OLD SCC81: Sustainable Small Ruminant Production in the Southeastern U.S.

(Multistate Research Coordinating Committee and Information Exchange Group)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

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SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[03/20/2013] [03/07/2014] [03/26/2015] [04/05/2016] [03/13/2017]

Date of Annual Report: 03/20/2013

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 02/03/2013 - 02/03/2013
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2011 - 09/01/2012

Participants

"Steve Hart (shart@langston.edu) Langston University (Chair)
"Robert Godfrey (rgodfre@live.uvi.edu) -University of the Virgin Islands (Administrative Advisor)
"Enrique Nelson Escobar (nescobar@umes.edu) -University of Maryland, Eastern Shore
"Jean Marie Lugginbuhl () North Carolina State University
"Thomas Terrill (terrillt@fvsu.edu) - Fort Valley State University
"James Miller (jmille1@lsu.edu) Louisiana State University AgCenter
"Joan Burke (Joan.burke@aars.usda.gov)-&USDA-ARS) Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center
"Nada Nadarajah ndarka@auburn.edu) Auburn University
"Byeng Ryel Min () -Tuskegee University
"Nar Gurung (ngurung@mytu.tuskegee.edu) Tuskegee University
"Scott Bowdridge (scott.bowdridge@mail.wvu.edu) West Virginia University
"Stephan Wildeus (SWildeus@vsu.edu) - Virginia State University
"Niki Whitley (ncwhitle@ncat.edu) North Carolina A & T State University
"Susan Duckett (sduckett@clemson.edu) 0Clemson University
"Ken Andries (kenneth.andries@kysu.edu) -Kentucky State University
"David Fernandez (fernandezd@uapb.edu) -University of Arkansas

Brief Summary of Minutes

Bob Godfrey: First year of new projects, although only one official (voting) member of group per institution, there can be multiple members; we do not have to have collaboration proof (though it is good to have) which is a benefit of not being a full project, we might consider that in the future (full project status); report due 60 days from today, chair does that but everyone on project gets notification when report done. A question was asked if the list on the project website is complete and up to date. It doesnt look like it. Bob will check, but the old members are not automatically shifted over, need to re-join; 1862 folks have to have a letter, 1890s just send information to Bob
Station reports (see proceedings for most information):
OBJECTIVE 1:
1. Nada had abstract on this data at the meeting, but added additional information for his report
2. DESU not in attendance
3. Steve Hart overall 2 weeks Rumatel at ½ dose helped rid goats of most GIN (goats originally were infected artificially, so counts were 4-500 originally)
4. Tom Terrill FEC reduced around 80% by sericea lespedeza (SL), but counts were still around 1000 epg; Fecal coccidia ooysts counts (FOC) stayed at same level as initially for SLP, but went up for control. There was discussion about coccidia ooyst measurements; Jim Miller indicated that it can be used, though the counts come after the asexual reproduction which usually causes the most problems, so animals with bad infections may get scours and die before FOC go up; see FOC in feces 2-3 weeks after asexual reproduction; Tom also looked at beef cattle and saw reduced FEC (they did not have coccidia); Tom announced May ACSRPC meeting and training and brought handouts to distribute
5. Jim Miller Sericea lespedeza suppressed Mo blood levels greatly; animals on SL gained less weight, especially in first week because they did not eat it; Mo supplementation with SL feeding did not increase serum Mo to control levels, Se was also reduced by SL but not as bad. Q&A: Cu, Co and Fe did not change; no established required serum levels for Mo, but they were clearly depressed in SL fed animal as compared to controls; discussion about protein binding with tannin; question as to if reduced weight gains with SL feeding was found in other places (Joan in AR indicated that SL has routinely resulted in reduced weight gains at her place), Jim indicated yes at his place but maybe mostly because they had lower intakes than control; FVSU indicated they had decent gain for kids over a 100+ day feeding period
6. Whitley see proceedings; discussions on moringa, processing, delivery, growth etc.; FVSU did some Tasco work a while ago and though it focused on growth/carcass, they may have some FEC data, Tom will look
7. Min Pine bark contains 11% condensed tannins (CT) while bark from other trees (oak, etc.) contains hydrolysable tannins (which are more anti-nutritional than CT); prelim in vitro studies indicated no problems with pine bark at up to 30% of diet; in studies, pine bark increased ADG, but had little impact on carcass traits (lower pH which could increase shelf life) see proceedings
8. Nar see proceedings; discussion on genetics of resistance in worms, Scott Bowbridge indicated GIN population differences between NZ and US would likely result in differences of genes expressed
9. Joan student presenting paper on coccidia and SL; Katahdin project with producers FEC on lambs/ewes, have 9 farms so far, collecting information at 0, 30 and 60 days post lambing on ewes and getting at least 2 samples on lambs; data for wormed lambs is removed; trying to see if periparturient FEC can be used for a breeding value; data indicates values up to 0.5 in lambs
10. Nelson Escobar-see proceedings; Q: why choose pumpkins discussion on curcibitacin and other research; feed/seed very high in protein has some leftover if others want to try it; Steve indicated he had a dissertation surveying Shamans in Pakistan about plants used for dewormers and plant materials were tested in vitro; 3 plants were quite effective, those plants effective in vivo; Some of the plants or other members of the genus growhere in the US and merit study; let him know if interested in seeing the dissertation
11. Scott Bowdrige background: St Croix sheep model used naïve lambs 4- 5 weeks post weaning never exposed to GIN given a first challenge, can clear it in 5 weeks; never develop a FEC with a second challenge; changes occur in first 7 days of infection; Wool lambs and St Croix responded differently to supplementation and worm challenges; discussions ensued about methods for challenging lambs and differences in naïve-challenged once vs those challenged and repeatedly picking up larvae for re-infections
12. Stephan see proceedings; has paper in meetings; alpaca survey Most thought they were knowledgable about parasites, the majority said vets place at least an important role and had the state lab or vet do their FEC if they did FEC; 75% dewormed on a fixed schedule (mostly for meningeal worm); FEC reductions in on-farm testing ranged from 0-63% overall for all tested drugs; cograzining sheep and lambs - Katahdin, St Croix, Myotonic, Spanish (10 each); FEC 978, 125, 1795, 2544, respectively . Q about Spanish origins: Spanish were all from TX except 5 came from an AL farm. Not sure of blood lines.
OBJECTIVE 2
1. Susan Duckett see proceedings and meeting abstracts: fed fescue seeds because endophyte is too variable with grazing; ewes lambed 4 d earlier; Discussions about use of fescue, Ken indicated producers recommended to dilute fescue 10% with legumes for cattle; Jean Marie indicated no document problems with goats in NC related to fescue; talked about support of SC goat producers via eXxtension since 1890 (SCSU) has no Ag program
LUNCH
2. Jean Marie see proceedings; use of cowpeas (pinkeye purple hull), pearl millet and forage soybeans; overall cowpeas performed worse, pearl millet best. Question if photosensitivity was observed with cowpeas (Joan has seen with cowpeas), discussion about shelters, types and materials; NCSU site moving to 19 acres near dairy/beef, etc. units because were leasing back land sold to SAS, will have to move the whole unit eventually because SAS wants the other side of the road too; announced some meetings related to IGA
3. Nar see proceedings; silvopasture Apr-Oct; in long leaf pine site, Tuskegee site, no deworming, but issues with BCS (but none less that 2) and weight loss
4. Scott B see proceedings; composite lambs (with good amount of Merino) were used, fed grain, dewormed, both or none in a 2 x 2 factorial study; similar growth but much higher FEC in grain supplemented animals that were not dewormed. Paddocks were rotated daily, and rested for 56 days
5. Ken (not in proceedings) Annual forage grazing for summer with mostly fescue pasture; 3 yrs data/partial data, producer run (will be in ARD meeting poster session), reduced browse, increased grass in overgrown areas, 80 goats, 100 acres, runs cattle at 80% normal stocking rate, rotates cattle, moved goats every 3 years to new 100 acre pasture; a lot of data, not sure how to analyze; Project with Perdure forester restoring understory on steep land with thick multiflora rose, burning made it worse, two stocking rates (8/acre- low and 30/acre-high) in 3 wks over 80% of the rose was removed will repeat next year
6. Steve Jones data was presented by David Fernandez (not in proceedings) use of Brassicas, forage turnips/radish/rape on farms in AR, late August, early September planting; grazing days influenced grazing methods, looked at Appin, Pasja ryegrass vs. Purpletop trunips, Sowed Purpletop turnips at 5 lb/acre; ryegrass at 22 lb/acre; CP for turnips, Appin and pasja ryegrass was 27.94%, 31.44% and 31.02%, and DM/acre of 2482, 1615 and 2049 lb, respectively; economic estimates indicate that cool season annuals saved producers money and extended the grazing season; provided recommendations for producer planting of brassicas
OBJECTIVE 3
1. Nar see proceedings;
2. Stephan soyhulls used in pelleted form worked great; trying corn gluten this time at different levels; Were digestive problems noted with 3% bypass fat? No, but still have hay there and only 56 day study
OBJECTIVE 4 see proceedings, few people presented
1. Nada see proceedings
2. Steve Hart Field Day proceedings on their website, questions about second edition of the meat goat handbook (hopefully out next year, What platform was used for educational modules? Terry Gibson would know.
3. Niki talked about Small ruminant demonstration site (125 does, Spanish, Kiko, Boer, Savanna); some information provided to producers about SunnHemp use for pasture renovation (add N and organic matter) and for possible grazing
4. Nar pre-vet club open show, goat show to raise money for travel; survey, took 4 years to make a profit for goat producers
5. Joan Beginning Farmer grants and Arms to Farms training program for veterans; works with Spence Terrell, an intern at NCAT
6. Will for FVSU (not in proceedings) 353 incoming calls/emails technical issues addressed; state activities are county based, participated in 12 events, 3 regional conferences; with printed proceedings. Facilities issues on campus, Takes displays to several meetings; eXtension planning a sheep CoP Lamb meet getting a boost with locally grown push.

BUSINESS MEETING
Steve noted duties for officers, a new Secretary was voted in (Ken Andries) to be Chair in 2015
Jim Miller discussed the future of anthelmintics: Levamisole/Probhit back on market, Rumantel also worked when tried but feed-through only approved in goats (including dairy); withdrawal period vets contact FARAD, for injectable Cydectin is 120-130 days, around 50 days for drench; Zolvix /Novartis should be on market any time now; Pfizer Startec in Australia (paraherquaminde and abamectin combo; FDA thinking of allowing combo drugs in US; LongRange by Merck (Eprinomectin injection for cattle, approved), 50-60 day life; a little different than Cydectin/ivermectin but is a milbycin; discussions about withdrawals and off label use (in general at least twice labeled withdrawal for safety); residue studies in goats discussed (out of 438 tested, 4 residues (2 with Cydectin, 2 with dieldrin. need to get a carcass-side test for anthelmintics

Vaccine in NZ will never be in US; cost was high but they have modified harvesting to go from $500/dose to around $5/dose; not real vaccine, need 3 doses/yr to control H. contortus

Nematophagus fungus Only producer is in Australia. More interest in US zoo market that anything (zoos in FL/CA losing a lot of valuable animals); spores susceptible to heat and not sure how long they remain viable over time, have to feed every day; discussions on potential for slow release bolus for delivery.
Steve discussed Langston project on parasite resistance/selection, USDA Capacity Grant; Joan, OSU both working on it plus 2 goat and 2 sheep producers; It will only look at very early progress (2 cycles; due to 3 year grant length) using the buck/ram test and on farm selection; will have parasite challenge and look at effect of selection on other traits, doing some genomics and economic analysis too; St Croix, Katahdin, Boer, Spanish, Kiko breeds involved; Participating farmers $3K/yr stipend, plus some help with facility improvement on the farm; 120 breeding females needed on each farm with pen breeding of 6 groups and must have good management/record keeping; Langston will do FAMACHA 3 times, last time at weaning (FEC, weight, BCS females), cluster to identify superior, average, and inferior parsite resitance, send 15 males to buck/ram test, identify 5 aaverage, 5 superior and producer to pick 3 of five average males to breed to average Females and 3 superior males to breed to superior Females, submit 4 progeny from each 3 superior sire and 2 males from each average sire to test and start over process; need average group as a control to benchmark progress. Will try to find microsatellite markers in bucks; saving Female blood samples for future analysis; all data is within farm;

Discussion on trying to find markers and genetics of resistance; Niki interested in the cost of NOT selecting (not controlling parasites)

Stephan discussed National Animal Germplasm Program meeting 7-9 pm tomorrow, going to discuss development of a multistate AI development program; Boorola gene incorporation, phentoytpic data for NAGP, not just # straws and breed, tissue collections from animals from National sheep improvement program, Kiko germplasm needed, update on American Sheep Industry/American Goat Federation efforts
Adjourned at 4:30 PM.

Accomplishments

Clemson University Fetal growth was reduced by 37% when gestating ewes are exposed to ergot alkaloids in Fescue seed to simulate fescue toxicosis. There were a number of differences in bodyweight, size of muscles, thymus and spleen mass even when adjusted for carcass weight. Viscera weight was increased by endophyte. Delaware State University With increasing levels of anthelmintic resistance, it is of vital importance to evaluate how the natural resistance in breeds of goats can be taken advantage of in order to sustain the small ruminant industry. Pumpkin seed oil was not effective in controlling internal parasites in Katahdin lambs. Feeding cut pumpkins was not effective in controlling internal parasites in Katahdin lambs. Due to producer interest in natural dewormers, more research needs to be conducted on these products. Dissemination of these research results through field days has led to increased options for parasite control and provides producers with data that can be used to make informed decisions on whether or not to use pumpkin seeds in their parasite control regime. Fort Valley State University Internal parasitism is the biggest threat to profitable small ruminant production world-wide, and prevalence of anthelmintic-resistant sheep and goat GIN is reaching epidemic proportions. Pelleted sericea lespedeza is now available commercially (Sims Brothers Seed Company, Union Springs, AL) giving organic/natural (forage-fed) goat producers a non-chemical alternative to coccidiostats or anthelminitic drugs. Louisiana State University Dissemination of research results through field days had led to use of technologies to better manage parasites, reduce animal losses, and increase profits. Producers provide feedback on what their greatest production problems are. North Carolina State University Training in the utilization and management of forages by field days will help goat producers to improve production and efficiency of production of goat meat, resulting in a more sustainable industry. The increased knowledge of participants in parasite workshops results in changes in gastrointestinal parasite control approach by producers and resulted in healthier animals, lower production costs and better culling and management decisions. In addition, many producers planted or requested information about sericea lespedeza due to our research results using this legume in a summer grazing system. Participants increased their knowledge, skills and abilities in goat production, including parasite control and forage management USDA Agricultural Research Service, Booneville, AR Dissemination of genetics with known breeding values to improve flock genetics, especially parasite resistance will reduce morbidity and mortality due to parasites.

