bioavailability. 2002. SETAC 23rd Annual Meeting in North America. Salt Lake City Nov 16-20. 020. TH Svenson, Alex. 2002 The Use of Biosolids in Combination with Lime to Ameliorate Subsoil Acidity in Mine Tailings. MS thesis 117 p. WY AES Vance TH Youwen, You. 2002. Use of Layered Double Hydroxides and Their Derivatives as Adsorbents for Inorganic and Organic Pollutants. Ph.D. in Soil and Environmental Chemistry. University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. JA You, Y.W., H. Zhao and G.F. Vance. 2002. Adsorption of dicamba (3,6 dichloro-2-methoxy benzoic acid) in aqueous solution by calcined-layered double hydroxides. Applied Clay Science 21(5/6):217-226. JA Sharmasarkar, S. and G.F. Vance. 2002. Selenite-selenate sorption in a surface coal mine environment. Advances in Environmental Research 7(1):89-97. JA You, Y.W., H. Zhao and G.F. Vance. 2002. Hybrid organic-inorganic derivatives of layered double hydroxides and dodecylbenzenesulfonate: Preparation and adsorption characteristics. Journal of Material Chemistry 12:907-912. JA Sharmasarkar, S. and G.F. Vance. 2002. Soil and plant selenium at a reclaimed uranium mine. Journal of Environmental Quality 31:1516-1521. JA You, Y.W., H. Zhao and G.F. Vance. 2002. Surfactant-enhanced adsorption of organic compounds by layered double hydroxides. Colloids and Surfaces: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 205:161-172. JA You, Y.W. and G.F. Vance. 2002. Sodium-Zinc exchange selectivity on Wyoming montmorillonite in different background anion solutions. Pedosphere 12:289-299. PR Skinner, C.P. and G.F. Vance. 2002. Plant-soil selenium in disturbed and native ecosystems. In: R. Barnhisel (ed.) Reclamation with a Purpose. American Society of Mining and Reclamation, Lexington, KY. Issue 19:141-162. PR Vance, G.F. 2002. Undergraduate minor and graduate certificate programs in Reclamation and Restoration Ecology. In: R. Barnhisel (ed.) Reclamation with a Purpose. American Society of Mining and Reclamation, Lexington, KY. Issue 19:1173-1182. PR Schladweiler, B.K., G.F. Vance and R. Haroian. 2002. Influence of variable topsoil replacement depths on soil and plant characteristics at a coal mine in northeastern Wyoming. In: R. Barnhisel and B. Buchanan (eds.) Land Reclamation - A Different Approach. American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation, Lexington, KY. Issue 19 CD-ROM PR Vance, G.F. 2002. Potential impacts and alternatives to land application of coalbed methane product water. Western Society of Soil Science Proceedings p.18 AB You, Y.W., H. Zhao and G.F. Vance. 2002. Surfactant-enhanced adsorption of organic compounds by layered double hydroxides. Clay Minerals Society Abstracts 39:181. AB Skinner-Martin, C.P. and G.F. Vance. 2002. Soil-geology selenium relationships in disturbed and native ecosystems. Agronomy Abstracts CD-ROM AB Hoobler, B.M. and G.F. Vance. 2002. Applications of the land evaluation and site assessment technique and a geographic information system in east Park County, Wyoming. Agronomy Abstracts CD-ROM AB Hayward, J.A. and G.F. Vance. 2002. Modeling alternative crops using GIS in northwestern Wyoming. Agronomy Abstracts CD-ROM AB Vance, G.F. 2002. Wyoming Reclamation Ecology Center: A new research, education and outreach initiative. Agronomy Abstracts CD-ROM AB Schladweiler, B.K., R. Haroian and G.F. Vance. 2002. Influence of variable topsoil replacement depth on soil and plant characteristics at a coal mine in northeastern Wyoming. Agronomy Abstracts CD-ROM AB Zhao, H., Y.W. You, and G.F. Vance. 2002. Hybrid organic-inorganic derivatives of LDHs and dodecylbenzenesulfonate: Preparation and adsorption characteristics. Agronomy Abstracts CD-ROM AB Skinner-Martin, C.P. and G.F. Vance. 2002. Use of GIS for predicting areas with seleniferous soils and plants. Agronomy Abstracts CD-ROM AB Vance, G.F. 2002. Soil carbon database for Wyoming. Soil Carbon Accounting Systems: I. Carbon Accounting and Monitoring Systems Symposium. Agronomy Abstracts CD-ROM AB You, Y.W., H. Zhao and G.F. Vance. 2002. Characteristics of arsenite adsorption-desorption on layered double hydroxides. Agronomy Abstracts CD-ROM AB You, Y.W., H. Zhao and G.F. Vance. 2002. Surfactant-enhanced adsorption of organic compounds by layered double hydroxides. Agronomy Abstracts CD-ROM AB Qi, J., Y.W. You,, G.F. Vance, J. Zhuang and Y. Jin. 2002. Removal of bacteriophages from aqueous systems by an anionic clay. Agronomy Abstracts CD-ROM ____________ AB = abstract, BK=book, BC=book chapter, EB=extension bulletin, JA=journal article, PR = proceedings,TB=technical bulletin, TH= thesis.

Impact Statements

Objective 1: Characterize the chemical and physical properties of residuals and residual-amended soils. Total and available P in biosolids can vary widely based on the treatment plant and the chemical additions to the biosolids. Within a single treatment plant, total P can also vary widely. In general, biosolids that do not contain biologically removed P, have significantly lower P availability than manures or P fertilizers with similar total P.
Objective 2: Evaluation of nutrient and trace element bioavailabilities in residual-amended field and greenhouse studies. Lab and field evaluations of numerous biosolids, manures, and fertilizer confirm that not all P-sources containing comparable P total concentrations have equal P bioavailability for plants or environmental endpoints including leaching and transport over soil surfaces. Conventional agronomic tests for P availability are not as appropriate for environmental P concerns.
Objective 2: Evaluation of nutrient and trace element bioavailabilities in residual-amended field and greenhouse studies. Research shows that biosolids can be used to reduce metal availability in highly contaminated sites substantiating previous work that the metals in biosolids do not pose a threat to human health or the environment. A wide range of restoration projects using biosolids demonstrates the utility of these materials for soil building and ecosystem development.
Objective 3. Predict the long-term bioavailability of nutrients, trace elements, and organic constituents in residual-amended soils. Work on the toxicity of biosolids to earthworms and other ecological endpoints demonstrated that there were no negative effects associated with biosolids addition to soils. Models to describe metal uptake that incorporate the role of rhizosphere organic acids will potentially provide information on the long-term metal extractability from biosolids amended soils.