Publications

Journal Articles Burke, J.M., Miller, J.E., Mosjidis, J.A., Terrill, T.H., 2012. Use of a mixed sericea lespedeza pasture system for control of gastrointestinal nematodes lambs and kids. Vet. Parasitol. 186, 328-336. Burke, J.M., Miller, J.E., Mosjidis, J.A., Terrill, T.H., 2012. Grazing sericea lespedeza for control of gastrointestinal nematodes in lambs. Vet. Parasitol. 186, 507-512. Terrill, T.H., Miller, J.E., Burke, J.M., Mosjidis, J.A., 2012. Experiences with integrated concepts for the control of Haemonchus contortus in sheep and goats in the United States. Vet. Parasitol. 186, 28-37. Knox, M.R., Besier, R.B., Le Jambre, L.F., Kaplan, R.M., Torres-Acosta, J.F.J., Miller, J., Sutherland, I., 2012. Novel approaches for the control of helminth parasites of livestock VI: Summary of discussions and conclusions. Vet Parasitol 186, 143149. Terrill, T.H., Miller, J.E., Burke, J.M., Mosjidis, J.A., Kaplan, R.M., 2012. Experiences with integrated concepts for the control of Haemonchus contortus in sheep and goats in the United States. Vet Parasitol 186, 28-37. Burke, J.M., Miller, J.E., Mosjidis, J.A., Terrill, T.H.., 2012. Use of a mixed sericea lespedeza and grass pasture system for control of gastrointestinal nematodes in lambs and kids. Vet Parasitol 186, 328-336. Juhnke, J., Miller, J., Hall, J.O., Provenza, F.D., Villalba, J.J., 2012. Preference for condensed tannins by sheep in response to challenge infection with Haemonchus contortus. Vet Parasitol 188, 104-114. Kijas, J.W., Miller, J.E., Hadfield, T., McCulloch, R., Garcia-Gamez, E., Porto Neto1, L.R., Cockett, N.E., 2012. Tracking the Emergence of a New Breed Using 49,034 SNP in Sheep. PlosOne 7(7): e41508. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041508. Luginbuhl, J-M., and J. P. Mueller. 2012. Performance of meat goats control-grazed on winter annual grasses. Sheep & Goat Res. 27:8-17. Cubbage, F., V. Glenn, J. P. Mueller, D. Robison, R. Myers, J-M. Luginbuhl, and R. Myers. 2012. Early tree growth, crop yields, and estimated returns for an agroforestry trial in Goldsboro, North Carolina. Agrofoestry Systems 86:323-334. DOI 10.1007/s10457-012-9481-0. Min, B. R., S. G. Solaiman, N. K. Gurung, J. Behrends, J.-S. Eun. E. Taha and J. Rose. 2012. Effects of pine bark supplementation on performance, rumen fermentation, and carcass characteristics of Kiko crossbred male goats. J ANIM SCI 2012, 90:3556-3567. doi: 10.2527/jas.2011-4931 originally published online July 31, 2012 Gurung, N. K., S. G. Solaiman, D. L. Rankins, Jr., A. L. Kendricks, G. M. Abdelrahim, W. and H. McElhenney. 2012. Effects of distillers dried grains with solubles on apparent nutrient digestibility and passage kinetics of Boer x Spanish castrated male goats. Journal of Applied Animal Research.doi:10.1080/09712119.2011.640205. Tedeschii L. O., A. Cannas, S.G. Solaiman, R. A. M. Vieira, N. K. Gurung. 2012. Development and evaluation of empirical equations to predict ruminal fractional passage rate of forages in goats. J. Agr. Sci. 150: 95-107. Leick, C. M., P.R. Broadway, S. Solaiman, J.M. Behrends. 2012. Quality and consumer acceptability of salt and phosphate enhanced goat loin from goats fed varying levels of pine bark. Meat Science 90: 665669. Tackie, N. O. 2012; In Tasha M. Hargrove, Nii O. Tackie, Robert Zabawa, and Walter A. Hill (eds.), Empowering Underserved Farmers and Rural Communities by Changing Legislation, USDA Eligibility Requirements, and Program Delivery, Tuskegee, AL: Tuskegee University. Burner, D.M., Burke, J.M., 2012. Survival of bristly locust (Robinia hispida L.) in an emulated organic goat silvopasture. Native Plants J. 13, 195-200. Moyle, J.R., Burke, J.M., Fanatico, A., Spencer, T., Arsi, K., Reyes-Herrera, I., Donoghue, D.J., Wooming, A., Mosjidis, J.A., Donoghue, A.M., 2012. Palatability of tannin-rich sericea lespedeza fed to broilers. J. Appl. Poultry Res. 21, 891-896. Mosjidis, J.A., Burke, J.M., Hess, J.B., 2012. The facts about sunn hemp toxicity. Crop Sci. 52, 1469-1474. Gujja, S., Terrill, T.H., Mosjidis, J.A., Miller, J.E., Mechineni, A., Kommuru, D.S., Shaik, S.A., Burke, J.M., 2013. Effect of supplemental sericea lespedeza leaf meal pellets on gastrointestinal nematode infection in grazing goats. Vet. Parasitol. 191, 51-58. Burke, J.M., Miller, J.E., Mosjidis, J.A., Terrill, T.H., 2012. Use of a mixed sericea lespedeza pasture system for control of gastrointestinal nematodes lambs and kids. Vet. Parasitol. 186, 328-336. Burke, J.M., Miller, J.E., Mosjidis, J.A., Terrill, T.H., 2012. Grazing sericea lespedeza for control of gastrointestinal nematodes in lambs. Vet. Parasitol. 186, 507-512. Terrill, T.H., Miller, J.E., Burke, J.M., Mosjidis, J.A., 2012. Experiences with integrated concepts for the control of Haemonchus contortus in sheep and goats in the United States. Vet. Parasitol. 186, 28-37. Godfrey, R.W., M.C. Vinson and R.C. Ketring. 2012. Evaluation of split feeding regimens on growth and productivity of hair sheep ewes and lambs in the tropics. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 11:2747-2752. Wildeus, S. (2012) Accelerated hair sheep lamb production systems in the tropics: Joining three times in two years. Tecnol. & Ciên. Agropec. 6:55-63 Abstracts Wu, C., Hadfield, T., Miller, J.E., Kijas, J., Cockett, N., 2012. Genome-Wide Association and Meta-Analysis in an Outbred Sheep Population: Identifying Genetic Loci Influencing Parasite Resistance. Proc XX Conf Plant and Animal Genome, 239. Whitley, N.C., Terrill, T.H., Kommuru, D.S.D., Miller, J.E., Burke, J.M., Townsend, L., Horton, R., Frencj, J., 2012. Influence of sericea lespedeza lraf meal pellets on gastrointestinal nematode parasite fecal egg counts in artificially infected goats. Proc SCC-81, 18-20. Wilson, A., Solaiman, S., Min, B.R., Gurung, N., Miller, J., 2012. Effect of feeding tannin-containing pine bark on performance, parasite load and blood metabolities in goats. Proc Scc-81, 20-21. Wilson, E.A., Solaiman, S., Min, B.R., Gurung, N., McElhenny, W., Miller, J., 2012. Effect of feeding tannin-containing pine bark on performance, parasite load and blood metabolites in goats. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 90, Suppl. 3, 142. Kommuru, D. S., T. H. Terrill, N. C. Whitley, J.E. Miller, and J. M. Burke. 2012. Effect of feeding sericea lespedeza pellets on Haemonchus contortus in goats. J. Anim. Sci. 90 E-Suppl. 1:440. Abdalla, H. Ismail, S. Ibrahim, N. Whitley, and M. Worku. 2012. Evaluation of the impact of dietary sericea lespedeza on rumen microflora and innate immunity in goats. J. Anim. Sci. 90 E-Suppl 1: 384-385.Publications Matthews, K.K., D.J. O'Brien, N.C. Whitley, J.E. Miller, J.M. Burke, and R.A. Barczewski. 2012. Efficacy of pumpkin seed oil in controlling internal parasites in Katahdin lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 90 E-Suppl. 3:30-31. Merriott, R., H. Ismail, G. Summers, and M. Worku. 2012. Relative resistance to gastrointestinal nematode parasitic infection in sheep and goats. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 90, Suppl. 3/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 95, Suppl. 2. Whitley, N.C., R.M. Kaplan, R.A. Franco, K. Moulton, and A.E. Cooper. 2012. Anthelmintic resistance testing and agricultural professional training on horse farms in North Carolina. J. Anim. Sci. 90 E-Suppl. 1:32. Worku, M., N. Mikiashvili, and H. Ishmael. 2011. Comparative evaluation of gene expression in bovine and caprine neutrophils. Anim. Sci. Vol. 89, E-Suppl. 1/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 94, E-Suppl. 1 Worku, M., H. Mukhtar, and N. Mikiashvilli, 2011. Detection and expression of the gene encoding low density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins 6 (LRP6) in goat peripheral blood. Anim. Sci. Vol. 89, E-Suppl. 1/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 94, E-Suppl. 1. Luginbuhl, J-M., and J. P. Mueller. 2012. Survival rate and mineral composition of four fodder tree species for meat goats. Proc. XI International conference on Goats. p 291. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Spain. Pietrosemoli, S., J-M. Luginbuhl, and J. T. Green. 2012. Effect of outdoor swine management systems on the botanical composition of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L.) paddocks. J. Anim. Sci. 90 (Suppl. 3):7. Mobini, S., W. R. Getz, T. H. Terrill, R. M. Kaplan, J.E. Miller, L. Williamson, J. M. Burke, A. Zajac, E. Valencia, J-M. Luginbuhl, M. J. Williams, G. B. Bath, and N. C. Whitley.2012. Smart drenching and FAMACHA integrated training for sustainable control of gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants. Proc. XI International conference on Goats. p 30. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Spain. Wildeus, S. and Zeng, S. S. (2012) Effect of season and by-pass fat supplementation on milk composition of hair sheep ewes lambing in spring and fall. Proc. Ann. Meet. South. Sect. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci., p. 30. Szabo, S. D., Wildeus, S. and Teutsch, C. D. (2012) Growth intake and feed efficiency In hair sheep lambs fed a hay-based diet with increasing levels of soyhull inclusion. Proc. Ann. Meet. South. Sect. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci., p. 4. Wildeus, S. (2012) Pregnancy rates in hair sheep ewes following vaginal insemination with fresh and short-term stored liquid semen. Reprod. Dom. Anim., 47 (Suppl. 4): 422. Proceedings Terrill, T.H., Kommuru, D.S., Desai, S., Miller, J.E., Burke, J.M., Mosjidis, J.A., 2012. Use of pelleted sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) for natural control of coccidiosis in weaned goats. Proc Inter Grasslands Congress, Miller, J.E., Burke, J.M., Terrill, T.H., Mosjidis, J.A., 2012. Update on using sericea lespedeza for controlling nematode and coccidia infection in sheep and goats. Proc CAPARA, Miller, J.E., 2012. Gulf Coast Native - A Local Breed of Sheep with Enhanced Resistance against Gastrointestinal Nematodes. Proc International workshop on genetic resistance to parasites in small ruminants, 32-42. Merriott, R., H. Mukhtar, R.C. Noble, M. Worku. 2011. Studies on the effect of administration of Cydectin®(moxidectin)for sheep in goats in controlling natural infections of Haemonchus contortus in goats.. ARD 2011 Biennial Research Symposium- April 9-13, Atlanta, GA Mukhtar, H. and M. Worku 2011. Identification and expression of Wnt co-receptor ARD LRP6) in goat peripheral blood. ARD 2011 Biennial Research Symposium- April 9-13, Atlanta, GA.2011 Biennial Research Symposium- April 9-13, Atlanta, GA Whitley, N., K. Moulton, R. Franco A. Cooper, R. Jackson, and T. Conrad-Acuna. 2012. Livestock integrated parasite management in North Carolina. Proceedings, 6th National Small Farm Conference:124. Whitley, N., K. Moulton, R. Franco, A. Cooper, R. Jackson and T. Conrad-Acuna. 2012. Livestock Integrated Parasite Management in North Carolina. Proceedings, Association of Extension Administrators National Meeting, June 24-28. Worku, M., R. Noble, H. Mukhtar, J. Williams, R. Meriott, and G. Summers 2012. Co-grazing of Hair Sheep and Meat Goats. Abstract in Small Farm Field Day proceedings/agenda Wildeus, S., Lupton, C.J., Zajac, A.M. (2012). Effect of parasite management on fiber growth and quality in alpacas in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic region. ICAR Satellite Meeting on Camelid Reproduction, Vancouver, Canada, p. 148-151. Jacobs, J., S. A. Bowdridge. 2012. Increased peripheral cellular immune responses are associated with FEC reduction in parasite-resistant St. Croix sheep during H. contortus infection. Proc. 57th Meeting Am. Mata, D., S. Bowdridge, C. Moore, J. Jacobs, J. Kotcon, and W. Bryan. 2012 Response of weaned, spring-born grass-fed organic lambs to dewormer and grain supplement. Proc. Northeast Organic Research Symposium. Saratoga Springs, NY

Impact Statements

University of Virgin Islands Results from this project will contribute to our knowledge of improving homeostatic regulation of body temperature and produce information necessary for selecting appropriate breeds of livestock that will function well in the face of climatic change and would play significant role in enhancing animal welfare and mitigating financial losses in the livestock industry.
Delaware State University Dissemination of these research results through field days has led to increased options for parasite control and provides producers with data that can be used to make informed decisions on whether or not to use pumpkin seeds in their parasite control regime.
Fort Valley State University Pelleted sericea lespedeza is now available commercially (Sims Brothers Seed Company, Union Springs, AL) giving organic/natural (forage-fed) goat producers a non-chemical alternative to coccidiostats or anthelminitic drugs.
Langston University Our parasite workshop training should equip producers to be more sustainable by reducing the rate of development of anthelmintic resistance, reducing usage of dewormer and increasing genetic resistance of the herd.
Louisiana State University Dissemination of research results through field days had led to use of technologies to better manage parasites, reduce animal losses, and increase profits. Producers provide feedback on what their greatest production problems are.
North Carolina State University Participants increased their knowledge, skills and abilities in goat production, including parasite control and forage management

Date of Annual Report: 03/07/2014

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 02/02/2014 - 02/02/2014
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2013 - 09/01/2014

Participants

Ken Andries kenneth.andries@kysu.edu Kentucky State University;
Joan Burke joan.burke@ars.usda.gov USDA ARS;
E. Nelson Escobar nescobar@umes.edu Univ. of Maryland Eastern Shore;
David Fernandez fernandezd@uapb.edu University of Arkansas Pine Bluff;
Nar Garung ngarung@mytu.tuskegee.edu Tuskegee University;
Bob Godrey rgodfre@live.uvi.edu University of Virgin Islands;
Steve Hart shart@langston.edu Langston University;
Uma Karki karkiu@mytu.tuskegee.edu Tuskegee University;
Jean Marie Luginbuhl jean-marie_luginbuhl@ncsu.edu North Carolina State University;
Jim Miller jmille1@lsu.edu Louisiana State University;
Byeng Min minb@mytu.tuskegee.edu Tuskegee University;
Nada Nadarajah ndarka@auburn.edu Auburn University;
Susan Schoenian sschoen@umd.edu Univ. of Maryland College Park;
Elin Smyth University of Arkansas;
Tom Terrill terrillt@fvsu.edu Fort Valley State University;
Niki Whitley ncwhitle@ncat.edu North Carolina A&T State University;
George Whitney University of Virgin Islands;
Stephan Wildeus swildeus@vsu.edu Virginia State University

Brief Summary of Minutes

Meeting Agenda:

8:30 AM Time to load presentations onto computer

9:00 AM Welcome and introduction of group members

9:15 AM Administrative update by Dr. Robert Godfrey (advisor)

9:30 AM Station Reports - AM session chaired by Dr. Nada Nadarajah

12:00 PM Lunch

1:30 PM Station Reports - PM session chaired by Dr. Stephan Wildeus

3:30 PM Business meeting, election of secretary for 2014-2015

3:30 PM National Sheep Improvement Program - Ken Andries

4:30 PM Adjourn

Brief Summary of Minutes for SCC081 meeting Feb 2, 2014:

Meeting was called to order by the Chair at 9 am. The first order of business was the Administrative report by Bob Godfrey.
Bob Godfrey provided the administrative advisor report to the group. He stated that there are more people reporting to the project than are official members of the project. He advised on how individuals from different groups go about becoming official members of the group. He reminded the participants that each University and ARS station have only one official designee though they can have multiple people participate in the project. The loss of names on the official list may be due to the re-authorized of the project and the need for people to sign up again under the new project goals. He also discussed the differences between coordinating committees and S projects.

He indicated that the rewrite of the project last year was submitted and approved so the group is authorized for the next 5 years. We do need to get participant list corrected and look for possible additional members.
After the administrative report, individual station reports were given by each station by objective. The group broke for lunch at noon and returned at 2 pm to complete station reports.

After station reports, a short business meeting was held. The first order of business was the election of Secretary for the 2014 program year. Nar Gurung of Tuskegee University was elected. Other business was discussed as follows:

• A short discussion occurred related to submitting the official report for the project. The need for the report to be completed and submitted to the administrator within 60 days of the meeting was stressed. The Chair also indicated that she would provide information to the entering chair on the format for the station reports to help with future writing of the station reports.

• The need for increased small ruminant abstracts submitted for the Southern Section Animal Science meetings was discussed. Members were reminded that much of the work they are reporting on could also be submitted for presentation at the meetings.

• A question was raised related to membership being required or voluntary. Discussion on the process of becoming an official member of the group was again discussed and Godfrey indicated that he would contact those that attended/submitted who are not on the official list to get them correctly listed as part of the committee. Discussion also continued related to the reason for only one official member from a station but allowing multiple members from the groups.

• Stephen Wildeus mentioned that the National small ruminant germplasm project was set to meet at 7 pm on Feb. 3 and invited members of the group to participate in that meeting.

• Ken Andries presented information on the relaunch of the NSIP program. The NSIP program would like participation from Universities and is looking for groups to possibly conduct research looking into the application and impact of the NSIP program in sheep and goats. He also mentioned a desire to work with others in the group to seek grant funding to do a goat NSIP project to gather data to show the effectiveness of the program for goat producers. He requested that anyone interested in working with him on this contact him after the meeting.
The meeting adjourned at 4:30 pm.

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Station Reports from attending members: (See proceedings for details and for reports from members who did not attend the meeting)

One representative per station reported for all station objectives.

Objective 1

Develop integrated GIN control methods that decrease reliance on chemical dewormers through the use of selective deworming (FAMACHA system), better forage management and grazing options and breed or animal selection for nematode resistance or resilience.

Nada Nadarajah, Auburn University; Steve Hart, Langston University; Jim Miller, Louisiana State University; Niki Whitley, North Carolina A&T State University; Nar Garung, Tuskegee University; Bob Godfrey, University of the Virgin Islands; and Joan Burke, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Booneville, AR.

Objective 2

Develop a forage-based feeding system for year-round grazing that meets nutritional requirements by evaluating performance of forage (legumes, grass and browse) varieties and/or forage systems and animal performance.

Ken Andries, Kentucky State University; Jean-Marie Luginbuhl, North Carolina State University; Nar Garung, Tuskegee University; and Stephan Wildeus, Virginia State University.

Objective 3

Evaluate the production potential of pure- and crossbred sheep and goat germplasm under low-input, forage-based production systems in the Southeastern US.

Ken Andries, Kentucky State University; Nar Garung, Tuskegee University; and Stephan Wildeus, Virginia State University.

Objective 4

Disseminate research results and information to producers through station field days, workshops and websites.

Nada Nadarajah, Auburn University; Ken Andries, Kentucky State University; Jim Miller, Louisiana State University; Niki Whitley, North Carolina A&T State University; Jean-Marie Luginbuhl, North Carolina State University; Nar Garung, Tuskegee State University; David Fernandez, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff; Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland (College Park); Nelson Escobar, University of Maryland Eastern Shore; Joan Burke, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Booneville, AR; and Stephan Wildeus, Virginia State University.