Date of Annual Report: 04/20/2004

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 01/04/2004 - 01/08/2004
Period the Report Covers: 01/01/2003 - 12/01/2003

Participants

Ajwa, H.A. (haajwa@ucdavis.edu)- USDA-ARS (CA); Barbarik, Ken (kbarbari@ceres.agsci.colostate.edu) Colorado State University; Basta, Nick (basta.4@osu.edu) Ohio State University (OH-AES); Brobst, Bob (bob.brobst@epa.gov) US EPA Region 8; Brown, Sally (slb@u.washington.edu); Buyuksonmez, Fatih (Fatih@kahuna.sdsu.edu)- San Diego State University; Chaney, R. L. (Rufus.chaney@usda.gov) USDA ARS AMBL; Cox, Albert Chicago MWRD; Daniels, Lee (wdaniels@vt.edu) - Virginia Tech; Elliot, H.A. (hae1@psu.edu)- The Pennsylvania State University (PA-AES); Harrison, Ellen (ezh1@cornell.edu) Cornell University; Hundall, Lakwinder. (hundall@mwrd.org )- Chicago MWRD; Hue, N.V. (nvhue@hawaii.edu)- University of Hawaii (HI-AES); Jacobs, L. (jacobsl@msu.edu) (MI-AES); Montgomery, Jamie (jmontgomery@werf.org) Water Environment Research Federation; Novack, Jeff (novack@florence.ars.usda.gov) USDA ARS CPRC; OConnor, George ( gao@gnv.ifas.ufl.edu) - University of Florida; Page, A.L. (albert.page@ucr) -University of California at Riverside (CA-AES); Pierzynski, G. M. (gmp@ksu.edu) Kansas State University (KS-AES); Ryan, J. (ryan.jim@epa.gov) - EPA NRMRL; Scheckel, Kirk (Scheckel,kirk@epa.gov) NRMRL; Schwab, A.P. (pschwab@purdue.edu) Purdue University (IN-AES); Sommers, Lee (lsommers@lamar.colostate.edu) Colorado State University; Stehouwer, Rick (rcs15@psu.edu) - Penn State University; Sullivan, Dan (dan.sullivan@orst.edu) Oregon State University (OR AES); Wolf, Duane (dworf@uark.edu)- University of Arkansas; Xia, Kang (kxia@uga.edu) - University of Georgia; Zhang, Hailin (zhailin@okstate.edu)- Oklahoma State University

Brief Summary of Minutes

The annual meeting was held at Lake Buena Vista, Florida, with Nick Basta and Sally Brown calling the meeting to order.

Project Renewal for 2004 2009 - Sally Brown provided a handout of the objectives that had been discussed previously. Lee Sommers and Nick discussed the timeline for the renewal with May 15 the deadline for completion of the reviewable draft. Submit to Sommers with a list of peer reviewers. The proposal will be reviewed by RCIC in late June and any corrections completed in early August. A new project would start date October 1, 2004

Merging with Northeast Regional Research Project on Land Application of Sewage Biosolids. Options include complete merging with the NE project or NE individuals joining with W170. Sommers suggested that we address the possible mergers to make it clear that we‘‘re trying to avoid redundancy. We decided that Ellen Harrison will approach the NE group and get back to us in 30 days to determine interest. If interest in merging exists, we an request a 1-year extension. If NE is not interested, we will continue to write and strive for the May 15 deadline.

Voting on officers secretary and representatives affirmed by voice vote. Co-chairs: Sally Brown and Nick Basta. Secretary: Paul Schwab. Evanylou: non-Western representative. Dan Sullivan: Western representative.

Next years meeting location will be Las Vegas. Al Page will see if he can firm up the particulars. Well meet over the Martin Luther King, Jr. weekend in January 2005.

Accomplishments

Objective 1: Characterize the chemical and physical properties of residuals and residual-amended soils. Work on a large, multi-state cooperative project on the phytoavailability of N in biosolids amended soils was completed. The study included laboratory, field and modeling components. The research involved W170 members from Arkansas, Washington State, Michigan, Oregon, and Virginia. The project culminated with the publication of the study?s findings in the Journal of Environmental Quality: Gilmour, J.T., C.G. Cogger, L.W. Jacobs, G.K. Evanylo, and D.M. Sullivan. 2003. Decomposition and plant-available nitrogen in biosolids: Laboratory studies, field studies, and computer simulation. J. Environ. Qual. 32:1498-1507. Phosphorus in Biosolids - A great deal of research was also conducted on the phyto- and bioavailability of P in manures and biosolids in comparison to commercial P fertilizers. Research focused on defining appropriate measurement indices to evaluate the potential environmental impact of P added to soils. Runoff of soil added P was measured in a number of laboratory studies. The potential to reduce the environmental impact of soil P was also investigated through the addition of water treatment residuals to high P soils. Cooperative projects included ongoing studies at Penn State and U FL as well as new work with UFL and Michigan. Similar themes were present in many projects, indicating that cooperation was an important element of the research. Details of specific projects are provided below. In PA, Twenty food processing residuals (FPRs) which are routinely recycled on cropland were analyzed for total nutrient content and water extractable P to determine how these products will be impacted by implementation of P-based nutrient management. Many of the FPR have low P content and so their land application will not be significantly affected once the P Index is in place. Some FPRs (from dairy products and meat processing) have significant P content which may impact their disposal via land application. In Hawaii, a range of animal manures was analyzed for total nutrient and trace element composition. Total N and P were similar to values reported for manures on the mainland, however, higher total Cu and Zn concentrations were found in the Hawaiian manures. Objective 2: Evaluation of nutrient and trace element bioavailabilities in residual-amended field and greenhouse studies. P availability - In OR, OR initiated a study to refine the P source component of the P-Index to recognize (i) differences in P solubility among biosolids sources and (2) differences in P solubility between biosolids-P and fertilizer-P. Available P recovered from soil increased linearly with P application rate up to 900 mg P kg-1. Biosolids with Al or Fe addition at the wastewater treatment plant (PSI = 0.3 to 0.7) had P availabilities equivalent to 6 to 32 % of fertilizer-P. Other biosolids (PSI = 0.9 to 1.7) had P availabilities equal to 38 to 82 % of fertilizer P. We recommend that the Oregon NRCS P-Index be modified to include phosphorus availability coefficients (PAC) for biosolids relative to P fertilizer based on biosolids PSI. We recommend a PAC = 0.2 for alum-treated or ferric chloride treated biosolids with PSI < 0.7; PAC = 0.5 for biosolids with PSI = 0.7 to 1.3; and PAC = 0.8 for biosolids with PSI > 1.3. Similar results were also observed in VA where both total and available P and N in composts and poultry litter were evaluated in a field study. Runoff potential - In Hawaii, the importance of soil type in evaluating P runoff potential was evaluated. A simulated P runoff was studied on two Hawaii soils. A Mollisol and an Oxisol were placed in plastic trays with 1000 mg P/kg as chicken, swine manure or TSP and inclined to create a 5% slope (50 cm long). Sprinklers simulated rainfall and P was measured in the runoff collected. The Oxisol retained much more P than the Mollisol. Amounts of P released to the runoff water varied with source and time: fastest with the inorganic P (treble-superphosphate) and slowest with the composted swine manure. If 1.0 mg/L of total P in runoff is the recommended limit to minimize P pollution, then the Mollisol should not receive high P applications. At Penn State, the role of P source for runoff potential was evaluated. A rainfall simulation study, following the National Phosphorus Research Project protocol, was conducted with ten biosolids and dairy manure to evaluated P runoff losses. All P-sources were applied at rates to achieve a common plant available N rate (134 kg PAN ha-1) resulting in P application rates ranging from 122 (dairy manure) to 555 (Syracuse N-Viro) kg P ha-1. The results underscore the need to consider the variable water solubility of the biosolids- or manure-P when assessing P loss potential following land application. Reducing the potential for P runoff was evaluated in many labs with the use of water treatment residuals. - (this research described below also addresses Objective 3). In a greenhouse study conducted by CO State University using simulated buffer strips, the efficacy of WTR to increase the removal of P in surface runoff was determined. Modeling using OPUS2 indicated that about a 10 mm soil-cover thickness of WTR was needed to remove P in an overland-flow system. The longevity of the P sorption on WTRs was evaluated in a cooperative study with U FL and MI State with lab components of the study being conducted at U FL and field plots being maintained at MI State. At two field sites (established in 1998), soil test P levels have declined with time at all sites, but alum WTR did not contribute to this decrease. At the other four sites (two established in 1999 and two in 2000), some decline in Bray P1 soil test levels was observed and alum WTR amendments significantly decreased soil test P levels compared to unamended control soils. Leaching of soluble P to subsoils is suspected to have contributed to the decreased P levels observed at all sites. U FL continued efforts to artificially age soil/waste mixtures to determine the long-term stability of P immobilized by WTR additions to soils. This portion of the study is being conducted in FL. Aging is being encouraged in long-term incubations of residuals-amended soils at elevated temperatures. We are examining samples from various field studies, including a long-term study by W-170cooperators in Michigan (Jacobs), where WTRs were applied in 1998 to two sites with long manure application histories to control soluble P levels. The data suggest that there is little reason to believe that WTR-immobilized P will be released over time. Trace Elements - Work has continued in the group on the behavior and bioavailability of trace elements in soils. This work includes, but is not limited to biosolids amended soils Se - Two groups, CA, and CO have done research on evaluating and reducing the bioavailability of Se in Soils. In CA, work focused on evaluating the bioavailability of Se through the use of sequential extraction procedures. In addition, the potential to maximize Se volatilization was demonstrated by manipulating the soil environment in wetland mesocosms. Planted mesocosms showed a volatilization rate of 40% while control mesocosms showed a volatilization rate of 23%. CO studied the sorption of selenate and selenite by water treatment residuals with respect to pH. We found selenate sorption decreased with increasing pH, most likely due to increasing net negative charge on WTR. However, the selenite sorption increased with increasing pH, and may be due to the possible presence of calcium carbonate in WTR. Further research is required. Mo - Plant uptake of Mo continued to be evaluated in OH and PA as additions to the large research effort headed by O?Connor in FL. In OH, uptake of Cu and MO in wheat forage was studied. Forage uptake of Mo and Cu showed temporal variation between years but increased with biosolids application rate. The Cu:Mo ratio of washed forage was > 2.9 and was inversely related to biosolids application rate. Forage Mo was < 2 mg/kg. Unwashed forage had a larger Cu:Mo ratio than washed forage. Forage Mo increased with biosolids application for unwashed forage. However, the Cu:Mo ratio of unwashed forage decreased with increased biosolids application was the unwashed forage Cu:Mo ratio was > 10. Biosolids application had no effect on forage S content that were < 3000 mg/kg. The calculated UC of Mo for winter wheat in Oklahoma of 0.24 (washed forage) and 0.36 (unwashed forage) is less than UC of 0.42 used by U.S. EPA in their risk assessment used for governing land application of biosolids (e.g. Part 503). As and Pb - Work was conducted at OH to evaluate the bioavailable fraction of total soil As. Arsenic extracted by five commonly used soil extractants was compared with bioavailable arsenic measured in vivo by immature swine (Sus scrofa) dosing trials. Fifteen contaminated soils that contained 233 to 17 500 mg kg?1 arsenic were studied. The strongest relationship between arsenic determined by soil chemical extraction and in vivo bioavailable arsenic was found for hydroxylamine hydrochloride extractant (r = 0.88, significant at the 0.01 probability level). At U WA, Pb and As contaminated soils were incubated with a high Fe biosolids compost, steer manure compost, and WTR. Reductions in both Pb and As bioavailability were measured using the in vitro procedure. The high Fe biosolids compost was very effective in reducing Pb availability with small but significant reductions in As availability observed in some of the soils. However, in certain cases, As availability was increased following compost amendment. This may be related to the high P content of the composts. Cd and Zn - USDA ARS continued work that was begun at US EPA NMRML on the phytoavailability of Cd and Zn in biosolids amended soils. This work addresses objectives 2 and 3, and is the quantitative basis for the use of biosolids to reduce metal availability at contaminated sites. At USDA two approaches were taken to measure changes in metal adsorption and phytoavailability in soils amended with manures, biosolids, composts, or byproduct. In one, Cd adsorption was measured at several pH levels in unamended and amended soils. Both soil organic and inorganic fractions play a role in Cd adsorption by soils, when biosolids were applied the Fe and Mn oxides provided persistent increase in Cd adsorption by amended soils. Ecosystem Restoration - Work has also continued on the use of residuals for restoration of disturbed sites. This has extended to include measures of ecosystem function at both restored sites and at biosolids amended sites. This work fell under objectives 2 and 3. In CO, Denver Metro Wastewater District composted biosolids were applied at rates of 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 Mg ha-1 to a severely burned, previously forested site near Buffalo Creek, CO to improve soil fertility and help establish seven native, seeded grasses. Following treatment, total biomass of vegetation increased with increasing biosolids application and the percentage of bareground decreased. The application of biosolids to this site has improved soil fertility and plant production, and resulted in enhanced post-fire ecosystem recovery. At U WA and Purdue, ecosystem function was evaluated on biosolids amended sites. At UWA, the function of frankia on alder roots was evaluated. It was found that commercial N application decreased N fixation by frankia, but biosolids did not. At Purdue, the effect of biosolids addition on ecosystem function as measured by a range of indices including in vitro extractable metals, earthworm mortality and reproduction, and plant germination suggest that biosolids application has no negative effects on a range of functions.