Impact Statements

Auburn University

Study showed that between animal variation for GIP infestation and growth performance exists among bucks in the test program. Goat producers should take advantage of it through participating in national or regional buck performance test programs to select top sires of genetic merit as breeding animals.

Delaware State University

Hoegger’s herbal dewormer was not effective in controlling internal parasites in lactating meat goats.
Learning these integrated approaches to parasite control, including fecal egg counts and FAMACHA, will allow producers to more effectively manage internal parasites on their farm.

Kentucky State University

Fescue is the dominate forage through much of the upper Southeast region. The research on the impact of fescue toxicosis on goats is very limited. The research will provide a compressive look at the impact of toxic fescue on goats and possible differences in performance and health of animals.
In the short time the evaluation of breeds through the GHIP program and the other projects in the state are allowing producers to make a more informed choice between breeds for their production systems.
Producer evaluations from the different programs has indicated that they continue to increase their knowledge of forage and disease management through the programs being offered.

Louisiana State University

Eprinomectin (LongRange®) may be a viable treatment in lambs to aid in the control of gastrointestinal nematode infection. But, use should be restricted to targeted selective treatment or salvage treatment to preserve efficacy.
Dissemination of research results had led to use of technologies to better manage parasites, reduce animal losses, and increase profits. Knowledge gained by scientists.

North Carolina A&T State University

Under the conditions of the studies, moringa oleifera did not appear to impact goat GIN parasite FEC and PCV.
Tasco® addition to the diet did not impact indicators of GIN parasitism, growth, or feed efficiency under these conditions.
Aqueous extracts from moringa affect cell-mediated immunity in goats and may aid in the reduction of parasite burden in a GIN-species specific manner.
More research is needed to determine the potential impact of probiotics on gastrointestinal parasites in goats.
With this training, field staff and farmers are better able to understand how to manage GIN parasites in small ruminants.
The public is learning more about projects going on at the Site and producers are receiving training to help them be more profitable.

North Carolina State University

Inclusion of clovers resulted in similar yields and gains as POS and increased N cycling in the pasture system, thus potentially increasing profitability and sustainability.
Utilization and management of forages by goat producers is increasing, and resulting in a more sustainable industry.
The increased knowledge of participants results in changes in gastrointestinal parasite control approach by producers and resulted in healthier animals, lower production costs and better culling and management decisions. In addition, many producers planted or requested information about sericea lespedeza due to our research results using this legume in a summer grazing system.
Participants increased their knowledge, skills and abilities in goat production, including parasite control and forage management.

Tuskegee University

Results indicated that feeding pine bark diet selectively reduced bacteria and methanogenenicarchaea population.
Finding indicates a possible association of Hc-NIM-1 with moxidectin resistance in H. contortus.
The locations serve as demonstration sites for silvopasture and undergrowth vegetation management for both Tuskegee University Cooperative extension agents and students for experiential learning.
The results indicated that the combination of forages used for grazing should be selected to optimize animal performance, enhance the soil property and reduce environmental impacts from animals while reducing dependency on petrochemical fertilizers.
The results suggest that goats may be used to manage understory vegetation under longleaf pines but more data is needed to validate the results.
Castration more than breed contributed to some important changes in fatty acid profiles resulting in higher amount of unsaturated fatty acids.
Results of this study also suggest that caution is warranted when considering the infusion of Boer genetics into meat goat breeding herds managed under wet climate pasture conditions when management inputs are provided at low to moderate levels.
This further strengthens the position forwarded in our other report, that Boer goats, on average, are poorly suited for a pasture-based limited resource production system representative of the current management, pathogen challenge, and climatic conditions in southeast Alabama.
The project resulted in increased knowledge gained by 50 participants from four states including agricultural professionals, graduate students and producers on goat management. Further, the grantsmanship workshop resulted in an increased awareness of funding opportunities for Producers.
The majority of the respondents indicated that this was the first AI training that they had received and by its conclusion they had a better understanding of the artificial insemination techniques and its benefits.
Local youth gained valuable experience in goat showmanship as well as a chance to develop their leadership skills and increase their self-confidence.
The program provided agricultural professionals and producers with increased knowledge and awareness of the management techniques and information needed to begin and sustain a profitable dairy goat operation.

University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff

Small ruminant producers increased their knowledge of science-based pest, disease and parasite management, improved reproductive management and nutritional management. They have also learned where to find up-to-date science-based information on small ruminant production and management. Further, USDA NRCS personnel are better informed on small ruminant grazing for use in preparing environmental quality assessments on farms in Arkansas.

University of Maryland (College Park)

The profitability of pen vs. pasture rearing will vary by year and farm and is dependent upon many factors such as genetics, climate, stocking rates, parasite challenge, feed costs, and market prices.
Online surveys have indicated that over 90 percent of participants learn something new at the Lambing & Kidding School that they plan to apply to their sheep and/or goat enterprises. Youth participants have had fun, while learning something new about their project animals.
University of Maryland Eastern Shore
The principal investigators are monitoring and actively participating in the implementation of the project.
Annual reports will be prepared as required by the funding agency and abstracts, posters and presentation will be designed and developed as data become manageable and available.
The significance of this project to sheep and goats farmers includes the following items: reduced herbicide and fertilizer use and cost; alternate biological control for unwanted vegetation in pastures; and increasee sustainability and profitability of the small family farms

University of the Virgin Islands

Weaning hair lambs later than 63 days of age results in heavier lambs at weaning. Parasite burdens increase in all lambs regardless of weaning age but this was not detected using the FAMACHA© scores. Because of the parasite resilience of hair sheep breeds in the USVI, the FAMACHA© system may not be as applicable as it is for other more susceptible breeds.

USDA, Agricultural Service, Booneville, AR

Changes in TM status of lambs, especially Cu, Mo, Se, and Zn, could explain poor production reported in previous experiments. Sericea lespedeza provides organic producers a viable method of controlling parasites in conventional and organic sheep production. There was more than $1.3 billion in sales associated with organic livestock in 2011 (USDA, 2012).
Dissemination of research results had led to use of technologies to better manage parasites, reduce animal losses, and increase profits. Knowledge gained by scientists. Dissemination of genetics with known breeding values to improve flock genetics, especially parasite resistance.

Virginia State University

Results indicate that soy hull supplementation can be an effective and economically viable means to improve growth performance of hair sheep lambs on pasture, thus reducing the time for lambs to reach a marketable weight.
Pregnancy rates, though lower than we observed in earlier trials during the breeding season, suggested breed type of rams used as source of semen may have a significant effect on the outcome of pregnancy in liquid semen vaginal AI.

Results indicate that the use of terminal sire mating of land race hair sheep breeds with low maintenance requirements can increase pre-weaning growth performance of lambs without adversely affecting survival to weaning.
Wool x hair crossbred lambs grew faster and achieved higher final weights than purebred land race hair sheep lambs grazing stockpiled fescue pasture.
The participant evaluation indicated that the workshop filled an educational need, and encouraged producers to explore the option of low-input pasture lambing in their operations.

West Virginia University

The results of this study indicate that a significant effect on timing in the increase of cell populations and antigen-specific antibody in blood are associated with enhanced resistance to H. contortus infection. Knowledge of these specific times will allow us to design better experiments that specifically target these critical days and whereby further clarifying the enhanced immune response found in St. Croix sheep
While this product was not found to be effective in reducing FEC in Dorset x Texel lambs that does not preclude its effectiveness in other more parasite susceptible breeds.
Identification of differential gene expression in sheep that are parasite-resistant reveal mechanisms involved in enhanced immunity found in these breeds. Knowledge of these mechanisms will improve our ability to modify immunity of parasite-susceptible sheep and improve the potential for discovering a candidate genetic marker for parasite resistance.
This year I have trained 25 producers in the FAMACHA© system. Across the different workshops I have conducted over 500 producers have learned more about managing parasites in their flock.

Accomplishments

Publications

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 03/26/2015

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 02/01/2015 - 02/01/2015
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2014 - 09/01/2015

Participants

Ken Andries (Kenneth.andries@kysu.edu) Kentucky State University (Chair)
Bob Godfrey (rgodfre@uvi.edu) University of Virgin Islands (Administrative Advisor)
Nada Nadarajah (nadarka@auburn.edu) Auburn University
Alison Martin (amartin@livestockconservancy.org) The Livestock Converancy
Nelson Escobar (enescobar@umes.edu) University of Maryland – Eastern Shores
Susan Schoenian (sschoen@umd.edu) University of Maryland – College Park
Niki Whitley (ncwhitle@ncat.edu) North Cariliana A&T State University
Dahlia O’Brien (dobrien@vsu.edu) Verginia State University
Scott Bowdridge (scott.bowdridge@mail.wvu.edu) West Verginia University
Jim Miller (jmiller1@lsu.edu) Louisiana State University
Dan Waldron (d-waldron@tamu.edu) Texas A&M
Joan Burke (joan.burke@ars.usda.gov) USDA – Boonville
Tom Terrill (Terrill@fvsu.edu) Fort Valley State University
David Fernandez (fernendezd@uapb.edu) University of Arkansas – Pine Bluff
Stephan Wildeus (swildeus@vsu.edu) Verginia State University
Uma Karki (karkiu@mytu.tuskegee.edu) Tuskegee University
Nar Gurung (ngurung@mytu.tuskegee.edu) Tuskegee University.

Brief Summary of Minutes

Ken Andries: Not all station reports were provided to be included in the proceedings. It was stressed that the station reports are critical to the overall reporting process and need to be supplied to be included in the reports on the project. Some concerns were raised related to the number of e-mails that were not delivered and a need to update the web page to remove those that are not currently active and to update addresses for those that have moved or had changes in their e-mail address. Station reports were presented and each station was given the opportunity to report on activities.

Bob Godfrey: Reported that UM is not planning to continue participation in the project. He reminded those attending that while multiple members were allowed from an institution, only one was considered a voting member.

Accomplishments

Fort Valley State University continued research on the impact of sericea lespedeza supplementation for parasite control and animal performance issues. The information from this research was provided to producers to help them see the potential and to understand issues related to this product to reduce parasite loads and improve animal performance and health. Kentucky State University outreach activities provided education to producers, extension agents and others in the area of forage management, parasite control, and breed selection practices. The trainings result in improved production practices that reduce cost and improve survival of goats which improves sustainability and profitability producers in the state. Louisiana State University presentations on parasite resistance, FAMACHA training, treatment protocols and new strategies on parasite control in small ruminants were conducted. These efforts increase the awareness of issues and potential processes to decrease dependence on chemical treatments and improve health and survival of sheep and goats in the southeast region. North Carolina A&T University research on gene expression for resistance to parasites will increase knowledge of this issue and can lead to potential genomic testing to improve selection for resistant animals. Through trainings for producers they increased awareness of parasite control measures and practices. A farm tour was conducted and training of students increased awareness of activities and programs in small ruminants at the university. North Carolina State University pasture renovation information and practices were provided to producers to demonstrate the importance of improved pastures and inclusion of legumes to grass pastures for performance of forage and animals was successful. Meetings and field days were conducted and well received with a lot of positive feed pack and indications of adaption of recommended practices. Tuskegee University field days and programs were well received. Work on evaluation of different sources of tannins as possible treatments and control of parasites was well received. The impact of these on animal performance can be an issue and research was conducted on these factors. Grazing behavior was observed and forage and weather patterns determine grazing behavior in the research. Forage height and stem diameter for browsing differs with plant species. Publications on forage management were finished and made available to producers. University of Arkansas Pine Bluff conducted trainings in FAMACHA and conducting fecal egg counts, integrated pest management strategies and other parasite and disease prevention practices. They conducted trainings for beginning farmers to assist them in developing better protocols for improved sustainability of small ruminant practices. These programs resulted in improved health and survival of goats and sheep. This will result in increased sustainability of producers in Arkansas. They trained 31 USDA, CES and CP personnel in basic small ruminant management, fecal egg counting and FAMACHA which will result in greater impact as they assist additional producers. University of Maryland College Park information on alternative treatment for control of parasites and was offered to producers. The program resulted in more informed decision making by producers when considering alternative treatments for parasites. This will result in a decreased dependence on chemical treatments while improving the health of sheep and goats. Producers were also trained on the procedures to conduct fecal egg counts and the importance of using this information when making selection decisions. University of Maryland Eastern Shore animal behavior indicated that sheep and goats have a difference in preference for unwanted vegetation in the test area. However they are effective in removing unwanted vegetation. Producers can utilize this information to plan grazing practices to help reduce invasive and undesirable vegetation from many locations with minimal environmental impact. University of the Virgin Islands breed comparisons were conducted between St. Crux and Dorper cross bred sheep for performance and parasite resistance. Management practices were also examined. The results indicated that there are differences in performance and management strategies that can increase weaning weights in hair sheep on limited input. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Booneville, AR, provided training to producers, scientist, extension agents and veterinarians on the results of research into parasite treatment and management protocols. This training and outreach results in an increase in knowledge and improved parasite control. This knowledge will improve overall control and survival of sheep and goats in the region. Virginia State University conducted research and educational programs that examined reproductive and growth in sheep. These efforts provided improved knowledge to producers on production and selection practices. Field day evaluations indicated that produces gained knowledge on animal management and the importance of reproductive efficiency. West Virginia University research into genetic resistance of sheep to parasites is continuing and resulting in progress to possible genetic testing for resistance that will improve selection for this very important trait.