Publications

Wright, M.T., D.R. Parker, C. Amrhein. 2003. Critical evaluation of the ability of sequential extraction procedures to quantify discrete forms of selenium in sediments and soils. E.S.&T. 37:4709-4716. Thompson, A., D.R. Parker. C. Amrhein. 2003. Selenate partitioning in field-situated constructed wetland mesocosms. Ecological Engineering. 20:17?30. Goodson, C.C., D.R. Parker, C. Amrhein, Y. Zhang. 2003. Soil selenium and root system development in plant taxa differing in Se-accumulating capability. New Phytologist. 159:391-401. Lee, B.D., S.K. Sears, R.C. Graham, C. Amrhein, and H. Vali. 2003. Secondary mineral genesis from chlorite and serpentine in an ultramafic soil toposequence. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 67:1309-1317. Barbarick, K.A., and J.A. Ippolito. 2003. Termination of sewage biosolids application affects wheat yield and other agronomic characteristics. Agron. J. 95:1288-1294. Ippolito, J.A., K.A. Barbarick, D.M. Heil, J.P. Chandler, and E.F. Redente. 2003. Possible phosphorus retention mechanisms of a water treatment residual. J. Environ. Qual. 32:1857-1864. Meyer, V.F., E.F. Redente, K. A. Barbarick, R.B. Brobst, M.W. Paschke, and A.L. Miller. 2004. Plant and soil responses to biosolids application following forest fire. J. Environ. Qual. (In press). Eghball, B., and K.A. Barbarick. 2002. Manure, Compost, and Biosolids. In Encyclopedia of Soil Science. R. Lal (ed.). Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York. Barbarick, K.A., J.A. Ippolito, and G.A. Peterson. 2003. Biosolids application to no-till dryland crop rotations. Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Report. TR03-5. Ippolito, J., K.A. Barbarick, and T. Gourd. 2003. Application of anaerobically digested biosolids to dryland winter wheat. Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Report. TR03-6. Green, C.H., K.A. Barbarick, R.E. Smith, G.L. Butters, J.G. Davis, D.M. Heil, and J.A. Ippolito. 2003. Impact on phosphorus runoff and leaching by water treatment residuals and vegetative filter strips. Western Soil Science Meeting. San Francisco State University. June 15-19. Green, C.H., K.A. Barbarick, R.E. Smith, G.L. Butters, J.G. Davis, D.M. Heil, and J.A. Ippolito. 2003. Water treatment residual and vegetative filter strip impact on phosphorus runoff. Phosphorus dynamics I the soil-plant continuum. 2nd International Symposium. Perth, Australia, September 21-26. Green, C.H., K.A. Barbarick, R.E. Smith, G.L. Butters, J.G. Davis, D.M. Heil, J.A. Ippolito, and J. Loftis. 2003. Water treatment residual and vegetative filter strip effects on phosphorus runoff dynamics. Agronomy Abstracts. American Society of Agronomy. Madison, WI. Ippolito, J.A., and K.A. Barbarick. 2003. Soil phosphorus chemistry and testing. Nutrient Management Planning Update Workshop. Colorado State Univ. Cooperative Extension and the NRCS. Ippolito, J.A., and K.A. Barbarick. 2003. Co-Application of WTR and Biosolids to Blue Grama and Western Wheatgrass. RMSAWWA/RMWEA. Denver, CO. Ippolito, J.A., K.A. Barbarick, and C.H. Green. 2003. Can water treatment residuals adsorb selenium? Agronomy Abstracts. American Society of Agronomy. Madison, WI. Brinton, S.R., and G.A. O?Connor. 2003. Sorption of molybdenum in soils field-equilibrated with biosolids. Commun. Soil Sci. Plt. Anal. 34:1331-1346. Brandt, R.C., H.A. Elliott, and G.A. O?Connor. 2004. Water extractable phosphorus in biosolids: implications for land-based recycling. Water Environ. Res. (In press). Sarkar, D. and G.A. O?Connor. 2004. Plant and soil responses to biosolids-P in two Florida soils with high P content. Commun. Soil Sci. Plt. Anal. (In press). O?Connor, G.A., D. Sarkar, S.R. Brinton, H.A. Elliott, and F.G. Martin. 2004. Phytoavailability of biosolids-P. J. Environ. Qual. (In press). Makris, K.C., W.G. Harris, G.A. O?Connor, T.A. Obreza, and H. El-Shall. 2003.Three-dimensional P sorption by drinking water residuals. SSSA Abstracts. 2003. p 134. Porter, G., J. Bajista, N.V. Hue, and D. Strand. 2004. Manganese solubility and phytotoxicity affected by soil moisture/O2 levels and green manure additions. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 35:99-116 (In press). Pierzynski, G.M., and K.A. Gehl. 2004. An alternative method for remediating lead-contaminated soils in residential areas: A decision case study. J. Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education. (accepted) Pierzynski, G.M., J.L. Heitman, P. Kulakow, G.J. Kluitenberg, and J.R. Carlson. 2004. Revegetation of waste fly ash landfills in a semi-arid environment. J. Range Management (accepted). Hettiarachchi, G.M., and G.M. Pierzynski. 2004. Soil lead bioavailability and in situ remediation of lead-contaminated soils: a review. Environ. Progr. (accepted). Hettiarachchi, G.M., G.M. Pierzynski, F.W. Oehme, O. Sonmez, and J.A. Ryan. 2003. treatment of contaminated soil with phosphorus and manganese oxide reduces absorption of lead by Sprague-Dawley rats. J. Environ. Qual 32:1335-1345. Zwonitzer, J.C., G.M. Pierzynski, and G.M. Hettiarachchi. 2003. Effects of phosphorus additions on lead, cadmium and zinc bioavailabilities on a metal-contaminated soil. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 143:193-209. Pierzynski, G.M., and K.A.Gehl. 2003. In situ remediation of lead contaminated soils: a decision case study. Agronomy Abstracts, Am. Soc. of Agron., Madison, WI (CD-ROM). Novak, A.B., G.M. Pierzynski, and W. Fick. 2003. Zinc phytotoxicity in the Tri-State Mining region. Agronomy Abstracts, Am. Soc. of Agron., Madison, WI (CD-ROM). DeSutter, T., and G.M. Pierzynski. 2003. Evaluation of soils for use as liner materials: a soil chemistry approach. Agronomy Abstracts, Am. Soc. of Agron., Madison, WI (CD-ROM). Baum, K., G.M. Pierzynski, P. Kleinman, R.O. Maguire, J.T. Sims, G.S. Toor, and T. Zhang. 2003. Water-extractable P in animal waste. Agronomy Abstracts, Am. Soc. of Agron., Madison, WI (CD-ROM). Sonmez, O., and G.M. Pierzynski. 2003. Assessment of zinc bioavailability using diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT). Agronomy Abstracts, Am. Soc. of Agron., Madison, WI (CD-ROM). Gilmour, J.T., C.G. Cogger, L.W. Jacobs, G.K. Evanylo, and D.M. Sullivan. 