Publications

Journal Articles Abdelrahim, G. M., J. Khatiwada and N. K. Gurung. 2014. Effects of Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Lamb. Journal of Animal Research and Technology 1 (2): 25–30. Bobenchik AM, Witola W.H.*, Augagneur Y, Nic Lochlainn L, Garg A, Pachikara N, Choi JY, Zhao YO, Usmani-Brown S, Lee A, Adjalley SH, Samanta S, Fidock DA,Voelker DR, Fikrig E, Ben Mamoun C. (2013). Plasmodium falciparum phosphoethanolamine methyltransferase is essential for malaria transmission. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 110(45):18262-7. (* Equal first Author). Burke, J.M., Miller, J.E., Terrill, T.H., Mosjidis, J.A., 2014. The effects of supplemental sericea lespedeza pellets in lambs and kids on growth rate. Livest. Sci. 159, 29-36. George, W.D., R. W. Godfrey, R. C. Ketring, M. C. Vinson and S. T Willard. 2014. Relationship among eye and muzzle temperatures measured using digital infrared thermal imaging and vaginal and rectal temperatures in hair sheep and cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 92:4949-4955. Karki, U. and M.S. Goodman. 2014. Microclimatic differences between mature loblolly-pine silvopasture and open pasture. Agroforestry Systems. Online First (Online Publication) Nov. 16 - DOI: 10.1007/s10457-014-9768-4. Kommuru, D.S., N.C. Whitley, J.E. Miller, J.A. Mosjidis, J.M. Burke, S. Gujja, A. Mechineni, and T.H. Terrill. 2014. Effect of sericea lespedeza leaf meal pellets on adult female Haemonchus contortus in goats. Vet Parasitol. In press. Available online DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.11.008 Kommuru, D.S., Barker, T., Desai, S., Burke, J.M., Ramsay, A., Mueller-Harvey, I. Miller, J.E., Mosjidis, J.A., Kamisetti, N., Terrill, T.H., 2014. Use of pelleted sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) for natural control of coccidia and gastrointestinal nematodes in weaned goats. Vet. Parasitol. 204, 191-198. Kommuru, D.S., Barker, T., Desai, S., Burke, J.M., Ramsay, A., Mueller-Harvey, I. Miller, J.E., Mosjidis, J.A., Kamisetti, N., Terrill, T.H., 2014. Use of pelleted sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) for natural control of coccidia and gastrointestinal nematodes in weaned goats. Vet. Parasitol. 204, 191-198. Mechineni, A., Kommuru, D.S., Gujja, S., Mosjidis, J.A., Miller, J.E., Burke, J.M., Ramsay, A., Mueller-Harvey, I., Kannan, G., Lee, J.H., Kouakou, B., Terrill, T.H., 2014. Effect of fall-grazed sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) on gastrointestinal nematode infections of growing goats. Vet. Parasitol. 204, 221-228. Mekata H, Konnai S, Mingala CN, Abes NS, Gutierrez CA, Dargantes AP, Witola WH, Inoue N, Onuma M, Murata S, Ohashi K (2013). Isolation, cloning, and pathologic analysis of Trypanosoma evansi field isolates. Parasitol Res.:112 (4):1513-21. Min, B.R., S. Solaiman, R. Shange and J.-S. Eun. 2014. Gastrointestinal bacterial and methanogenic Archaea diversity dynamics associated with condensed tannins-containing pine bark diet in goats using 16S rDNA amplicon pyrosequencing. International Journal of Microbiology. Volume 2014, Article ID 141909, 11pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/141909. Min, B.R., C. Wright, P. Ho, J. S. Eun, N. Gurung, and R. Shange. 2014. The effect of phytochemical tannins-containing diet on rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial diversity dynamics in goats using 16S rDNA amplicon pyrosequencing. Agric. Food Anal. Bacteriol. 4:195-211. Sommers, K.N., Jacobs, J. and S.A. Bowdridge. 2014. Delayed immune responses of parasite-susceptible sheep during Haemonchus contortusinfection are associated with greater larval burden. Proc. 59th Meeting Am. Assoc. Vet. Parasitol. Denver, CO. Whitley, N.C., Oh, S-H., Lee, S.J., Schoenian, S., Kaplan, R.M., Storey, B., Terrill, T.H., Mobini, S., Burke, J.M., Miller, J.E., Perdue, M.A., 2014. Impact of integrated gastrointestinal parasite management training for U.S. goat and sheep producers. Vet Parasitol 200, 271-275. Witola W.H., Liu S., Montpetit A., Welti R., Hypolite M., Roth M., Zhou Y., Mui E., Cesbron-Delauw M.F., Fournie G.J., Cavailles P., Bisanz C., Boyer K., Withers S., Noble G., Swisher C.N., Heydemann P.T., Rabiah P., and McLeod R. (2014). ALOX12 in Human Toxoplasmosis. Infect. Immun. (In-Press). Witola, W.H., Bauman, B., McHugh, M., Matthews K. (2014). Silencing of GRA10 Protein Expression Inhibits Toxoplasma gondii Intracellular Growth and Development. Parasitol. Int. 651 (5): 6551-658. Book Chapters Worku, Mulumebet Chapter 14 Goat Genetics and Genomic Progress 137 Molecular and Quantitative Animal Genetics. Hasan Khatib. ISBN: 978-1-118-67740-7 Abstracts Crawford, C.D., D. Mata-Padrino, D. Belesky and S.A. Bowdridge. Effects of protein supplementation on growth of parasitized organic lambs while grazing. 2014 ASAS Southern Section Meeting Dallas, TX Godfrey, R.W., W. D. Preston, A. M. Jung, S. Joseph, L. LaPlace, P. E. Hillman, K. G. Gebremedhim, C. N. Lee and R. J. Collier. 2014. Evaluating the impact of breed and pregnancy on body temperature of hair sheep ewes in the tropics. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 92 (E-Suppl 1): 36. Godfrey, R.W., W. D. Preston, A. M. Jung, S. Joseph, L. LaPlace, P. E. Hillman, K. G. Gebremedhim, C. N. Lee and R. J. Collier. 2014. Evaluating the impact of breed, hair coat and pregnancy on sweating rate of hair sheep ewes in the tropics. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 92 (E-Suppl 1): 37. Whitley, N.C., S.-H. Oh, K. Moulton, R.A. Franco, S.B. Routh, D. King, C. Kyle and J. Idassi. 2015. Influence of Moringa Oleifera on Fecal Egg Counts and Packed Cell Volume in Meat Goats. J. Anim. Sci. 93 E. Suppl.1:submitted. Whitley, N.C., S.-H. Oh, K. Moulton, R.A. Franco, S. B. Routh, and C.A. Kyle. 2014. Effect of Tasco® on Fecal Egg Counts and Packed Cell Volume in Meat Goats. J. Anim. Sci. 92 E Suppl.2:929. Proceedings Escobar E.N., J.J. Rodriguez and N.S. Dawson. University of Maryland Extension-1890 Program. 2013. Proceedings: “1st Workshop on the Use of Sheep and Goats as Tools to Manage Unwanted Vegetation in Woodlands and Recreational Areas”. Editors: 97 p. Available in CD format. Glennon, H., J-M. Luginbuhl, J.P. Mueller, J. Grossman, and M. Schroeder-Moreno. Addition of clovers to tall fescue pastures improves nitrogen status of animals, forages and soils. SAAS, Dallas, 2-4 Feb. 2014. Houdijk, J., and S.A. Bowdridge. 2014. Can protein supplementation reduce reliance on anthelmintics in small ruminant production systems? 13th Intl Congress of Parasitology (ICOPA). Mexico City, MX Karki, U. 2014. Guidelines on preparing and showing meat goats: for Alabama youths. Cooperative Extension Program, Tuskegee University, Publication Number TUAG 1014-01. Karki, U. 2014. Goat Production: Care and Management of Newborn Kids. Cooperative Extension Program, Tuskegee University, Publication Number TUAG 0914-01. Luginbuhl, J-M., Mueller, J.P., and Glennon, H. M. 2014. Performance of replacement does control-grazed on three Festuca arundinacea cultivars IGA-sponsored European Regional Conference on Goats. Hungary and Romania. 7-12 April. Nadarajah, K., Schoenian, S., and D.L. Kuhlers. 2014 Gastro-intestinal parasite infestation (GIP) in bucks and their associated effects on performance of bucks on test. Proc. SCC081, 10-11. Notter, D.R., J. Burke, J.M., Miller, J.E., Morgan, J.L.M., 2014. Factors affecting susceptibility to gastrointestinal nematode parasites in periparturient Katahdin ewes and their lambs. Proc. XLI Reunión de la Asociación Mexicana para la Producción Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria y VII Reunión Nacional Sobre Sistemas Agro y Silvopastoriles, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico, July 2-4, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida. Schoenian S., J. Semler, D. Gordon, M. Bennett, and D. O’Brien. 2014 Performance and carcass characteristics of pen vs. pasture-fed goats. Proc. SCC081, 54-5 Schoenian, S., Semler, J., and R. Brzozowski. 2014. Using Webinar Short Courses to Educate Small Ruminant Producers. Annual meeting of the Southern Section of the American Society of Animal Science in Dallas, TX. Semler, J., Gordon, D., Lantz, W., Bennett, M.B., Escobar, N., D. O’Brien, and S. Schoenian. 2014. Western Maryland Pasture-Based Meat Goat Performance Test: A Five Year Summary. Annual meeting and Professional Improvement Conference of the National Association of County Agricultural Agents in Mobile, AL. In proceedings: p 36-37. Worku, M, A. Byers, N. Whitley, R. Noble, H. Ismail and G. Summers. 2014. Goat Genetic Selection. Small Farms Field Day Proceedings. June 19, 2014. Extension Publications Andries, K.M. 2014. Kentucky Sheep and Goat Pocket Record Book. KSU Extension Publication No. KYSU-FAS-BUL-0001. Luginbuhl, J-M., and J. Grossman. Pastures for Goats. Book Chapter and web- based Training and Certification Program for Meat Goat Producers. 2nd edition. Langston Univ. Langston, OK. Luginbuhl, J-M. Consider breeding your does to target ethnic holidays where goat meat is part of the Holiday feast. MGN 01-14.

Impact Statements

Fort Valley State University: Feeding supplemental SL pellets at 1.5% of body weight (Approximately 35% of daily intake) on pasture may provide a short-term (approximately 2 months) boost in health and productivity for yearling goats compared with conventional (non-tannin) feed pellets, but these benefits may be reduced or lost with longer-term SL feeding. These effects did not appear to be due to serum micronutrient status of the animals in this investigation.
Kentucky State University: Breed differences exist for genetic potential in meat goats and can be observed through evaluation of breeding values. The use of breeding values though the calculation of estimated breeding values or expected progeny differences will allow producers to select superior animals over the use of visual appraisal alone. This will allow for an increase in the overall production and sustainability of the meat goat industry.
Louisiana State University: Dissemination of research results had led to use of technologies to better manage parasites, reduce animal losses, and increase profits. Knowledge gained by scientists.
North Carolina A&T State University: Administration of CorPet to goats impacted transcription and translation of genes important in combating inflammation, indicating it may with innate immunity important in with fighting gastrointestinal nematode infections. It is interesting to note that in other studies by this lab, supplementation with commercial probiotics showed promise in improving body weight, PCV, FAMACHA scores. Further differential effects of probiotic source(composition) was observed on the levels of coccidia and Haemonchus eggs per gram feces over an eight week period in goats under grazing conditions.
North Carolina State University: Inclusion of clovers resulted in similar yields and gains as POS and increased N cycling in the system, which would reduce the need for N fertilization, thus potentially increasing profitability and sustainability. Utilization and management of forages by goat producers is increasing, and resulting in a more sustainable industry. The increased knowledge of participants results in changes in gastrointestinal parasite control approach by producers and resulted in healthier animals, lower production costs and better culling and management decisions. In addition, many producers planted or requested information about sericea lespedeza due to our research results using this legume in a summer grazing system. Participants increased their knowledge, skills and abilities in goat production, including parasite control and forage management.
Tuskegee University: Feeding of pine bark or tannin extracts reduced bacteria population san rumen fermentation. Producers that receive training and information on the procedures have improved pasture conditions and land utilization to decrease cost of production and improve animal health. Many outreach projects resulted in increased knowledge of producers and implementation of practices is resulting in improved sustainability and decreased use of fire and chemicals in pine forest areas.
University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff: Small ruminant producers increased their knowledge of science-based pest, disease and parasite management, improved reproductive management and nutritional management. They have also learned where to find up-to-date science-based information on small ruminant production and management. Youth in the state learned about the importance of the small ruminant industry and Cooperative Extension. Further, USDA, CES and CEP personnel are better informed on small ruminant management in Arkansas.
University of Maryland (College Park): Fecal egg counts were reduced by 82 percent in 87 percent of the goats the received a copper bolus. Fecal egg counts were reduced by 99 percent in 89 percent of goats that received a copper bolus and commercial dewormer.
University of Maryland Eastern Shore: Sheep and goat producers reduced their need for herbicide and fertilizer which decreased cost of production. This was effective in all areas of the farm and has increased the suitability of small family farms in the area.
University of the Virgin Islands: Weaning hair lambs later than 63 days of age results in heavier lambs at weaning. Parasite burdens of ewes and lambs, using FEC, PCV or FAMACHA scores as indicators, was not impacted by weaning age when lambs were weaned during the dry season. The parasite resilience of local hair sheep breeds in the USVI may be aiding the lambs and ewes in having with parasite burdens that are less than non-adapted breeds.
USDA, Agricultural Service, Booneville, AR: Concerns related to the continued effectiveness of SL for use as parasite control were identified. The dissemination of research results had led to use of technologies to better manage parasites, reduce animal losses, and increase profits. Knowledge gained by scientists. Dissemination of genetics with known breeding values to improve flock genetics, especially parasite resistance.
Virginia State University: Research results indicated that supplementation and use of terminal sires can increase pregnancy, decrease FECs and increase birth and weaning weights in hair sheep breeds. The participant evaluation indicated that the workshop filled an educational need, increased participants skills in lamb processing and encouraged producers to explore the option of low-input pasture lambing in their operation. The field day provided participants with an increased knowledge and awareness of the small ruminant industry and the steps that can be taken to add value and potentially increase farm income.
West Virginia University: The data indicate a significant role for IL-4 and local lymph node hypertrophy in the rapid and early reduction of larvae in a parasite-resistant host. Thus, a delay in the generation of host protective immune responses in parasite-susceptible sheep permit establishment of adult worms thereby increasing pathology resulting from H. contortus infection. These results indicate that lambs supplemented with 19% CP ration gain despite being parasitized and that supplementation including fish meal derived by-pass protein can reduce FEC in grazing lambs.

Date of Annual Report: 04/05/2016

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 02/07/2016 - 02/07/2016
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2014 - 09/30/2015

Participants

Joan Burke (USDA-ARS, Boonville AR)
James Miller (LSU)
David Fernandez (UAPB)
Nar Gurung (Tuskegee)
Susan Schoenian (UM extension)
Stephan Wildeus (Virginia State)
Dahlia O’Brien (Virginia State)
Nikki Whitley (FVSU)
Robert Godfrey (UVI)
Scott Bowdridge (WVU)
Steve Hart (Langston University)

Brief Summary of Minutes

Meeting was opened by Dr. Nar Gurung who introduced Dr. Bob Godfrey out SCC081 administrator. Godfrey reminded the group that the annual report is due 60 days from the date of the meeting and that all SCC-081 members should be registering for the ASAS southern section meeting. Meeting registration fees allow us access to rooms during the conference. Dr. Godfrey also encouraged the group to review appendix E to determine member not in attendance or those no longer working in this area. Godfrey urged the group to invite colleagues and others working in this area to join the group.

Dr. Godfrey also addressed news from NIFA. Due to the nature of our group (SCC) we have no NIFA representative, thus, no NIFA report. Dr. Godfrey reported that funding for NIFA will increase in FY 2017 but capacity-building funding will not increase. A special topic was addressed concerning the Minor Species Act as it relates to VFD. Susan Schoenian indicated that the VFD does not permit off-label use, which would include water-based coccidian control treatments. Dr. Godfrey also added that NIFA will “do-away” with minor-use drug funding. In light of the VFD there will be a push by NIFA to evaluate and study antibiotic resistance. To address concerns with minor species and VFD, Godfrey indicated that each of us should inform our individual experiment station directors of this topic so that it will be addressed at national director meetings.

Morning station reports were moderated by Dr. D. O’Brien and included:

Fort Valley State – Dr. N. Whitley

Langston University – Dr. S. Hart

Louisiana State University – Dr. J. Miller

*Sidenote – Dr. J. Miller indicated that there are no immediate plans for releasing Zolvix (monepantel) in the US according to information he obtained from Dr. R. Kaplan (University of Georgia). Dr. Miller also indicated that FDA is looking to approve combination products, which may include monepantel combinations. Closantel is now available in Canada and that D. flagrans has passed EPA and FDA “hurdles” and a company in the US is set to market product in the 1^st quarter of 2018

Tuskegee University – Dr. N. Gurung

USDA-ARS – Dr. J. Burke

University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff – Dr. D. Fernandez

Station Reports were adjourned for lunch and set to resume at 1:30 pm

Afternoon station reports were moderated by J. Miller and included:

University of the Virgin Islands – R. Godfrey

University of Maryland College Park – S. Schoenian

Virginia State University – Dr. D. O’Brien

West Virginia University – Dr. S. Bowdridge

Following stations reports, discussion on a special topic commenced. Topic was proposed and led by Dr. J. Burke (USDA-ARS) “Diminishing funding support for small ruminant research: future implications and possible solutions”

Dr. Burke addressed closing of UWM sheep dairy research facility and the reduction in flock size at Cornell as symptoms of a larger problem in small ruminant research. As small ruminant production does not constitute a commodity product and is done on such as small scale, writing compelling rational statements in grant applications becomes difficult. Discussion surrounded this topic for some time.

It was agreed that anthelmintic resistance is an emerging problem in beef cattle production and that studies using small ruminants may serve as a model for these larger species. Additionally information from small ruminant studies may at least have application in managing parasitism in beef cattle.

Following discussion of this topic nominations and voting for a new secretary commenced. Dr. Uma Karki of Tuskegee University was elected Secretary. President for the program in 2017 will be Dr. Scott Bowdridge of WVU.

Meeting was adjourned.

Accomplishments

Fort Valley State University conducted research on Serecia lespedeza (SL) and reported that the SL hay diet was slightly more effective against GIN and coccidia than the SL silage, but the differences were not significant.  There was no treatment effect on PCV values.    Kentucky State University evaluated alternative forages for meat goat production and utilization of browse for meat goat production. Animals did not lose condition on the novel fescue during the summer grazing period. The outreach activities provided education to producers, extension agents and others in the area of forage management, parasite control, and breed selection practices.  Louisiana State University presentations on parasite resistance, FAMACHA training, treatment protocols and new strategies on parasite control in small ruminants were conducted.  These efforts increase the awareness of issues and potential processes to decrease dependence on chemical treatments and improve health and survival of sheep and goats in the southeast region. The efficacies of three novel compounds were tested on the on development and survival of gastrointestinal nematode larvae in feces of sheep. Accomplishments: These 3 compounds may be a viable treatment to aid in the control of gastrointestinal nematode infection by reducing development and survival of larvae in feces, thus reducing pasture infectivity. Over 200 producers and scientists were provided training on better management of parasites and how to reduce animal losses, and increase profits.   North Carolina State University pasture renovation information and practices were provided to producers to demonstrate the importance of improved pastures and inclusion of legumes to grass pastures for performance of forage and animals was successful.  Utilization and management of forages by goat producers is increasing, and resulting in a more sustainable industry. The Participants increased their knowledge, skills and abilities in goat production, including parasite control and forage management. Tuskegee University research is focused on three major areas: year-round grazing/browsing management, use of alternative dewormers against Haemonchus contortus, and supplementary feeding of meat goats. The field days and programs were well received. The Tuskegee University has demonstrated that and alternative natural dewormer (condensed tanning containing pine bark) can control internal parasites infestation in goats. The woodland grazing can be very helpful for goat farmers in Alabama and other states with woodlands containing similar browse species. Goat farmers can use these finding for implementing proper strategies for utilizing the woodland vegetation to feed their animals and minimize the requirements for purchased feed.   These findings will be helpful for grazing managers, specialists, and farmers to manage woodland grazing without undesirable effects on the desirable plant species present in woodland. The extension and outreach programs are well received. The main programs include Tuskegee University Master Goat Producers Certification Training Program (MGPCP) – Year 8, annual Goat Day and annular Goat Show.   University of Maryland College Park: Since 2006, 639 goats from 84 herds in 20 states have been evaluated in the Western Maryland Pasture-Based Meat Goat Performance Test. Top-performers have been selected and sold or returned to farms for breeding. The test has increased the use of performance testing in the meat goat industry. The test serves as a valuable source of information pertaining to parasite control, pasture-rearing, and carcass traits in meat goats. Since 2006, the meat goat test blog has received 125,377 hits. University of Maryland Eastern Shore animal behavior indicated that sheep and goats have a difference in preference for unwanted vegetation in the test area.  However they are effective in removing unwanted vegetation.  Producers can utilize this information to plan grazing practices to help reduce invasive and undesirable vegetation from many locations with minimal environmental impact.    University of the Virgin Islands conducted comparative evaluation of the gastrointestinal parasite burdens around the time of parturition in hair sheep in the tropics. The results showed that Dorper X St. Croix White ewes have higher gastrointestinal parasite burdens than St. Croix ewes during the postpartum period, although none of these values were high enough to indicate a serious risk to the animal.  This may be due to the innate parasite resiliency of the St Croix White breed.   USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Booneville, AR, examined commercially available copper oxide wire particles (COWP) in combination with albendazole (alb) for control (CON) of gastrointestinal nematodes in lambs. The results showed that the percentage of H. contortus in cultured feces was reduced to a greater extent in the COWP than CON or CON+alb groups of lambs. Farmers should be able to rely on the COWP products examined as an aid in the control of H. contortus, being mindful that only adults are targeted. It appears promising that COWP in combination with albendazole increased efficacy with a greater reduction in FEC compared with COWP alone. Further research is needed on combining COWP and other synthetic anthelmintics. In another study, ARS showed that finishing light weight Katahdin lambs on pasture without or with minimal supplement. The station also provided training to sheep and goat producers estimated to impact more than 800 producers, scientists, extension agents, and veterinarians from southeastern, Midwestern and northeastern U.S. Virginia State University conducted research on the influence of breed and supplementation on consumer ratings of meat quality attributes of pasture-raised ground lamb meat. Results showed that ground meat from hair sheep lambs could provide an opportunity to enhance profitability for small-scale producers in Virginia. Different workshops which included Patsure Lambing Workshop, Integrated Parasite Management Workshop and Small Ruminant Field Day evaluation indicated that the workshop filled an educational need, increased participants skills in lamb processing and encouraged producers to explore the option of low-input pasture lambing in their operation. The on-farm artificial insemination (AI) evaluation with sheep findings confirm earlier observation that ewe lambs are not suited for vaginal AI and that there are significant ram effect in pregnancy outcomes to vaginal AI.  Use of agro-byproducts to supplement hair and wool x hair crossbred lambs grazing fescue pasture in spring rresults showed supplementation to have a greater impact on growth rate in crossbred than purebred hair sheep lambs, but type of supplement apparently had no effect.  Results also indicate that supplementation and crossbreeding had significant effect on carcass quality under the conditions of this experiment. West Virginia University research reported that the gain and carcass merit of TX-sired lambs is equivalent to SU-sired lambs providing data to support use of alternative terminal sires in Katahdin crossbreeding programs without impacting parasite resistance of crossbred progeny. These data taken together indicate aberrant immune development in susceptible Suffolk crossbred sheep in response to Haemonchus contortus, which may contribute to resulting establishment of adult parasites. Overall, the data indicate that a differential host response occurs to L3 and L4. Their data also demonstrated that lambs supplemented at a rate of 2% BW with a 19% crude protein ration had FEC and greater gain while grazing predominantly fescue pastures.  These data provide additional means whereby producers can mitigate the effects of gastrointestinal nematodes parasitism on growth of grazing lambs.   University of Maryland Eastern Shore (UMES): Over 26 sheep and goat producers were trained on how to balance ration to avoid pregnancy toxemia and how to identify worm resistance on their individual farms.