2003. Decomposition and plant-available nitrogen in biosolids: Laboratory studies, field studies, and computer simulation. J. Environ. Qual. 32:1498-1507. Jacobs, L.W. 2003. Effect of alum WTR amendments to phosphorus-enriched soils on soil test phosphorus levels in a field experiment. 26 p. In Proc. WEF/AWWA/CWEA Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference, Feb. 19-22, 2003, Baltimore, MD. CD-ROM, Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, VA. Jacobs, L.W. 2003. Evaluation of N-Viro products for environmental impact and P availability. Agronomy Abstracts, CD-ROM, Am. Soc. Agronomy/Crop Sci. Soc. America/Soil Sci. Soc. America, Madison, WI. Jacobs, L.W. 2003. WinMSUNM: A computer program to help producers manage nutrients and keep pesticide application records. Agronomy Abstracts, CD-ROM, Am. Soc. Agronomy/Crop Sci. Soc. America/Soil Sci. Soc. America, Madison, WI. Rodriquez-Minguela, C.M., J.M. Tiedje, and L.W. Jacobs. 2003. Detection of novel tetracycline resistance gene sequences in soil treated with swine manure. Am. Soc. Microbiology 103rd General Meeting, Washington, DC. Fortuna, A., P.E. Rieke, and L.W. Jacobs. 2003. Turfgrass sod response to amendment with aquatic plants. Agronomy Abstracts, CD-ROM, Am. Soc. Agronomy/Crop Sci. Soc. America/Soil Sci. Soc. America, Madison, WI. Basta, N.T., and S.L. McGowen. 2003. Evaluation of chemical immobilization treatments for reducing heavy metal transport in a smelter-contaminated soil. Environ. Pollut. 2004. 127(1):73-82. Mullen, R. W., W.R. Raun, N.T. Basta, J.L. Schroder, and K.W. Freeman. 2003. Effect of long-term application of biosolids on molybdenum content and quality of winter wheat forage. J. Plant Nutr. In Press. N.T. Basta, R.R. Rodriguez, D.C. Ward, S.W. Casteel, and L.W. Pace. 2003. Chemical extraction methods to assess bioavailable As in contaminated soil and solid media. J. Environ. Qual. 32:876-884. Schroder, J.L., N.T. Basta, S.W. Casteel, and J. Si. 2003. An in vitro method to estimate bioavailable cadmium in contaminated soil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37:1365-1370. Dayton, E.A., N.T. Basta, C.A. Jakober, and J.A. Hattey. 2003. Using water treatment residuals to reduce phosphorus in agricultural runoff. J. AWWA 95(4):151-158. Schroder, J.L., N.T. Basta, M. Payton, J.A. Wilson, R. I. Carlson, D. M. Janz, and R.L. Lochmiller. 2003. Ecotoxicological risks associated with land treatment of petrochemical waste: I. Residual soil contamination and bioaccumulation by cotton rats (Sigmodon Hispidus). J. Tox. Environ. Health Part A 66:305-325. Wilson, J.A., J.L. Schroder, N.T. Basta, D. Janz, R.I. Carlson, and R.L. Lochmiller. 2003. Abandoned petrochemical landfarms and wildlife in Oklahoma. II. Effects of contaminants on the immune system and hematology of cotton rats inhabiting abandoned petroleum landfarms. J. Tox. Environ. Health Part A. 66:345-363. Carlson, R.I., J.A. Wilson, R.L. Lochmiller, D.M. Janz,, J.L. Schroder, and N.T. Basta, 2003. Ecotoxicological risks associated with land treatment of petrochemical wastes: III. Immune function and hematology of cotton rats. J. Tox. Environ. Health Part A, 66:327-343. Dayton, E.A. and N.T. Basta. 2003. Combating excess P in manure with alum sludge. Great Lakes By-Products Management Association 4th Annual Conference, East Lansing, MI, Dec. 2-3, 2003. Basta, N.T., E.A. Dayton,, R.P. Lanno, and J.L. Schroder, 2003. Effect of soil properties on bioavailability and phytotoxicity of Cd, Pb, and Zn. Abstract Book. p. 193. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24th Annual Meeting in North America, Austin, TX, Nov. 9-13. Dayton, E,A. Basta, N.T., M.E. Payton and R..P. Lanno, 2003. Using path analysis to augment traditional regression analysis to test mechanistic hypotheses. Abstract Book. p. 193. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24th Annual Meeting in North America, Austin, TX, Nov. 9-13. Friend, M.S., N.T. Basta, and S.L. Brown. 2003. Using diammonium phosphate fertilizer to reduce risk from incidental ingestional of lead contaminated soils. Abstract Book. p.195. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24th Annual Meeting in North America, Austin, TX, Nov. 9-13. Bradham, K.D., N.T. Basta, R.P. Lanno, E.A. Dayton, M. Payton, and J.L. Schroder. Effect of soil modifying factors on the bioavailability and toxicity of metal contaminated soils. Abstract Book. p. 195. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24th Annual Meeting in North America, Austin, TX, Nov. 9-13. Si, J., N.T. Basta, R.P. Lanno, and J.L. Schroder, 2003. Effect of soil properties on bioavailability and phytotoxicity of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn. Abstract Book. p. 252. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24th Annual Meeting in North America, Austin, TX, Nov. 9-13. Armstrong, F.P., and N.T. Basta. 2003. The reduction of arsenic bioavailability in soils using various iron immobilization treatments. Abstract Book. p. 313. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24th Annual Meeting in North America, Austin, TX, Nov. 9-13. Schroder, J.L., N.T. Basta, M.E. Payton, T.J. Evans, S.W. Casteel. An in vitro gastrointestinal (IVG) methods to estimate relative bioavailable cadmium and mead in contaminated soils. Abstract Book. p. 191. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24th Annual Meeting in North America, Austin, TX, Nov. 9-13. Dayton, E,A. Basta, N.T., and J.R. DeWolfe. 2003. Beneficial use of drinking water treatment residuals to protect surface water quality. Annual Water Management Association of Ohio, Nov. 6, 2003. Basta, N.T. 2003. Advances in Biosolids Research: Use of Biosolids for Land Remediation. Second Annual OWEA Biosolids Workshop, Newark, OH., Oct. 28, 2003. Basta, N.T. 2003. State of existing and potential biosolids research outside the NRC scope. WERF/USEPA Biosolids/Treated Sewage Sludge Research Summit. Alexandria, VA. July 27-30. Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, VA. Basta, N.T., S.W. Casteel, and R.P. Lanno. 2003. Bioavailability assays for risk based remediation in contaminated ecosystems. p. 308-309. Proc. 7th ICOBTE, Uppsala, Sweden, June 15-19. Basta, N.T., F.P. Armstrong, and R.P. Lanno. 2003. In situ remediation of arsenic contaminated soil based on reducing terrestrial ecological risk. p. 40-41. Proc. 7th ICOBTE, Uppsala, Sweden, June 15-19. Dayton, E.A., N.T. Basta, and M. Payton. 