Publications

Journal Articles <ul> <li>Acharya, M., J.M. Burke, K.P. Coffey, E.B. Kegley, J.E. Miller, G.R. Huff, E. Smyth, T.H. Terrill, J.A. Mosjidis, and C. Rosenkrans. 2015. Changes in hematology, serum biochemistry, and gastrointestinal nematode infection in lambs fed Sericea lespedeza with or without dietary sodium molybdate. Journal of Animal Science 93:1952-1961.</li> <li>Acharya, M., Burke, J.M., Coffey, K.P., Kegley, E.B., Miller, J.E., Huff, G.R., Smyth, E., Terrill, T.H., and C. Rosenkrans, C. Jr. 2015. Changes in hematology and serum biochemical profiles in lambs fed Sericea lespedeza. J. Anim. Sci. 93, 1952-1961.</li> <li>Bowdridge, S.A., A.M. Zajac, and D.R. Notter. 2015. St. Croix sheep produce a rapid and greater cellular immune response contributing to reduced establishment of Haemonchus contortus. Parasitol. 208:204-210.</li> <li>Burke, J.M., Miller, J.E., Terrill, T.H., Smyth, E., and M. Acharya. 2016. Examination of commercially available copper oxide wire particles in combination with albendazole for control of gastrointestinal nematodes in lambs. Vet. Parasitol. 215, 1-4.</li> <li>Donoghue, D.J., Mays, A.R., Goodwin, H.L., Hale, M., Spencer, T., O’Gorman, M., Jose, S., Burke, J.M., and A. Donoghue. 2014. Armed to farm: Developing training programs for military veterans in agriculture. J. Rural Soc. Sci. 29, 82-93.</li> <li>Holt, R.M., E.A. Shepherd, A.G. Ammer, and S.A. Bowdridge. 2015. Effects of peripheral blood mononuclear cells on Haemonchus contortus larval motility in vitro. Parasit. Immunol. 37:553-556.</li> <li>Hoste, H., J.F.J. Torres-Acosta, C.A. Sandoval-Castro, I. Mueller-Harvey, S. Sotiraki, H. Louvandini, S.M. Thamsborg, and T.H. Terrill. 2015. Tannin containing legumes as a model for nutraceuticals against digestive parasites in livestock. Veterinary Parasitology 212:5-17.</li> <li>Jacobs, J.R., S.P. Greiner, and S.A. Bowdridge. 2015. Serum interleukin-4 (IL-4) production is associated with lower fecal egg count in parasite-resistant sheep. Vet. Parasitol. 211:102-105</li> <li>Kommuru, D.S., N.C. Whitley, J.E. Miller, J.A. Mosjidis, J.M. Burke, S. Gujja, A. Mechineni, and T.H. Terrill. 2015. Effect of Sericea lespedeza leaf meal pellets on adult female Haemonchus contortus in goats. Veterinary Parasitology 207:170-175.</li> <li>Kumi, A. S. I. Howard, R. Smith, N. Gurung, and A. Elliott. 2015. Impact of Using Different Stocking Rates of Goats under Pine Plantation on Plant Species occurrences and Animal Productivity," Professional Agricultural Workers Journal: Vol. 2: No. 2, 5. Available at: http://tuspubs.tuskegee.edu/pawj/vol2/iss2/5.</li> <li>Matthews, K.K., D.J. O’Brien, N.C. Whitley, J.M. Burke, J.E. Miller, and R.A. Barczewski. 2016. Investigation of possible pumpkin seeds and ginger effects on gastrointestinal nematode infection indicators in meat goat kids and lambs. Sm. Rum. Res. Jan. 2016, DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.12.036.</li> <li>Mathews, K. K., D. J. O’Brien, N. C. Whitley, J. M. Burke, J. E. Miller, and R. A. Barczewski. 2015. Investigation of possible pumpkin seeds and ginger effects on gastrointestinal nematode infection indicators in meat goat kids and lambs. Small Ruminant Research. 136:1–6.</li> <li>Min, B.R., D. Perkins, C. Wright, A. Dawod, B.J. Min, T.H. Terrill, J.S. Eun, R. Shang, S.S. Yang, and N. Gurung. 2015. Effects of feeding two different tannin-containing diets on ruminal fermentation profiles and microbial community changes in meat goats. Agriculture, Food, and Analytical Bacteriology 15:153-165.</li> <li>Min, B.R., S. Solaiman, T.H. Terrill, A. Ramsay, and I. Mueller-Harvey. 2015. The effects of tannins-containing ground pine bark diet upon nutrient digestion, nitrogen balance, and mineral retention in meat goats. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 6:1-8.</li> <li>B. R., E. A. Wilson, S. Solaiman, and J. Miller. 2015. Effects of Condensed Tannin-Rich Pine Bark Diet on Experimentally Infected with Haemonchus Contortus in Meat Goats. Int J Vet Health Sci Res. 3(3), 49-57.</li> <li>Min, B. R., D. Perkins , C. Wright , A. Dawod , B. J. Min , T. H. Terrill , J.-S. Eun, R. Shange, S. Y. Yang, and N. Gurung. 2015. Effects of feeding two different tannin-containing diets on ruminal fermentation profiles and microbial community changes in meat goats. Agric. Food Anal. Bacteriol. 5: 153-165.</li> <li>Nadarajah, K., S. Schoenian, and D.L. Kuhlers. 2015. Gastro-intestinal Parasite (GIP) Infestation and its Associated Effects on Growth Performance of Bucks on a Pasture-based Test in Maryland. Sheep & Goat Research Journal. Volume 30, 2015-July, 24-29.</li> <li>Riley, D.G., Burke, J.M., Chase, C.C., Jr., and S. W. Coleman. 2016. Heterosis and direct effects for Charolais-sired calf weight and growth, cow weight and weight changes, and ratios of cow and calf weights and weight changes across warm season lactation in Romosinuano, Angus, and F1 cows in Arkansas. J. Anim. Sci. (In Press).</li> <li>Matthews, K.K., O’Brien, D.J., Whitley, N.C., Burke, J.M., Miller, J.E., and R. A. Barczewski. 2016. Investigation of possible pumpkin seeds and ginger effects on gastrointestinal nematode infection indicators in meat goat kids and lambs. Small Rum. Res. 136, 1-6.</li> <li>Riley, D.G., Burke, J. M., Chase, C.C., Jr., and S. W. Coleman. 2014. Genetic effects for reproductive performance of straightbred and crossbred Romosinuano and Angus cows in a temperate zone. Livest. Sci. 180, 22-26.</li> <li>Weiss S.A., R.W. Godfrey, R. Ben-Avraham and R.C. Ketring. 2015. Performance and carcass characteristics of hair sheep lambs finished on tropical pasture or rangeland and supplemented with maize. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 27, Article #228. <a href="http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd27/11/weis27228.htm">http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd27/11/weis27228.htm</a>.</li> </ul>   Book Chapter, Handbook and Proceedings <ul> <li>Crawford, C., D.J. Mata-Padrino, D.P. Belesky, E.E. Felton, and S.A. Bowdridge. 2015. Effects of protein supplementation on parasitism in grazing lambs. ASAS Southern Section Meeting, Atlanta, GA.</li> <li>Garza, J., and S.A. Bowdridge. 2015. Texel crossbred lambs show increased resistance Haemonchus contortus. 60th Annual Meeting AAVP, Boston, MA.</li> <li>Gurung, N., S. Hart, and A. Peischel. 2015. Suitable Animal Species and Facility Requirements for Grazing in a Silvopasture System. In: Uma Karki (ed.): Handbook for Training Field Extension and Technical Assistance Personnel: Sustainable Agroforestry Practices in Southeastern Region. Tuskegee University Cooperative Extension Program with 1890 Agroforestry Consortium. pp. 41-58.</li> <li>Jacobs, J.R., and S.A. Bowdridge. 2015. Peripheral immune cells of St. Croix sheep rapidly produce IL-4 in response to Haemonchus contortus antigen in vitro. 60th Annual Meeting AAVP, Boston, MA.</li> <li>Karki, U. (Ed.). 2015. Sustainable agroforestry practices in the Southeastern Region: training handbook. Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Sciences, Tuskegee University, Publication No. TUAG1015-01.</li> <li>Miller, J.E., Burke, J.M., and T. H. Terrill. 2015. Potential newer control methods. Proc. Int. Cong. Sustainable Parasite Management, May 25-26, 2015, Pretoria, South Africa.</li> <li>Shepherd, E., J. Garza, ands S.A. Bowdridge. 2015. Quantification of Haemonchus contortus larval death after culture with host immune cells by measuring larval ATP. 60th Annual Meeting AAVP, Boston, MA.</li> <li>Miller, J.E., 2015. Internal and external parasites. In: T.A. Gipson, R.C. Merkel, K. Williams, T. Sahlu (Eds.), Meat Goat Production Hand Book, The (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK: 105-122.</li> </ul>   Abstracts <ul> <li>Burke, J.M., Acharya, M., Miller, J.E., Terrill, T.H., Smyth, E., Huff, G.R., Kegley, E.B., Coffey, K.P., and C. F. Rosenkrans, Jr., 2015. Influence of sericea lespedeza on relationships between gastrointestinal nematode infection and hematology, serum biochemistry, and trace minerals in lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 93 (E-Suppl. 1): (Abstr.).</li> <li>Burke, J.M., Miller, J.E., Terrill, T.H., Smyth, E., and M. Acharya. 2015. Efficacy of copper oxide wire particles from three sources to control Haemonchus contortus in lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 93 (E-Suppl. 1): (Abstr.).</li> <li>Escobar, E. N. 2015. Management of unwanted vegetation using small ruminants (sheep and goats) on Delmarva. Posters were presented at the 2015 Joint Annual Meeting of the American Society of Animal Science reporting the results from the 2014 season.</li> <li>Godfrey, R., S. Joseph, L. LaPlace, and W. George. 2015. Effect of weaning age on parasite burdens of hair sheep lambs and ewes in an accelerated lambing system in the tropics. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 93 (E-Suppl. 1):46.</li> <li></li> <li>Karki, U. 2015. Agroforestry research and extension education program at Tuskegee University. The 73rd Professional Agricultural Workers Conference, Dec. 6-8, Kellogg Conference Center, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088. (Abstract and oral presentation).</li> <li>Karki, U., J. Idassi, S. R. Mentreddy, N. Gurung, C. Christian, G. Boyd, O. Onokpise, L. Karki, Y. Diabate, and S. Bambo. 2015. Trainers' training in agroforestry practices in the Southeastern Region: 1890 Agroforestry Consortium initiative. 14th North American Agroforestry Conference. June 1-3, Ames, Iowa. (Abstract and poster presentation).</li> <li>Lee, J., Wildeus, S., Lee, J., Nartea, T. J., Lemma, B., and B. Kouakou. 2015. Effect of breed type, supplementation and sex in rotationally-grazed hair and wool x hair sheep lambs: Carcass characteristics.  Ann. Meet. South. Sect. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci., p. 43.</li> <li>Lemma, B., Lee, J. H., Wildeus, S., Kaanan G., and B. Kouakou. 2015. Chemical composition and quality of fresh lamb from rationally grazed hair and wool x hair sheep lambs as influenced by soy hull supplementation. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 93, Suppl. s3:168</li> <li>Lemma, B., Lee, J. H., Wildeus, S., Kouakou, B., and G. Kaanan. 2015. Fatty acid composition of different fat depots from hair and wool x hair sheep supplemented with soy hull on pasture. Anim. Sci. Vol. 93, Suppl. s3:791.</li> <li>Riley, D.G., Coleman, S.W., Chase, C.C., Jr., and J. M. Burke. 2015. Heterosis for reproduction of Romosinuano-Angus cows in Arkansas. J. Anim. Sci. 93 (E-Suppl. 1): (Abstr.).</li> <li>Schoenian, S., Semler, J. Gordon, D.L., Bennett, M.B., and D. O’Brien. 2015. Health, performance, and carcass characteristics of pen-fed vs. pasture-raised meat goats. Annual meeting of the Southern Section of the American Society of Animal Science in Atlanta, Georgia.</li> <li>Schoenian, S., J. Semler, D. Gordon, M. B. Bennett, and D. O’Brien. 2015. Health, performance, and carcass characteristics of pen-fed vs. pasture-raised meat goats. American Society of Animal Science Southern Section. J. Anim. Sci. Vol 93, Suppl. S3: 101.</li> <li>Smyth, E., Burke, J.M., Acharya, M., Miller, J.E., and K. P.Coffey. 2015. Grass finishing systems for lambs born in fall and winter. J. Anim. Sci. 93 (E-Suppl. 1): (Abstr.).</li> <li>Wildeus, S., and C. D. Teutsch. 2015. Energy supplementation of purebred and crossbred hair sheep lambs grazing stockpiled fescue. Proc. Ann. Meet. South. Sect. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci., p. 43.</li> <li>Wildeus, S., Lee, J., Teutsch, C. D., and T. J. Nartea.   Effect of breed type, supplementation and sex in rotationally-grazed hair and wool x hair sheep lambs: Growth and gastrointestinal parasites. Proc. Ann. Meet. South. Sect. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci., p. 43.</li> <li>Wildeus, S. 2015. Terminal sire mating of landrace hair sheep ewes with Dorset rams: Ewe and pre-weaning lamb performance.  Ann. Meet. South. Sect. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci., p. 43.</li> </ul>   Extension Articles <ul> <li>Luginbuhl, J-M. The NCSU Meat Goat Program and the Status of the NC Meat Goat Industry.</li> <li>Luginbuhl, J-M. History of the NC Meat Goat Program.</li> <li>Luginbuhl, J-M. Consider breeding your does to target ethnic holidays where goat meat is part of the Holiday feast.</li> <li>Luginbuhl, J-M. Is There a Market for Goat meat in the US? Yes, There Is!</li> <li>Luginbuhl, J-M. Pink Eye or Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis. MGN 2.</li> <li>Luginbuhl, J-M. Listeriosis in your Herd. MGN 1.</li> <li>Luginbuhl, J-M. Toxoplasmosis. MGN 3.</li> <li>Luginbuhl, J-M. 2015 – Year of the Goat.</li> <li>Launching of the NCSU Meat Goat Extension Portal</li> <li>meatgoats.ces.ncsu.edu</li> </ul>

Impact Statements

The Integrated Parasite Management (IPM) Workshop attracted a total of 22 producers and three agents trained at VSU. All were FAMACHA certified and received training in conducting fecal egg counts. The Small Ruminant Field Day 2015 was attended by 130 participants and they were provided with an evaluation form to rate their experience and knowledge gained, provide comments and also to indicate the need for additional educational events. The workshop met the expectation of most participants and the speakers were rated as most informative.