2003. Using path analysis to augment correlation analysis and partition the modifying effects of soil properties on ecotoxicity. p. 30-31. Proc. 7th ICOBTE, Uppsala, Sweden, June 15-19. Bradham, K.D., N. T. Basta, R. P. Lanno, J. Schroder, and M. Payton. 2003. Effect of soil properties on the toxicity and bioavailability of metals. p. 28-29. Proc. 7th ICOBTE, Uppsala, Sweden, June 15-19. Lanno, R.P., B. Gunadi, N.T. Basta, K. Bradham, M. Vijver, W. Peijnenburg, and J. Condor. 2003. p. 32-33. Proc. 7th ICOBTE, Uppsala, Sweden, June 15-19. Basta, N.T., E.A. Dayton, D.E. Storm, and J.R. DeWolfe. Advances in WTR research to manage P, in soil, runoff, manure, and biosolids. 2003. Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference (CD-ROM), Water Environment Federation, Baltimore, MD, Feb. 19-22. Dayton, E.A., N.T. Basta, L. Dehass. 2003. All drinking water residuals are not created equal. Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference (CD-ROM), Water Environment Federation, Baltimore, MD, Feb. 19-22. Friend, Michael S. , N.T. Basta, and E.A. Dayton. 2003. Using water treatment residuals to reduce runoff P entering urban waters. 2003. Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference (CD-ROM), Water Environment Federation, Baltimore, MD, Feb. 19-22. DeWolfe, J.R., and N.T. Basta. 2003. Use of water treatment residuals to reduce soil P loss and protect surface water quality: An interregional study. 2003. Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference (CD-ROM), Water Environment Federation, Baltimore, MD, Feb. 19-22. Dayton, E.A. 2003. Ph.D. Dissertation. Relative contribution of soil properties to modifying the phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation of cadmium, lead and zinc to lettuce. Schroder, J.L. 2003. Ph.D. Dissertation. Bioavailability and toxicity of heavy metals in contaminated soils to human and ecological receptors. Armstrong, F.P. 2003. Ph.D. Dissertation. Extractability and bioavailability of arsenic in soils and the effect of iron remediation efforts. Friend, M. S. 2003. M.S. Thesis. Chemical processes controlling soluble phosphorus in soil fertilized with poultry litter and using diammonium phosphate fertilizer to reduce risk from incidental ingestion of lead contaminated soil. Brewer, L.J. and D.M. Sullivan. 2003. Maturity and stability evaluation of composted yard trimmings. Compost Sci. Util. 11(2): 96-112 Gilmour, J.T., C. Cogger, L.W. Jacobs, G.K. Evanylo, and D.M. Sullivan. 2003. Decomposition and plant available N in biosolids: laboratory studies, field studies and computer simulation. J. Environ. Qual. 32:1498-1507. Sullivan, D.M., A.I. Bary, T.J. Nartea, E.A. Myrhe, C.G. Cogger, and S.C. Fransen. 2003. Nitrogen availability seven years after a high-rate food waste compost application. Compost Sci. Util. 11(3): 265-275. Staben, M.L., J.W. Ellsworth, D.M. Sullivan, D. Horneck, B.D. Brown and R.G. Stevens. 2003. Monitoring soil nutrients using a management unit approach. PNW 570-E. Oregon State University Extension Service. Corvallis, OR. Sullivan, D.M and C.G. Cogger. 2003. Post-harvest soil nitrate testing for manured cropping systems in west of the Cascades. EM 8832. Oregon State University Extension Service. Corvallis, OR Sullivan, D.M and R.G. Stevens. 2003. Agricultural phosphorus management using the Oregon/Washington Phosphorus Indexes. EM 8848-E. Oregon State University Extension Service. Corvallis, OR Brandt, R.C., Elliott, H.A., and G.A. O?Connor. 2004. Water extractable phosphorus in biosolids: Implications for land-based recycling. Water Environ. Research. 76:(in press). O?Connor, G.A., D. Sarkar, S.R. Brinton, H.A. Elliott, and F.G. Martin. 2004. Phytoavailability of biosolids-phosphorus. J. Environ. Qual. 33: (accepted). Shober, A.L., R.C. Stehouwer, and K.E. Macneal. 2003. On-farm assessment of biosolids effects on soil and crop tissue quality. J. Environ. Qual. 32:1873-1880. Stehouwer, R.C. and K.E. Macneal. 2004. Effect of alkaline stabilized biosolids on alfalfa tissue copper and molybdenum content. J. Environ. Qual. 33: (in press). von Willert, F.J. and R.C. Stehouwer. 2003. Compost and calcium surface treatment effects on subsoil chemistry in acidic minespoil columns. J. Environ. Qual. 32:781-788. von Willert, F.J. and R.C. Stehouwer. 2003. Compost, CaCO3, and gypsum effects on Ca and Al transport in acidic minespoil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 67:778-786. Brandt, R.C. and H.A. Elliott. 2003. Phosphorus runoff losses from surface-applied biosolids and dairy manure. Joint Residuals and Biosolids Mgmt Conf. Water Environ. Federation. February 19-22, Baltimore, MD. O?Connor, G.A. and H.A. Elliott. 2003. Water treatment residual effects on biosolids-P reactions. Joint Residuals and Biosolids Mgmt Conf. Water Environ. Federation. February 19-22, Baltimore, MD. Stehouwer, R.C and A.L. Shober. 2003. Effects of agronomic biosolids utilization on soil quality. Joint Residuals and Biosolids Mgmt Conf. Water Environ. Federation. February 19-22, Baltimore, MD. Stehouwer, R.C. and K.E. Macneal. 2003. Biosolids incinerator ash as a P source for turf soils. Soil Science Society of America Meetings. Denver, CO. November 2 ? 6, 2003. Annual Mtg. Abstracts, ASA, CSSA, SSSA. Brandt, R.C. 2003. Land application of biosolids under phosphorus-based nutrient management. Ph.D. Thesis. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA., 216 p. Abou-Shanab, R. A., Angle, J. S., Delorme, T. A., Chaney, R. L., van Berkum, P., Moawad, H., Ghanem, K. and Ghozlan, H. A. Rhizobacterial effects on nickel extraction from soil and uptake by Alyssum murale. New Phytol. 158:219-224. 2003. [ARS-150925] Abou-Shanab, R. A., Delorme, T. A., Angle, J. S., Chaney, R. L., Ghanem, K., Moawad, H., and Ghozlan, H. A. Phenotypic characterization of microbes in the rhizosphere of Alyssum murale. Int. J. Phytoremediation 5:367-379. 2003. [ARS-] Alexander, M., Hughes, J. B., Chaney, R. L., Cunningham, S. D., Harmsen, J., and Gestel, H. van. Chemical Measures of Bioavailability. p. 345-362. In Lanno, R. P. (eds.) Contaminated Soils: From Soil-Chemical Interactions to Ecosystem Management.? Soc. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., Pensacola, FL. 2003. [ARS-] Angle, J.S., Baker, A.J.M., Whiting, S.N. and Chaney, R.L. Soil moisture effects on uptake of metal by Thlaspi, Alyssum and Berkheya. Plant Soil 256:325-332. 