Date of Annual Report: 03/13/2017

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 02/05/2017 - 02/05/2017
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2015 - 09/30/2016

Participants

• Niki Whitley (FVSU)
• Jim Miller (LSU)
• Joan Burke (USDA-ARS, Booneville, AR)
• Nelson Escobar (UMES)
• Dahlia O’Brien (VSU)
• Stephan Wildeus (VSU)
• Scott Bowdridge (WVU)
• Robert Godfrey (UVI)
• Kwame Matthews (DSU)
• Chelsea Ahrens (UArk – extension)
• Olga Bolden-Tiller (Tuskegee)
• Art Goetch (Langston University)
• Brou Kouakou (FVSU)
• Serena Joseph (UVI)

Brief Summary of Minutes

Recorded and submitted by Scott Bowdridge

In attendance:

Niki Whitley (FVSU)

Jim Miller (LSU)

Joan Burke (USDA-ARS, Booneville, AR)

Nelson Escobar (UMES)

Dahlia O’Brien (VSU)

Stephan Wildeus (VSU)

Scott Bowdridge (WVU)

Robert Godfrey (UVI)

Kwame Matthews (DSU)

Chelsea Ahrens (UArk – extension)

Olga Bolden-Tiller (Tuskegee)

Art Goetch (Langston University)

Brou Kouakou (FVSU)

Serena Joseph (UVI)

Meeting was called to order at 8:30 am and presided by Scott Bowdridge

Bowdridge asked the meeting AA (Bob Godfrey) if he had any information to share with the group from the administrative side

Godfrey indicated that this is the last year for this coordinating committee and the group would need to write the project and submit to USDA

Bowdridge then asked the group is discussion of this topic could be tabled for for discussion in the afternoon session

The morning session then consisted of station reports in alphabetical order (Tuskegee rep was late so they went last)

FVSU Report:

Whitley discussed work occurring at FVSU around sericea (SL) silage and baleage development.

Also discussed was the anecdotal evidence of a product called Red Cell and reported improved recovery during Haemonchus contortus infection, when used in combination with anthelmintics.

Whitley noted that controlled studies reported no effect of red cell alone or in combination with levamisole or benzimidazoles. She also acknowledged that their studies had not combined “Red Cell” with macrocyclic lactones

Most anecdotal evidence was observed during extreme cases of haemonchosis where lambs and kids had FAMACHA scores of 4-5. Which is difficult to model experimentally due to ACUC restrictions

LSU Report:

Miller indicated he was conducting research evaluating anthelmintic activity of proprietary aromatic compounds
- In-vivo tests indicated that 15ml dose showed some efficacy
- Currently, Miller is in discussion with company about supporting additional research

flagrans product (developed in AU) has been approved by FDA/USDA/EPA
- Should be available commercially in the 1^st quarter of 2018

Miller also reinforced recommendation from ACSRPC about the use of combination dewormers
- Due to synergistic activity
- Emphasized that their use should still be on a selective basis
- Combination dewormers are in the FDA pipeline

UMES Report:

Conducting research with SL – have had difficulty in establishing stand but Escobar is hopeful to be conducting trials in the coming year

Escobar noted that they are designing studies to use sheep/goats to control unwanted vegetation

USDA-ARS Booneville, AR Report:

Burke is conducting analyses of NSIP data on Katahdin sheep in collaboration with Dave Notter (Virginia Tech)
- Initial analyses have been conducted to establish genetic correlations between FEC and growth traits
- Future work to determine genetic correlation between FEC and maternal traits and Katahdin index

UVI Report:

Godfrey is conducting work to establish relationships between grazing behavior and shade seeking and internal body temperature in island sheep

Godfrey is also studying effects of heat on animal performance

VSU Report:

Report was split between Wildeus and O’Brien

Wildeus shared data on effects of soy hull supplementation on hair crossbred lambs

Wildeus also reported on a study that evaluates the effect of using terminal sires (Dorset) on Barbados blackbelly and St. Croix ewes
- Data indicate that crossbred lambs generated larger weights and carcass measures
  - No negative effect on parasitism in crossbred lambs
- O’Brien discussed repro management workshops they have conducted, which included
  - AI clinic for goat producers
  - Utilizing liquid semen for AI of Katahdin sheep
  - Construction of a mobile repro lab
    - This mobile lab has been named the “Sperminator”
  - O’Brien also spoke about their work using IPM in small ruminants
    - Conducting FAMACHA Training for producers
  - O’Brien spoke about their promotion efforts around eating lamb
    - Shared their “Lambuary” promotion effort around increasing lamb consumption in Virginia

WVU Report:

Bowdridge shared immunology research they are conducting
- croix sheep generate greater IL-4 production early during H. contortus infection
- Cellular component to immunity has revealed breed difference in immune response
  - Both macrophages and neutrophils of St. Croix sheep are involved in early immune responses
    - Their activity is greater and more efficacious in St. Croix sheep
  - Bowdridge also indicated that they are working on identifying antigens associated with the cuticle of H. contortus
- Bowdridge commented on grazing research they have been conducting
  - Using predominantly birdsfoot trefoil pastures they have been working to determine the effect of high tannin legumes on their protective or preventative capability during H. contortus infection
    - Bowdridge indicated that sheep infected while grazing had lower FEC than sheep infected prior to grazing BFT
      - Although FEC in pre-infected lambs was reduced after grazing BFT pastures

Tuskegee Report:

Bolden-Tiller reported that her colleagues are conducting work to evaluate feed additives on reducing FEC in sheep and goats
- Of note she reported work being conducted on addition of dry, cracked-corn to grazing supplements

Bolden-Tiller also reported on the seven outreach programs being conducted by faculty at Tuskegee University
- She also indicated they her colleagues were focused on increasing involvement and participation by faculty and students from the vet school
  - It is their hope that by exposing these folks to problems in small ruminant production that these events may also serve to train those seeking degrees in veterinary medicine
    - With hopes that there are more vet students graduating with some experience in small ruminant health

After this report the meeting was adjourned at 11:30 am and to be resumed at 1:30pm to initiate discussion around SCC-81 project re-write.

Meeting resumed at 1:30 pm

Jim Miller asked the question “Should the group continue?” and discussion centered around this topic

Only 5 organizations represented in the report – indicates that they have already walked away

Burke asked the question: If the meeting didn’t take place would that increase the number of abstracts in the general meeting during the small ruminant section?

Olga asked - What was the impetus for forming the group – initially information exchange

There is a failure to recruit new members and gaps in knowledge about the existence of this group.

Universities should not be listed without an active member that is going to actively participate

Should not consider closing the group without making sure that potential participants are aware of the meeting

Non-participation is possible due to budget restrictions

Does recruiting people solve the issue of commonality of NCERA214 and ACSRPC?

Better communication of our purpose and usefulness in sheep or goat industry

Chelsea from University of Arkansas as a potential new member

Kwame from Delaware State University as a potential new member

Discussion concluded in continuation of the project: followed by a revision of objectives to be included in the re-write.

Discussion of objective 1

New title ‘utilization of GIN control methods including selective deworming, forage/grazing management, and animal selection for nematode resistance’

In the descriptive text (for the re-write) make sure to include non-chemical means of parasite control

Include institutions working on this objective (potential list)
- USDA-ARS
- FVSU
- WVU
- DSU
- UA – Ext
- VSU
- UMES
- Tuskegee

Joan will help with text and so will Scott

Discussion of Objective 2

New title ‘Emphasize forage feeding systems for year-round grazing to meet nutritional requirements that mitigate drought and other plant and animal stressors’

Limit discussion of climate change in text

Potential institutions – Susan should be here somewhere??

USDA-ARS

FVSU

UA – Ext

UMES

Tuskegee

Joan will help with this, Stephen and Dahlia will help

Discussion on objective 3

New title ‘Strategies for the improvement of small ruminant reproduction’

Niki will take point on all new text and will be assisted by Olga.

Institutional involvement

USDA-ARS

FVSU

UMES

Tuskegee

Make sure to include Out-Of-Season breeding in the text (Niki)

As we draft these documents make sure to send to potential collaborators to be included in the group – also make sure to notify individuals of what a coordinating committee is!

Discussion of Objective 4

New title ‘Disseminate research results and information to stakeholders.’

USDA-ARS

FVSU

UA – Ext

UMES

Tuskegee

Dahlia, Chelsea and Kwame will handle re-write of this section

Kwame is nominated as secretary and approved! Remind Uma that she will be the chair for 2018 meeting

To make the job of the chair and secretary more transparent we developed a list of duties for each position:

Chair duties:

Solicits and collates station reports into proceedings

Submits annual project report to AA by 50d after meeting

Provides tentative proceedings to Animal Science department chair at NC A&T by two weeks before SCC81 annual meeting

Bring copies of the proceedings, lcd projector and computer

Secretary

Coordinate with SS animal science secretary to make arrangements for room assignment
1. Ask for conference room setup to facilitate discussion

Coordinate with chair and distribute agenda and final copy of the proceedings before the annual meeting

Takes minutes

Must send minutes to chair and participants by one week following the annual meeting

Discussion of invited speakers – do one year in advance? Permits time to seek funding in support of travel

Topic outside of objectives?

Darris Burnett at Mississippi state – guest speaker on meat science

Or Susan Duckett – fescue toxicosis

Niki suggested an economist to speak about profitability – someone from USDA

Where is the goat and sheep industry going? Someone to speak on that topic

Meeting was adjourned at 4:00pm

Accomplishments

Accomplishments: (results) Fort Valley State University: The FEC and OC were impacted by a treatment by week interaction (P<0.05). For HW, compared to Week 0, FEC were lower by the first week after treatment and remained low throughout the study (P<0.05). In contrast, FEC for SW treated animals were not lower until Week 2, remaining lower for Week 3 while FEC from SP treated animals were only lower than Week 0 at Week 3 (P<0.05).  Treatment with HW resulted in lower OC for all three weeks while SP and SW treatment had lower OC for Week 3 only. Packed cell volume was not different for the three treatments. Both SL pellet diets reduced OPG in the goats compared with control animals after 7 days (P<0.05) while EPG values were lower than control after 21 and 28 days, respectively, in the goats fed leaf only and whole plant SL pellets, and these differences were maintained until the end of the trial. Both groups of SL pellet-fed goats had higher PCV values than control animals from days 28–42 of the trial. There was no effect of Red Cell® on GIN egg production (Table 1), PCV (averaged 30.2 ± 0.4% for all animals) or most CBC measurements.  However, WBC tended to be the lowest for RC alone (P=0.0526) and RDWs, a measurement of the variation in the size of red blood cells was highest for RC alone (P<0.03; Table 2). Log transformed FEC were impacted by a treatment x day interaction (P<0.01), but not such that there was any impact of Red Cell®. There was no effect on PCV or most CBC measurements.  Though HGB was lower (P<0.05) for RC than dewormed animals (but similar to NONE), it is not clear how accurate the VetScan analysis is for goat blood samples. There was a large degree of phenotypic diversity in color, shape, and size of the fruit and seed coat for Lespedeza species, as well as in the concentration and location of trichomes on the surface of the seed coats.  Similar phenotypic diversity was observed in the concentration, type (glandular and non-glandular), and location (abaxial or adaxial surface) of trichomes on leaves of Lespedeza species, as well as their ability to fluoresce, indicating presence or absence of secondary compounds.  At least 282 participants attended parasite management workshops for small ruminants (approximately 130 certified) and many indicated they felt the training was useful. Louisiana State University:  On D 0, the mean FEC was 13312 ± 3021 (SE) and 13460 ± 1877 for Groups 1 and 2, respectively (Figure 1). FEC was significantly (p<0.05) reduced at 24 h, but similar (p>0.05) at 48 and 72 h. Since GI transit time is about 24-48 h, it suggests that there may be an effect on reducing female worm egg output during transit time exposure. There was no effect on percent development/survival of larvae in the feces (Figure 2). However, there was a hint of effect at 48 h which would fit the transit time. Study 2: On D 0, there was no difference (p>0.05) in mean FEC (4390 ± 1632, 5990 ± 824, 5510 ± 1655, 6550 ± 2899 and 7850 ± 5100 for Groups 1-5, respectively, Figure 3). Compared to Group 1, Groups 2 and 5 FEC remained higher, and Groups 3 and 4 were similar or lower throughout the study. However, there was a significant (p<0.05) reduction for Group 4 at 48 h, which would fit the transit time. There was no effect on percent development and survival of larvae in the feces (Figure 4).              Overall, one-time administration of 5, 10 or 15 ml or multiple administration of 1 ml × 10 d of the novel compound did not result in control. However, there was a consistent observation that the 10 and 15 ml dose may have affected female worm egg output by contact during ingesta transit time. This might warrant an additional study to evaluate the 15 ml dose administered daily.             Presented programs at the following: 1) Parasitology update and Integrating FAMACHA, drugs and other alternative measures for controlling worms. Louisiana State University Small Ruminant Field Day, April 30, 2016, Baton Rouge, LA. 2) What cattle, sheep and goat producers should know about dewormers. Ruminant producer meeting, June 23, 2016, New Gloucester, ME. 3) Integrating anthelmintics, FAMACHA and other alternative measures for controlling nematodes in small ruminants, October 15, 2016, USDA ARS, Booneville, AR. 4) Integrating anthelmintics, FAMACHA and other alternative measures for controlling nematodes in small ruminants, October 25, 2016, GoatCamp, Lohn, TX. 5) Major internal and external parasites of small ruminants and their prevention, control, and treatment strategies; FAMACHA, smart drenching, and integrated approach to control barber pole worm. Tuskegee University, October 28, 2016, Tuskegee, AL. 6) Integrating anthelmintics FAMACHA and other alternative measures for controlling nematodes in small ruminants, Southeastern Kiko Goat Association, November 11, 2016, Hattiesburg, MS. Approximately 300 producers and scientists were in attendance. Tuskegee University: Overall, there were no differences (P >0.10) in dry matter intake, body weight, and carcass traits between diets. H. contortus adult worm numbers were lower (P <0.05) for goats that were fed PB diet than for control. On day 84, control goats on control WS diet had greater (P = 0.01) FEC than PB diet group. It was concluded that feeding ground PB as a feed ingredient has the potential to decrease internal parasite infection without detrimental effects. The supplementation of dry cracked corn did not affect the performance of meat goats indicating that if there are adequate Marshall-ryegrass and Crimson-clover forages available, meat goats do not require any additional energy supplementation. The results produced indicated a greater increase in carcass yield with more desirable fatty acids compositions in intramuscular fat content in meat goats from grass-legume multiple combinations compared to mono-culture forage. The saturated fatty acids (SFA), poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and PUFA/SFA ratios in subcutaneous adipose tissue as well as mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and PUFA composition of mesenteric kidney fat were increased with increasing phytochemical tannin-containing ground pine bark supplementation. The study showed that phytochemical plant tannins could be a means to moderate the accumulation of unsaturated fatty acids with the aim of improving percentage of these PUFA/SFA ratios in goat meat. The effects would be useful to improve carcass fatty acids composition and human health. Goats weighed 54±2.2 lb. at the beginning and 121±2.7 lb. at the end of the study. Their average FAMACHA score was 2.5 and BCS was 2.4. The average daily gain was the highest (3.6±0.30 oz.) when goats grazed on silvopasture plots with cool-season forages, and showed a poor performance while in other grazing systems. This study warrants supplementation of Kiko wethers while grazing in woodlands, and during times with limited or low quality vegetation available for grazing. White lead tree was the most preferred species followed by mimosa. Some Bush indigo branches were debarked and broken. Further studies on goats’ preference for these species are continued for making the final recommendation. Most frequent (83%-98%) and severe debarking occurred with longleaf pines in the silvopasture plots with cool-season forages during the winter/spring grazing period leading to the death of several trees with severe damage. There was no significant debarking of pine trees during warm-season grazing in the silvopasture plots or woodlands.  All selected forages, except one, produced well and readily grazed by goats. Goats performed better (p<0.001) while grazing cool-season forages (103±8.5 g/d) versus grazing on warm-season forages (60±9.3 g/d) Goats’ loafing behavior was the highest (44%) in the morning, and the grazing behavior was dominant during mid-day and afternoon hours (40%). Goats also showed some debarking behavior (2%), which mostly occurred on longleaf pine (98%). Debarking began at 23.9±1.52 cm from the base of the tree and reached up to 70.4±2.62 cm from the initial debarking point. Nine percent of the debarked trees were severely damaged.  The study showed that longleaf pine trees can be susceptible to possible damage by Kiko wethers during cool-season grazing even when the trees are 10 yr. old, and terminal buds are beyond the reach of grazing animals. A total of 118 livestock producers, county agents, and technical assistance personnel participated at the events. The skills and knowledge of program participants increased on different aspects of sustainable year-round forage production and grazing/browsing management A total of 76 people participated in the events. Participants gained skills and knowledge on various approaches on monitoring health conditions of small ruminants and taking care of the problems on time. Most importantly, they learned about the preventive measures of possible health problems. Thirty-nine trainees participated, and learned about different aspects of agroforestry. The pasture management station focused on informing producers of the various fencing and feed available including rotational grazing management to efficiently raise goats as well as helpful tips and hints to get optimal production efficiency from their current operation. Thirty nine participants, including agricultural professionals, graduate students producers and other stakeholders, took part in the program, representing operations in AL, FL, GA, MS, MI, and LA.  Based on survey results, participants found the presentations to be of quality and value and the presenters knowledgeable with adequate materials, and they would recommend the program to others.  An increase in post-test scores compared to pre-test scores, indicated that producers acquired knowledge that could result in improved herd management.  In conclusion, the TU MGPC program provided producers with valuable information necessary for meat goat producers to become competitive in this global economy.  (PART 2)  During 2016, no producers sought Level 2 training.  (PART 3)  During 2016, no producers sought Level 3 training. Twenty-two students participated in the event showing 16 head of goats among them on Saturday, October 15, 2016. All participants were Tuskegee University freshmen students who participated in the showmanship. Of the sixteen participants, one responded indicating that the presentation and hands-on activities were of quality and value and provided the necessary materials (3.6-3.8/4.0); and that they would recommend the program to others.   University of Maryland Eastern Shore: Preliminary results will be combined with the 2017 data to evaluate results. Initial evaluation of the sheep grazing patterns show that there is acceptance of the different forage varieties. It is expected that the sericia portion will be ready to be pastured spring/summer 2017. A year-round rotational grazing and new forages was the focus of a workshop at the University of Maryland Eastern Shore on Wednesday, September 7, 2016.  An all-day session started at 9 a.m. in the Center for Food Science and Technology on the campus.  Presenters helped 45 participants to understand the subject matter.  The 45 participants were credited CEU’s for conservation planning. The idea that producers have to use hay for feed during the winter because “that’s the way daddy always did it” is an outdated and costly way of raising animals, said Les Vough, forage agronomist for the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service.  “Our team will show that year-round rotational grazing is practical and that it can greatly reduce feed costs for livestock producers and horse owners.” Dr. Les Vough is a retired University of Maryland forage crops Extension specialist. Often referred to as “The Hay Guy,” Vough is recognized for his research and extension efforts in integrated management systems for improved hay as well as pasture production and utilization. He has written numerous publications on forage production, quality and utilization, including the popular University of Maryland Extension (UME) publication entitled “Evaluating Hay Quality.”  Other workshop speakers were:  Dr. Don Ball, author of the popular book “Southern Forages” and numerous other articles and publications as well as a former president of the American Forage and Grassland Council; Dr. Enrique Nelson Escobar, UMES small ruminant production and management Extension specialist; Dr. Jarrod Miller, UME agricultural educator and soil specialist; Dr. Terron Hillsman, Maryland state conservationist, USDA-NRCS; Shannon Dill,  UME principal agent and marketing specialist; and Eddie Draper, program manager and beef cattle specialist, Wye Angus Facility-University of Maryland. USDA-ARS Booneville, AR: Litter was a significant (P < 0.01) random effect for BW and WW but not for the other traits. While maternal effect was significant (P < 0.01) for all body weights, it was very low for fecal egg count and its inclusion in the model was not significant based on likelihood ratio test. Depending on the model used, heritability estimates ranged from 0.18 to 0.50 for BW, 0.15 to 0.40 for WW, and 0.16 to 0.40 for PWW. Weaning fecal egg count heritability was 0.24 and post weaning heritability was 0.26. Preliminary analyses obtained higher estimates of heritability for fecal egg count when less restrictive management groups were used. Bi-variate analyses revealed very low genetic (-0.06 to 0.16) and phenotypic (-0.09 to 0.08) correlations between weights and fecal egg counts. Genetic and phenotypic correlations for WWEC and PWWEC were 0.80 and 0.31; BW and WW were 0.66 and 0.47; BW and PWW were 0.44 and 0.38; WW and PWW were 0.89 and 0.82, respectively. Fixed effects of management group, dam age, type of birth (for BWT) or type of birth and rearing (for WWT and PWWT), and lamb age at weighing (fitted as a covariate for WWT and PWWT) were all significant (P < 0.05). Variance components for random effects were estimated in sequentially more complex models and tested for significance with likelihood-ratio tests. A model that fitted only an additive genetic animal effect overestimated additive variance for all BW, resulting in larger estimates of direct heritability than models that included maternal effects. Maternal effects were significant (P < 0.05) for all BW. Heritability estimates for the optimal models were 0.15 for BWT, 0.18 for WWT, and 0.20 for PWWT. Estimates of maternal heritability were 0.14 for BWT, 0.10 for WWT, and 0.06 for PWWT. Permanent environmental maternal effects explained 4 to 6% of total phenotypic for these BW. Litter effects included temporary environmental effects common to littermates and a proportion of the dominance genetic variance and accounted for an additional 16 to 19% of phenotypic variance. The correlation between additive direct and maternal genetic effect was -0.14 for BWT, -0.23 for WWT, and -0.04 for PWWT. Total heritability predicted the total response in direct and maternal genetic effects from mass selection and ranged from 0.20 to 0.23 for BWT, 0.18 to 0.22 for WWT, and 0.22 to 0.25 for PWWT. Direct and maternal additive, maternal permanent environmental, phenotypic and residual correlations between BWT and WWT were 0.53, 0.58, 0.51, 0.44, and 0.39, respectively; those between BWT and PWWT were 0.45, 0.58, 0.36, 0.37, and 0.33 respectively, and those between WWT and PWWT were 0.85, 0.99, 0.92, 0.81, and 0.77, respectively. Participates in technology transfer activities: Presented at the Southern Section ASAS and SCC-81 (Sustainable small ruminant production in the southeastern US) in San Antonio, TX (2/16); Presented station report at the Regional Project NCERA-214, “Increased Efficiency of Sheep Production,” which met in San Angelo, TX (6/16); Dissemination of parasite resistant sheep at Katahdin Hair Sheep International Expo in Cookeville, TN (8/16); reproduction techniques to small farmers in Hope, AR (8/16), and FAMACHA training and artificial insemination workshop at USDA, ARS Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center, Booneville, AR (10/16). Estimated to impact more than 800 producers, scientists, extension agents, and veterinarians from southeastern, Midwestern and northeastern U.S.  University of The Virgin Islands: To evaluate the relationship between environmental conditions, body temperature and grazing behavior have been collected by hair sheep in the tropics. All the data has been collected and methods to evaluate and analyze the GPS data are being explored and will be used to evaluate the relationship between body temperature and grazing behavior. Virginia State University: Final BW and ADG were higher (P<0.01) in crossbred than purebred lambs (28.8 vs. 25.7 kg, and 110 vs. 62 g/d), but FEC (979 eggs/g) and PCV (34.4%) were not different between breed types. Continued supplementation linearly increased (P<0.05) final BW (25.1 to 29.8 kg) and ADG (51 to 127 g/d). There was no consistent effect of supplement duration on FEC and PCV, but rather a curvilinear response (P<0.05) associated with higher FEC and lower PCV in lambs removed from supplementation 42 d before the end of the trial.  Cold carcass weight (11.9 vs. 8.8 kg), loin area (10.9 vs. 8.3 cm2), kidney and pelvic fat (0.166 vs. 0.138 kg) and hide weight (4.02 vs. 2.68 kg) were greater (P<0.05) in crossbred than purebred lambs, and increased linearly with continued supplementation. Variations in forage quality during the trial significantly influenced ADG, especially when lambs grazed the annual ryegrass sections during the last weigh period of the trial, resulting in compensatory growth in the non-supplemented lambs. There were no breed type by supplementation interactions for either BW, ADG, FEC or PCV.  Pregnancy rate was affected (P<0.001) by season, and highest in November (95.2%) followed by July (83.4%), and March (74.9%). Pregnancy rate was also higher (P<0.001) in purebred than crossbred matings (90.0 vs. 78.6%).  Litter size was higher (P<0.001) following November than July and March mating (1.97, 1.66, and 1.51 lambs born/ewe lambing, respectively), but there was no effect of dam or sire breed on litter size (Table 1).  Reductions in litter size at weaning ranged from 14 to 17% and were not affected by season or breed.  Birth weights were heavier (P<0.001) in crossbred than purebred lambs (3.34 vs. 2.73 kg), in ram than ewe lambs, and single than twin and triplet lambs (Table 2).  Crossbred lambs had significantly heavier birth weights in August, while there were no differences between lambing seasons in purebred lambs. Pre-weaning average daily gain and adjusted 60-day weaning weight were again higher in crossbred than purebred lambs (144 vs. 121 g/d; 12.21 vs. 10.15 kg).  In contrast, FAMACHAÓ scores were higher (less favorable) in crossbred than purebred lambs, and higher following April than August and September lambing.  Two reproductive management workshops were conducted (41 producers and 11 agricultural students), 1 curriculum developed , 21 small ruminant producers and prison offenders trained in sheep and/or goat artificial insemination techniques,  and 3 graduate students trained in vaginal AI in hair sheep.  Participants were provided with evaluation forms to rate their experience and knowledge gained, provide comments and also to indicate the need for additional educational events. All participants indicated that workshops exceeded their expectation and acknowledged the hands-on experience and opportunities for dialogue as highlights. Sperm motility in straws at the end of the second AI session (27 h of storage) ranged from 60 to 80% in individual rams. Pregnancy rate to AI (14.1%) was lower than anticipated, but tended to be higher (P=0.09) in fresh compared to 12 h stored semen (20.0 vs. 8.1%).  Similarly, pregnancy rate tended to be higher (P=0.09) following a double than a single insemination (20.9 vs. 8.9%).  There was no effect (p=0.88) of ram on AI pregnancy rate. Ewe age tended to effect (P=0.09) pregnancy rates, being highest in 2 yr (30.8%), 3 yr (18.2%) and 4 yr old (18.2%) ewes, while no pregnancies were observed in ewes older than 4 yr.  In contrast, pregnancy rate after clean-up mating was not affected by ewe age.  Fetal numbers were no different in pregnancies resulting from AI or clean-up matings (64.3 and 71.6% multiples, respectively).  Ejaculate volume of the two Blackbelly rams was from 1.7 to 1.8 ml, with 80% motility, and 2.4 and 3.6 billion sperm/ml.  On Farm X, 10 Blackbelly ewes were inseminated (5 per ram), with 3 ewes (30%) confirmed pregnant (1/5 ram A, 2/5 ram B).  Ejaculate volume of the four St. Croix rams ranged from 1.2 to 1.9 ml, with 90-95% motile sperm and 2.7 to 4.6 billion sperm /ml.  On Farm Y, 30 crossbred hair sheep ewes (predominantly Katahdin) were inseminated with 10 ewes confirmed pregnant (30%).  Differences between sires were observed: ram C (4/10; 40%); ram D (2/3, 67%); ram E (2/9; 22%); and ram F (2/8; 25%).  To date, the unit has been used for various on-farm trials, workshops, and custom collections for small ruminant germplasm preservation. There were a total of 6 parasite management workshops conducted (150 producers and 4 ANR agents), 1 curriculum developed for training,  2 extension publications developed, 4 ANR agents utilizing training materials, 38 small ruminant producers certified and adopting FAMACHA for selective deworming in herd/flock, 32 small ruminant producers skilled in conducting fecal egg counts to make selection in herd/flock, and 7 small ruminant producers armed with the knowledge of dewormer resistance status on their farm.         There were a total of 3 cooking demonstrations (75 participants), 1 farm tour of VSU’s Hair Sheep Program (20 participants), 1 website developed (<a href="http://www.ext.vsu.edu/lambuary">http://www.ext.vsu.edu/lambuary</a>), and 4extension publications – 4 recipes (2 by Dr. O’Brien and 2 by Dr. Nartea)     The field day was attended by 90 participants and they were provided with an evaluation form to rate their experience and knowledge gained, provide comments and also to indicate the need for additional educational events. The workshop met the expectation of most participants and the speakers were rated as most informative.       West Virginia University: At time points 12 and 18 hours post infection using 5 µg/mL, proliferation was determined to be significantly higher in St. Croix PBMCs when compared to Suffolk PBMCs (P <0.001). From this data, experiments were performed at 6 hours, 12 hours and 18 hours using St. Croix and Suffolk PBMCs and 5 µg/mL cuticle antigen to each well; controls used in these experiments were: conA (5 µg/mL), LPS (10 µg/mL), CLA (10 µg/mL), and CWA (10 µg/mL). Cuticle antigen initiated a significantly greater amount of proliferation in St. Croix PBMCs than Suffolk PBMCs at 12 hours (P<0.05) but proliferation did not significantly differ from controls LPS or CLA. At 6 there was no significant different in proliferation between the different treatments. At 18 hours, there was a significantly higher amount of proliferation in the conA, LPS, CLA, and CWA when compared to cuticle antigen in both St. Croix and Suffolk breeds (P<0.05). STC-derived monocytes reduced larval ATP (0.10 µM ATP) to the same extent as PBMC (0.10 µM ATP), which was significantly lower than STC-derived lymphocytes alone (0.15 µM ATP) (P < 0.001).  In a separate experiment, larval ATP was significantly reduced when co-cultured with STC-derived PBMC (0.06 µM ATP) or monocytes (0.9 µM ATP) compared to larvae exposed to STC-derived lymphocytes alone (0.11 µM ATP) (P < 0.001).  ATP concentration of larvae exposed to SUF-derived PBMC, monocytes, or lymphocytes were not significantly different (0.09, 0.09, 0.10 µM ATP respectively).  In both experiments, larval treatment groups exposed to cells were significantly reduced from untreated control larval ATP (0.26 µM ATP) (P < 0.001). No difference of breed or immune status were observed in serum-induced L3 aggregation (80%, P > 0.05), as such, when serum from primed Suffolk sheep was used, xL3 (62%) and L4 (40%) aggregation was significantly reduced compared to L3 (80%, P < 0.001).  Removal of either complement or antibody effectively eliminated L3 aggregation compared to primed Suffolk serum (P < 0.001) and aggregation was restored by addition of purified antibody to antibody depleted serum.   Use of fluorescence-labeled anti-sheep IgG antibody allowed documentation of IgG bound specifically to serum complexes within L3 masses and was present only in larvae incubated with normal serum and a combination of complement and antibody depleted serum. Larval binding was higher in primed and naïve St. Croix derived neutrophils (93% and 68%) compared to Suffolk (78% and 45%, P < 0.001).  Binding of L3 by neutrophils was dependent on immune status in both breeds and was reduced when cells were incubated with xL3 and L4. There was a slight trend observed with PH groups having a higher amount of IL-4 secretion (P = 0.051). Analysis of parasitological data indicated no effect of sire during the primary infection however sire effects were observed during challenge infection as SU-sired lambs had a greater fecal egg count (FEC) (269 eggs/g) compared to KT-sired lambs (116 eggs/g; P = 0.04) whereas FEC of TX-sired lambs was not different from either sire group  (170 eggs/g) P > 0.05.  Upon slaughter no differences in worm burden of representative sire groups were observed. No significant differences were found in growth data between the sire groups, however, SU-sired lambs tended to have higher ADG (0.34 kg/d) vs. KT (0.25 kg/d) (P = 0.051) but no advantage compared to TX-sired lambs (0.28 kg/d).  Analysis of REA using ultrasound and direct carcass measurements revealed no sire effect (SU 15.19 cm2; TX 14.91 cm2, KT 12.71 cm2; P > 0.05).  Leg score favored SU (11.6) and TX (11.2) lambs vs KU-sired lambs (10.4) P < 0.05.  A consistent trend can be observed across years. Thirty-six lambs were randomly assigned to one of three groups: Group A received artificial parasitic infection once grazing trefoil, Group B received infection 5 weeks prior to grazing and Group C was not infected. Lambs were grazed in triplicate reps by trmt group for six seeks on a parasite-free stand of predominantly trefoil. Fecal eggs counts of lambs in group B were greatest and peaked higher than group A, but fell of rapidly once they began grazing the trefoil plots.  FEC of lambs in group A peaked at 5,000 eggs/g and steadily declined over the 6 week grazing period.  Lambs in group C had the greatest gain.  Presented parasite control programs at WV extension winter dinner meetings, University of Delaware Seminar Series, Buckeye Shepherds Symposium, WV Cattlemen’s College, NC Sheep and goat workshop and National Texel Sheep Breeder’s meeting.