2003. [ARS-157902] Brown, S.L., Chaney, R.L., Hallfrisch, J.G. and Xue, Q. Effect of biosolids processing on the bioavailability of lead in urban soils. J. Environ. Qual. 32:100-108. 2003. [ARS-135545] Brown, S. L., Chaney, R. L. and Hill, D. M. Biosolids compost reduces lead bioavailability in urban soils. BioCycle 44(6):20-24. 2003. [ARS-] Brown, S. L., Henry, C. L., Chaney, R. L., Compton, H. and DeVolder, P. S. Using municipal biosolids in combination with other residuals to restore metal-contaminated mining areas. Plant Soil 249:203-215. 2003. [ARS-134475] Chaney, R. L., Kukier, U. and Siebielec, G. Risk assessment for soil Ni, and remediation of soil-Ni phytotoxicity in situ or by phytoextraction. Proc. Sudbury-2003 (Mining and the Environment III.) May 27-31, 2003. Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. 2003. http://www.sudbury2003.ca/English/RufusChaney.pdf [ARS-148666] Delorme, T. A., Gagliardi, J. V., Angle, J. S., van Berkum, P. and Chaney, R. L. Phenotypic and genetic diversity of Rhizobia isolated from nodules of clover grown in a zinc and cadmium contaminated soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 67:1746-1754. 2003. [ARS-127893] Green, C. E., Chaney, R. L. and Bouwkamp, J. Interactions between cadmium uptake and phytotoxic levels of zinc in hard red spring wheat. J. Plant Nutr. 26:417-430. 2003. [ARS-120178] Hettiarachchi, G. M., Ryan, J. A., Chaney, R. L. and La Fleur, C. M. Sorption and desorption of cadmium by different fractions of biosolids-amended soils. J. Environ. Qual. 32:1684-1693. 2003. [ARS-141577] Langmuir, D. L., Chrostrowski, P., Chaney, R. L. and Vigneault, B. Issue Paper on Environmental Chemistry of Metals. 114 p. In US-EPA Risk Assessment Forum: Papers Addressing Scientific Issues in the Risk Assessment of Metals. http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/raf/recordisplay.cfm?deid=59052 [ARS-155637] Li, Y. -M., Chaney, R. L., Brewer, E. P., Angle, J. S. and Nelkin, J. P. Phytoextraction of nickel and cobalt by hyperaccumulator Alyssum species grown on nickel-contaminated soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37:1463-1468. 2003. [ARS-151144] Li, Y. -M., Chaney, R. L., Brewer, E., Roseberg, R. J., Angle, J. S., Baker, A. J. M., Reeves, R. D. and Nelkin, J. Development of a technology for commercial phytoextraction of nickel: Economic and technical considerations. Plant Soil 249:107-115. 2003. [ARS-135546] Simmons, R. W., Pongsakul, P., Chaney, R. L., Saiyasitpanich, D., Klinphoklap, S. and Nobuntou. W. The comparative exclusion of zinc and iron from rice grain in relation to rice grain cadmium: Implications for human health. p. In Extended Abstract for the Seventh Int. Conf. on Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements (June 15-19, 2003, Uppsala, Sweden). 2003. [ARS-] Simmons, R. W., Pongsakul, P., Chaney, R. L., Saiyasitpanich, D, Klinphoklap, S. and Nobuntou, W. The comparative exclusion of zinc and iron from rice grain in relation to rice grain cadmium: Implications for human health. Plant Soil 257:163-170. 2003. [ARS-144283] Evanylo, G.K. 2003. Effects of biosolids application timing and soil texture on nitrogen availability for corn. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 34(1&2): 127-145. Gilmour, J.T., C.G. Cogger, L.W. Jacobs, G.K. Evanylo, and D.M. Sullivan. 2003. Decomposition and plant-available nitrogen in biosolids: Laboratory studies, field studies, and computer simulation. J. Environ. Qual. 32:1498-1507. Evanylo, G.K., W.L. Daniels, and S. Nagle. 2004. Suitability of fresh and aged paper sludge as soil amendments. Journal of Residuals Science and Technology 1(1):27-34. Daniels, W.L., P.D. Schroeder, S.M. Nagle, L.W. Zelazny, and M.M. Alley. 2003. Reclamation of prime farmland following mineral sands mining in Virginia. Mining Engineering (In Press). Coale, F.J., J.W. White, J.T. Sims, and G.K. Evanylo. 2003. Phosphorus fate and transport in biosolids amended soils: II. Phosphorus losses in runoff from soils used for corn production. WEF/AWWA/CWEA Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference. Residuals and Biosolids Management ? Partnering for a Safe, Sustainable Environment. Baltimore, MD. February 19-22. Sims, J.T., F.J. Coale, and G.K. Evanylo. 2003. Phosphorus fate and transport in biosolids amended soils: III. Phosphorus forms in soils and losses in runoff from fescue pastures. WEF/AWWA/CWEA Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference. Residuals and Biosolids Management ? Partnering for a Safe, Sustainable Environment. Baltimore, MD. February 19-22. Sukkariyah, B., G.K. Evanylo, and L.W. Zelazny. 2003. Bioavailability of heavy metals from biosolids. WEF/AWWA/CWEA Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference. Residuals and Biosolids Management ? Partnering for a Safe, Sustainable Environment. Baltimore, MD. February 19-22. Daniels, W.L. 2003. Strategies for the return of heavy mineral sands mines to productive agricultural uses. In: Z. Agioutantis, (ed.). Proceedings, Conf. on Sustainable Indicators in the Minerals Industry, SDIMI - 03. May 13-17, 2003, Milos, Greece. Pub. by Milos Conf. Center ? George Eliotopous, Milos Island, Greece. ISBN: 960-87054-1-X. Daniels, W.L., Z.W. Orndorff, and P.D. Schroeder. 2003. Chemical and physical properties of mineral sands mine soils in southeastern Virginia. p. 209-227 In: R.I. Barnhisel, (ed.) Proc., 2003 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation, Lexington, KY, June 3-6, 2003, Billings, MT. Published by ASMR, 3134 Montavesta Rd., Lexington, KY, 40502. Daniels, W.L., G.K. Evanylo, S.M. Nagle and J.M. Schmidt. 2003. Effects of biosolids loading rate on nitrate leaching potentials in sand and gravel mine reclamation in Virginia. WEFTEC, Los Angeles, CA. October 14. Daniels, W.L., G.K. Evanylo, S.M. Nagle and J.M. Schmidt. 2003. Effects of biosolids loading rate on nitrate leaching potentials in sand and gravel mine reclamation in Virginia. Virginia Water Research Resources Conference, Blacksburg, VA. October 7-10. Evanylo, G.K., J.T. Spargo, C.A. Sherony, M.R. Brosius, G.L. Mullins, and D Starner. 2003. Effects of soil amendments on N and P transport in surface and subsurface water. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA Annual Meeting, Denver, CO. Nov. 2-6. Sukkariyah, B., G.K. Evanylo, and L.W. Zelazny. 2003. Recovery and distribution of biosolids-derived trace metals in a clay loam soil. ASA, CSSA, SSSA Annual Meeting, Denver, CO. Nov. 2-6. Sukkariyah, B., G.K. Evanylo, and L.W. Zelazny. 2003. Trace metals availability in biosolids-amended soil. ASA, CSSA, SSSA Annual Meeting, Denver, CO. Nov. 2-6. Daniels, W.L., 2003. Pyrite oxidation: Mitigation of environmental effects. 2003 Annual Meeting Abstracts CD, Amer. Soc. Agronomy/Crop Sci. Soc. Amer./Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Madison, WI. Beck, M.A., L.W. Zelazny, W.L. Daniels and G.L. Mullins. 2003. A proposed laboratory ponding/leaching method for the assessment of potential runoff and subsurface P losses from agricultural fields. 2003 Annual Meeting Abstracts CD, Amer. Soc. Agronomy/Crop Sci. Soc. Amer./Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Madison, WI. Kukier, U., R.L. Chaney, J.A. Ryan, W. L. Daniels, R.H. Dowdy and T. Granato. 2003. Effect of biosolids on phytoavailability of Cd in long-term amended soils. 2003 Annual Meeting Abstracts CD, Amer. Soc. Agronomy/Crop Sci. Soc. Amer./Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Madison, WI. Daniels, W.L, B.R. Stewart, K.C. Haering and C.E. Zipper. 2002. The Potential for Beneficial Reuse of Coal Fly Ash in Southwest Virginia Mining Environments. Va. Coop. Ext. Serv. Pub. 460-134; Reclamation Guidelines. Powell River Project, Virginia Tech Research Div., Blacksburg. 19 p.. Sukkariyah, B. 2003. Trace metals mobility in soils and availability to plants in a long-term biosolids amended soil. Ph.D. Dissertation. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA. Evanylo, G.K., C.A. Sherony, J.H. May, T.W. Simpson, and A.H. Christian. 2003. The Virginia Yard-Waste Management Manual. Second Edition. Virginia Coop. Ext. Publ. No. 452-055. Brown, S., C.L. Henry, R.Chaney, H. Compton, and P.S. DeVolder. 2003. Using municipal biosolids in combination with other residuals to restore metal-contaminated mining areas. Plant and Soil, 249:203-215. Brown , S. , R. Chaney J. Halfrisch, and Q. Xue. 2003. Effect of Biosolids Processing on Lead Bioavailability in an Urban Soil. J. Environ. Qual. 32:100-108. DeVolder, P., S.L. Brown, D. Hesterberg and K. Pandya. 2003. Metal bioavailability and speciation in a wetland tailings repository amended with biosolids compost, wood ash, and sulfate. J. Environ. Qual. 32 (3): 851-864.. Brown, S., M. Sprenger, A. Maxemchuk and H. Compton. 2004. An evaluation of ecosystem function following restoration with biosolids and lime addition to alluvial tailings deposits in Leadville, CO. J. Environ. Qual. In review. Brown, S.L., W. Berti, R.L. Chaney J Halfrisch and J Ryan. 2004. In situ use of soil amendments to reduce the bioaccessibility and phytoavailibility of soil lead. J. Environ Qual. In Print. Ryan, J.A., W.R. Berti, S.L. Brown, S.W. Casteel, R.L. Chaney, M. Doolan, P. Grevatt, J. Hallfrisch, M. Maddaloni, D. Moseby, and K. Scheckel. 2004. Reducing children?s risk to soil lead: summary of a field experiment. Environ. Sci. and Tech. 38:19a-24a. Brown, S. L., R.L. Chaney, R. L. and D.M. Hill. 2003. Biosolids compost reduces lead bioavailability in urban soils. BioCycle 44(6):20-24. National Research Council. 2003. Bioavailabililty of Contaminants in Soils and Sediments. National Academy of Sciences. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. Brown, S., C.L. Henry, A. Svendson, and P. DeVolder. 2003. Use of biosolids and lime to restore a native plant cover on metal mine tailings. Soil Science Society of America annual meetings, Denver, CO Nov 2-6. Henry, C.L., P. DeVolder, and S. Brown. 2003. Restoring a native plant cover to metal mine tailings amended with biosolids. Soil Science Society of America annual meetings, Denver, CO Nov 2-6. Sprenger, M., H. Compton, A. Maxemchuk, and S. Brown. 2003. An evaluation of ecosystem restoration following biosolids application in Leadville, CO. Soil Science Society of America annual meetings, Denver, CO Nov 2-6. Brown, S, D Hesterberg, P DeVolder, H Compton, M Sprenger, and K Pandya. 2003. Metal bioavailability and speciation in a wetland tailings repository amended with biosolids compost wood ash and sulfate. International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements Uppsala, Sweden, June Brown, S, R Chaney, J Hallfrisch, Q Xue, J Ryan, W Berti. 2003. Use of soil amendments to reduce the bioavailability of lead, zinc and cadmium in situ. International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements Uppsala, Sweden, June Severtson, S. P. Effects of biosolids and gypsum amendments on metal bioavailability and plant growth when added to mine tailings. MS thesis University of Washington, Seattle, WA 103 pp.

Impact Statements

Research provides information on appropriate management of residuals for land application to maintain environmental quality and protect human health.
Evaluation of nutrient and trace element bioavailabilities in residual-amended field and greenhouse studies. Studies with P in biosolids and other residuals have demonstrated that the behavior of P in biosolids is different from the behavior of P in commercial fertilizers and thus research results obtained with fertilizers cannot be extrapolated to waste treated soils.
The bioavailability of P in manures and biosolids will vary based on specific properties of the materials. It may be possible to reduce the environmental impact of excess P applications in wastes through targeted soil amendments, a result that may alter regulations regarding P additions to soils in certain states.
Studies on metals in biosolids amended systems will provide assurance as to the safety of these materials and will also provide the scientific basis for use of these materials for restoration of severely disturbed sites. This approach is gaining acceptance within the Superfund program.
Long-term field plots provide information on the sustainability of land application practices for biosolids and other residuals. Studies also provide information on the ability of soil amendments including water treatment residuals to reduce bioavailability of waste constituents over extended time frames.