Publications

Journal Articles Godfrey, R.W. and A.J. Weis. 2016. Effect of weaning age on hair sheep lamb and ewe production traits in an accelerated lambing system in the tropics. J. Anim. Sci. 94:1250-1254. doi:10.2527/jas2015-9987 E.N. Escobar 2016. A review on the use of herbs and spices as alternative compounds to manage helminthosis in small ruminants. Journal of Livestock Science (ISSN online 2277-6214) 7: 244-249 K.K. Matthews, D.J. O’Brien, N.C. Whitley, J.M. Burke, J.E. Miller, R.A. Barczewski. 2016. Investigation of possible pumpkin seeds and ginger effects on gastrointestinal nematode infection indicators in meat goat kids and lambs. <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09214488">Small Rum Res. </a>136; 1 – 6. E.K. Crook, D.J. O’Brien, S.B. Howell, B.E. Storey, N.C. Whitley, J.M. Burke, and R.M. Kaplan. 2016. Prevalence of anthelmintic resistance on sheep and goat farms in the mid-Atlantic region and comparison of in vivo and in vitro detection methods. <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09214488">Small Rum Res. </a>143; 89–96 Acharya, M., J.M. Burke, K.P. Coffey, E.B. Kegley, J.E. Miller, E. Smyth, M.G. Welborn, T. H. Terrill, J.A. Mosjidis, and C. Rosenkrans, Jr. 2016. Changes in concentrations of trace minerals in lambs fed sericea lespedeza leaf meal pellets with or without dietary sodium molybdate. Journal of Animal Science 94:1592-1599. Burke, J.M., J.E. Miller, T.H. Terrill, E. Smyth, and M. Acharya. 2016. Examination of commercially available copper oxide wire particles in combination with albendazole for control of gastrointestinal nematodes in lambs. Veterinary Parasitology 215:1-4.   Crook, E.K., D.J. O’Brien, S.B. Howell, B.E. Storey, N.C. Whitley, J.M. Burke, R.M. Kaplan. 2016. Prevalence of anthelmintic resistance on sheep and goat farms in the mid-Atlantic region and comparison of in vivo and in vitro detection methods. Small Rum Res 143:89–96.   Hoste, H., J.F.J. Torres Acosta, J. Quijada, J.I. Chan Perez, M.M. Dakheel, D.S. Kommuru, I. Mueller Harvey, and T.H. Terrill. 2016. Interactions between nutrition and infections with Haemonchus contortus (and related gastrointestinal nematodes) in small ruminants. In: Gasser R. and G. von Samson-Himmelstjersterna (Eds.). Haemonchus contortus and Haemonchosis – Past, Present and Future Trends, First Edition, Advances in Parasitology. 93:239-351.   Matthews, K.K., D.J. O’Brien, N.C. Whitley, J.M. Burke, J.E. Miller, R.A. Barczewski. 2016. Investigation of possible pumpkin seeds and ginger effects on gastrointestinal nematode infection indicators in meat goat kids and lambs. Sm. Rum. Res. Jan. 136:1–6.   Wright, C., D. Perkins, A. Dawod, B. R. Min, T.H. Terrill, J. E. Miller, T. Vines, and N. Gurung. 2016. The Effects of Phytochemical Tannin Containing Diets on Meat Goat Performance and Drug Resistant Haemonchus contortus Control. International Journal of Veterinary Health Science & Research 4:104-109. Notter, D.R., Burke, J.M., Miller, J.E., Morgan, J.L.M., 2016. Association between FAMACHA scores and fecal egg counts in Katahdin lambs. J. Anim. Sci. (In Press). Muir, J.P., Terrill, T.H., Mosjidis, J.A., Luginbuhl, J.-M., Miller, J.E., Burke, J.M., Coleman, S.W., 2017. Season progression, ontogenesis and environment affect Lespedeza cuneata herbage condensed tannin, fiber and crude protein content. Crop Sci. 57, . Notter, D.R., Burke, J.M., Miller, J.E., Morgan, J.L.M., 2017. Factors affecting fecal egg counts in peri-parturient Katahdin ewes and their lambs. J. Anim. Sci. (In Press). Crook, E.K., O’Brien, D.J., Howell, S.D., Storey, B.E., Whitley, N.C., Burke, J.M., Kaplan, R.M., 2016. Prevalence of anthelmintic resistance on sheep and goat farms in the mid-Atlantic region and comparison of in vivo and in vitro detection methods. Sm. Rumin. Res. 143, 89-96. Lay, C.T., Burke, J.M., Paulsen, D.B., Chowdhury, S.I., 2016. A triple gene mutant of BoHV-1 administered intranasally in lambs replicates efficiently in the nasal epithelium and induces neutralizing antibody. Int. J. Vacc. Immuniz. 2.1, 1-4. Acharya, M. Burke, J.M., Coffey, K.P., Kegley, E.B., Miller, J.E., Smyth, E., Welborn, M.G., Terrill, T.H., Mosjidis, J.A., Rosenkrans, C. Jr., 2016. Changes in concentrations of trace minerals in lambs fed sericea lespedeza leaf meal pellets with or without dietary sodium molybdate. J. Anim. Sci. 94, 1592-1599. Riley, D.G., Burke, J.M., Chase, C.C., Jr., Coleman, S.W., 2016. Heterosis and direct effects for Charolais-sired calf weight and growth, cow weight and weight changes, and ratios of cow and calf weights and weight changes across warm season lactation in Romosinuano, Angus, and F1 cows in Arkansas. J. Anim. Sci. 94, 1-12. Wright, C., Perkins, D., Dawod, A., Min, B.R., Terrill, T.H., Miller, J.E., Vines, T., 2016. The effects of phytochemical tannin containing diets on meat goat performance and drug resistant Haemonchus contortus control. Int J Vet Health Sci Res. 4, 104‑109 Burke, J.M., Miller, J.E., Terrill, T.H., Smyth, E., Acharya, M., 2016. Examination of commercially available copper oxide wire particles in combination with albendazole for control of gastrointestinal nematodes in lambs. Vet Parasitol 215, 1-4. Acharya, M., Burke, J.M., Coffey, K.P. Kegley, E.B., Miller, J.E., Smyth, E., Welborn, M.G., Terrill, T.H., Mosjidis, J.A., Rosenkrans, Jr, C., 2016. Changes in concentration of trace minerals in lambs fed sericea lespedeza leaf meal pellets with or without dietary sodium molybdate. J Anim Sci 94, 1592-1599. Matthews, K.K., O'Brien, D.J., Whitley, N.C., Burke, J.M., Miller, J.E., Barczewski, R.A., 2016. Investigation of possible pumpkin seeds and ginger effects on gastrointestinal nematode infection indicators in meat goat kids and lambs. Small Rum Res 136, 1-6. Jacobs, J.R., K.N. Sommers, A.M. Zajac, D.R. Notter, S.A. Bowdridge. 2016. Early IL-4 gene expression in abomasum is a critical difference in resistance to H. contortus. Parasit. Immunol. 38:333-339.   Book Chapter, Handbook and Proceedings   “Managing Reproduction in Hair Sheep.” 9th Annual Small Ruminant Conference, Alabama A&M University, Orange Beach, Alabama, August 26-27, 2016.   “Gastrointestinal Parasite Resilience of Hair Sheep Breeds.” 9th Annual Small Ruminant Conference, Alabama A&M University, Orange Beach, Alabama, August 26-27, 2016.   Godfrey, R.W., W. Preston, A. Hogg, S. Joseph, L. Laplace, P. Hillman, K. Gebremedhin, C. Lee and R. Collier. 2016. Evaluating the Impact of Breed, Pregnancy and Hair Coat on Body Temperature and Sweating Rate of Hair Sheep Ewes in the Tropics. UVI-AES Annual Report pp. 20-26.   Terrill, T.H., E. Griffin, D.S. Kommuru, J.E. Miller, J.A Mojidis, M.T. Kearney and J.M. Burke.2016. Effect of ensiling on anti-parasitic properties of sericea lespdeza. American Forage and Grasslands Council meeting proceedings available at: http://www.afgc.org/proceedings/2016/.   Abstracts   Godfrey, R.W., J. A. Ruggiero, S. A. Lakos, S. A. Lockwood and H. G. Kattesh. Comparison of plasma and hair cortisol concentrations in hair sheep ewes and lambs in response to weaning with or without fence line contact. 2016. J. Anim. Sci.  Vol. 94:35. doi:10.2527/ssasas2015-071 Escobar, E.N., J. J. Rodriguez and H. Taylor. 2016. A demonstration on the use of goats and sheep to control unwanted vegetation in sensitive areas. In Proceedings of the 5th Grazing Livestock Nutrition Conference, Canyons Resort, Park City, UT. July 17 to 19th, 2016. Wildeus, S. O’Brien, D. 2016. Effect of sire breed on pregnancy rate in landrace hair sheep during summer mating. Proc. Ann. Meet. South. Sect. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci., p.54. O’Brien, D., Wildeus S., Nartea, T. J., Lee, J., 2016.  The influence of breed and supplementation on consumer ratings of meat quality attributes of pasture-raised lambs. Proc. Ann. Meet. South. Sect. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci., p. 52. Wildeus, S. Lee, J., Teutsch, C.D., Nartea, T.J. 2016.  Use of agro-by-products to supplement hair and wool x hair crossbred lambs grazing fescue pasture: Growth and gastrointestinal parasites. Proc. Ann. Meet. South. Sect. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci., p. 50. Tripp, C., Lee, J., Wildeus, S., Lemma, B.B.  2016.  Use of agro-by-products to supplement hair and wool x hair crossbred lambs grazing fescue pasture: Carcass characteristics. Proc. Ann. Meet. South. Sect. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci., p. 50 Tripp, J. J., Lee, J., Wildeus, S. Discua, A., Kafle, D.  2016.  Meat quality parameters of pasture-raised lamb chops as influenced by highly digestible fiber containing agro-byproducts.  Proc. Ann. Meet. Inst. Food Technologists, Abstract 082.  Tripp, C., Lee, J.H., Wildeus. S.., Discua, A., Kafle, D.  2016.  Fatty acid composition of different fat depots from hair and wool x hair crossbred lambs supplemented with highly digestible fiber containing agro-byproducts on pasture.  J. Anim. Sci Vol. 94, E-Suppl. 5, p. 826-827 <ol start="2016"> <li>Schoenian, D. O’Brien, J. Semler, D. Gordon, M. B. Bennett. 2016. Carcass and fatty acid profile of pen-fed and pasture-raised meat goat kids. American Society of Animal Science Southern Section. J. Anim. Sci. Vol 94, Suppl. S1: 106.</li> <li>J. Nartea, D. J. O’Brien, S. Wildeus and J. Lee. 2016. Consumer ratings of meat quality attributes of pasture-raised ground lamb meat as affected by breed and supplementation. 7th National Small Farm Conference, Virginia Beach, VA.</li> <li>J. O’Brien and S. Wildeus. 2016. On-farm validation of a liquid semen vaginal artificial insemination protocol in hair sheep. 7th National Small Farm Conference, Virginia Beach, VA.</li> <li>J. O’Brien and T. J. Nartea. 2016. A Survey of Virginia Small Ruminant Production Practices. 7th National Small Farm Conference, Virginia Beach, VA.</li> </ol> Min, B.R., C. Wright, D. Perkins, M. Mienaltowski, A. Dawod, N.K. Gurung, and T. H. Terrill. 2016. Condensed tannins-Induced Gene Expression in Meat Goats: A pilot study. J. Anim. Sci. (Suppl. 1): 51.   Muir, J.P, T.H. Terrill, J.A. Mosjidis, J-M. Luginbuhl, J.E. Miller, and J.M. Burke. 2016. Harvest Regimens to maximize sericea lespedeza crude protein and condensed tannins. Proc. 70th SPFCIC:17. Acharya, M., Burke, J.M., Hansen, C., Rorie, R.W., 2017. Evaluation of semen extenders for short-term storage of ram semen at 4°C. Int. Embryo Trans. Soc. Conf. (Abstr.). Jan. 14-17, 2017. Muir, J.P., Terrill, T.H., Mosjidis, J.A., Luginbuhl, J.-M., Miller, J.E., Burke, J.M., 2016. Harvest regimens to maximize sericea lespedeza crude protein and condensed tannins. Proc. 70th Southern Past. For. Crop Impr. Conf., 17 (Abstr.). Wright, S., Arsi, K., Donoghue, A.M., Hale, M., Spencer, T., O’Gorman, M., Goodwin, H.L., Jose, S., Fanatico, A.C., Gekara, O.J., Burke, J.M., Pote, D.H., 2016. Armed to farm: Soldiering the success of military veterans in new poultry, livestock and agroforestry enterprises. Small Farms Conf. 2016. Miller, J.E., Kelly, V., Burke, J.M., 2016. In vitro efficacy of three novel compounds on development and survival of gastrointestinal nematode larvae in feces of sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 94 (E-Suppl. 2), xx (Abstr.). Acharya, M., Burke, J.M., Smyth, E., Ngere, L., Rorie, R.W., 2016. Serum anti-mullerian hormone as an indicator of fertility in Katahdin ewes. J. Anim. Sci. 94 (E-Suppl. 2), xx (Abstr.). Acharya, M., Burke, J.M., Smyth, E., Davis, A., Lester, T.D., Rorie, R.W., 2016. Effect of semen extender and storage temperature on ram sperm motility over time. J. Anim. Sci. 94 (E-Suppl. 1), 53 (Abstr.). Spangler, G.L., Rosen, B.D., Sonstegard, T.S., Burke, J.M., Notter, D., Morgan, J., Blackburn, H.D., Benavides, M., Van Tassell, C.P., 2016. Genome wide analysis of Caribbean hair sheep reveals climate mediated sub-groups defined by Iberian, African, and British admixture. Int. Plant Anim. Gen. XXIV Conf. (Abstr.). Spangler, G.L., Burke, J.M., Notter, D., Morgan, J., Rosen, B.D., Sonstegard, T.S., Blackburn, H.D., Benavides, M., Van Tassell, C.P., 2016. Structural analysis of the Katahdin sheep genome as a tool for animal improvement. BARC Poster Day. Burke, J.M., Miller, J.E., Terrill, T.H., Smyth, E., Acharya, M., 2016. Examination of commercially available copper oxide wire particles in combination with albendazole for control of gastroinestinal nematodes in lambs. Proc USDA SCC-81, 17-18. Miller, J.E., Pereira, A., Young, K.R., Kelly, V.E., Burke, J.M., 2016. In vitro efficiacy of three novel compounds on development and survival of gastrointestinal nematode larvae in feces of sheep.  Proc USDA SCC-81, 19-20. Terrill, T.H., Whitley, N.C., Griffin, E., Kommaru, D.S., Miller, J.E., Mosjidis, J.A., Kearney, M.T., Burke, J.M., 2016. Effect of ensiling on anti-parasitic properties of sericea lespedeza. Proc USDA SCC-81, 21. Min, B.R., Wilson, E.A., Solaiman, S., Miller, J., 2016. Effects of condensed tannin-rick pine bark diet on experimentally infected with Haemonchus contortus in meat goats. Proc USDA SCC-81, 22. Smyth, E., Burke, J.M., Coffey, K.P., Acharya, M., Miller, J.E., 2016. Finishing light weight Katahdin lambs on pasture without or with mineral supplement. Proc USDA SCC-81, 24. Muir, J.P., Terrill, T.H., Mosjidis, J.A., Luginbuhl, J-M., Miller. J.E., Burke, J.M., 2016. Harvest regimens to maximize sericea lespedeza crude protein and condensed tannins. Proc. 70th Southern Pasture and Forage Crop Improvement Conference, 17. Kelly, V., Theriot, H., Burke, J., Miller, J., 2016. In vitro effects of a novel compound (Bedoukian Research) on poultry Eimeria spp. development and excystation. Proc 61st Ann Meet Amer Assoc Vet Parasitol, 64. Elkins, C., S.A. Bowdridge. 2016. Infection with H. contortus shifts genera diversity of fecal microbiome. 61st Annual Meeting AAVP San Antonio, TX Garza, J., S.A. Bowdridge. 2016. Serum induces H. contortus larval aggregation via complement and antibody complexes that differ by larval stage. 61st Annual Meeting AAVP San Antonio, TX Garza, J., S.A. Bowdridge. 2016. Haemonchus contortus induced neutrophil extracellular trap formation differs between resistant and susceptible breeds of sheep. 61st Annual Meeting AAVP San Antonio, TX Garza, J., S.A. Bowdridge. 2016. Haemonchus contortus fourth stage larval excretory/secretory protein inhibits serum-mediated larval aggregation. 61st Annual Meeting AAVP San Antonio, TX Jacobs, J., S.A. Bowdridge. 2016. Interleukin-4 and its downstream targets are rapidly upregulated in immune cells of St. Croix sheep exposed to H. contortus larval antigen in vitro. 61st Annual Meeting AAVP San Antonio, TX Jacobs, J., J. Garza, S.A. Bowdridge. 2016. RNA-seq analysis of immune cells cultured with H. contortus larval antigen reveals differential gene expression in parasite resistant and susceptible sheep. 61st Annual Meeting AAVP San Antonio, TX Middleton, D., J. Keenan, J. Garza, S.A. Bowdridge. 2016. RNA-seq reveals differential gene expression in abomasal lymph node during H. contortus infection. 61st Annual Meeting AAVP San Antonio, TX Russ, B., J. Garza, S.A. Bowdridge. 2016. Isolation of third stage H. contortus cuticle and cuticle protein. 61st Annual Meeting AAVP San Antonio, TX Shepherd, E.A., J. Garza, S.A. Bowdridge. 2016. Quantification of H. contortus larval death after culture with host immune cells by measuring larval ATP. 61st Annual Meeting AAVP San Antonio, TX Weaver, A.R., D.L. Wright, M.A. McCann, A.M. Zajac, S.A. Bowdridge, S.P. Greiner. 2016. Evaluation of terminal sire breeds for hair sheep production systems on lamb birth, weaning, and grazing performance. ASAS Southern Section Meeting San Antonio TX. Bowdridge, S.A., D. Mata-Padrino, D.P. Belesky. 2016. Effect of fish meal supplementation rate on parasitism and performance of grazing lambs. ASAS Southern Section Meeting. San Antonio, TX. Bowdridge, S.A., C.S. Sotomaior, M.A. McCann, A.M. Zajac, S.P. Greiner. 2016. Effect of sire breed on gain, carcass characteristics and parasite resistance of Katahdin crossbred feedlot-finished lambs. ASAS Southern Section Meeting San Antonio, TX.

Impact Statements

At Virginia State University over 100 individuals participated in Lambuary activities, the majority of individuals had either 1) never consumed lamb; 2) never cooked lamb at home; 3) had no previous awareness of Virginia grown lamb. Over 90% of participants, after trying local lamb dishes stated they would include Virginia lamb in future home cooked meals or ask for Virginia lamb when they shop for meats. The field day provided participants with an increased knowledge and awareness of forages, grazing management, weed identification and control and the efficacy of Sericea Lespedeza in parasite control in sheep and goats.