S1066: Development of sustainable crop production practices for integrated management of plant-pathogenic nematodes

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

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SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[12/22/2015] [12/14/2016] [07/30/2019] [02/01/2018] [01/29/2019]

Date of Annual Report: 12/22/2015

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 11/05/2015 - 11/06/2015
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2014 - 10/01/2015

Participants

Lawrence, Kathy (AL), lawrekk@auburn.edu;
Lawrence, Gary (MS), GLawrence@entomology.msstate.edu;
Klink, Vincent (MS), VKlink@entomology.msstate.edu;
Robbins, Bob, (AR), rrobbin@uark.edu;
Faske, Tom (AR), tfalke@uaex.edu;
Overstreet, Charlie (LA), COverstreet@agcenter.lsu.edu;
McGawley, Ed (LA), emcgawley@agcenter.lsu.edu;
Dickson, Don (FL), dwd@ufl.edu;
Eisenback, Jon (VA), Jon@vt.edu;
Johnson, Chuck (VA), spcdis@vt.edu;
Agudelo, Paula (SC ), pagudel@clemson.edu;
Eric Davis (NC), rick@ncsu.edu;
Richard Davis (GA), richard.davis@ars.usda.gov;
Ron Lacewell, (TX), r-lacewell@tamu.edu;

Brief Summary of Minutes

Overview:

The 2015 S-1066 Multi-state Nematology research project meeting was held jointly with the W-3186 Multi-state project at Auburn University in Auburn, AL.

Members present:

S-1046

Kathy Lawrence (AL), Gary Lawrence and Vincent Klink (MS), Bob Robbins and Tom Faske (AR),Charlie Overstreet (LA), Ed McGawley (LA), Don Dickson (FL), Jon Eisenback and Chuck Johnson (VA), Paula Agudelo (SC ), Eric Davis (NC), Richard Davis (GA) and Ron Lacewell Administrative Adviser (AA), (TX).

W-3186

Haddish Melakeberhan (MI), Russ Ingham (OR), Phil Roberts (CA), Tom Powers (NE), Brent Sipes (HI), Kathy Lawrence (AL), Gary Lawrence (MS), Vincent Klink (MS) , Saad Hafez (ID), Bob Robbins (AR) and David Thompson, Administrative Advisor, (AA), (NM).

Invited Speaker:

Dr. Don Parker – Cotton Incorporated

Guests:

Rodrigo Rodriguez-Kabana – Auburn University

Austin Hagen – Auburn University

Pat Donald – Adjunct professor – Auburn University

Clinton Meinhardt – University of Missouri

Steven Kakaire – Mississippi Delta Research and Experiment Station

Graduate Student Presentations:

Auburn University:

Ni XiengPrachi, Justin Luangkhot, Daniel Dodge, Will Groover and Steven Till

Louisiana State University:

Deborah Xavier

Mississippi State University:

Weasam Adnan Radhi Aljaafri, Shankar Pant and Brant McNeece

Clemson University:

Wei Li, Xinyuan Ma and Nathan Reddring

Announcements:

1) Kathy Lawrence (AL) a (OR) called the meeting to order at 8:20 am Thursday November 5, 2015. Kathy then welcomed both groups to Auburn Alabama and proceeded to provide the attendees with an overview of the meeting agenda.

2) Local Arrangements Chair Kathy Lawrence (AL) will organize travel from Auburn to Atlanta for departures from the meeting. Additional information on the meal locations and travel were announced.

Administrative Reports:

W-3186 AA David Thompson mentioned that we are at the mid-term for review on our regional project and reminded that members that a new project needs to be prepared for 2018. There are no longer year extensions for these projects. He also mentioned that during the writing of the new proposal that we need to insure that it is covering concerns that are regionally relevant and that our objectives do not overlap the objectives in other multi-state projec We need to clarify our objectives and provide “Impact Statements” that support the continuation of our project.

S-1066 – AA Ron Lacewell provide the group with the announcement that the new S-1066 project was approved. The reports of this meeting would be the first for the S-1066 project.

The impact statement from our former S-1046 was well received.

2020 will be the deadline for a new project proposal and again reminded the group there will be no one year extensions.

Invited Speaker:

Dr. Don Parker of Cotton Incorporated was introduced and he provide the attendees with information concerning the National Cotton Council and the formation of the Cotton Foundation and Cotton Incorporated. He then provided us with challenges that will face the agriculture industry in the coming years.

State Reports:

1). Report were presented by members of both the S-1066 and W-3186.

Kathy Lawrence (AL), Bob Robbins and Tom Faske (AR), Phil Roberts (CA), ), Don Dickson (FL), Richard Davis (GA), Brent Sipes (HI), , Saad Hafez (ID), Charlie Overstreet and Ed McGawley (LA), Haddish Melakeberhan (MI), Gary Lawrence and Vincent Klink (MS), Clinton Meinhardt (MO), Tom Powers (NE), Eric Davis (NC), Russ Ingham (OR), Paula Agudelo (SC ), Jon Eisenback and Chuck Johnson (VA).

2). Graduate students from Auburn University, Clemson University, Louisiana State University and Mississippi State University were given time to present their research.

Business Meeting:

1) The meeting was called to order at 11:45 November 6, 2015 by chair Kathy

Lawrence (AL). The minutes from the 2014 meeting were discussed and accepted.

2) Brent Sipes (HI) and Gary Lawrence (MS) volunteered to record the minutes.

3) Preparation of the annual report was discussed. Members need to file annual reports in that we have a 60 day deadline after the meeting concludes to get the reports and meeting minutes to David Thompson (AA W-3186 and Ron Lacewell (AA S-1066)). Each member needs to send their 2015 project reports to Chair Kathy Lawrence (AL). Member reports should include publications with page numbers and Impact Statements.

2). Meeting venues for 2016 were discussed. Brent Sipes invited the S-1066 to meet with the W-3186 in California in 2016. Ed Caswell-Chen (CA) in 2015 invited the W-3186 to meet in Davis, California but was not present to confirm this location. The meeting venue for 2017 will be held in North Carolina and Rick Davis (NC) will serve as the host

3). Election of officers: Travis Faske (AR) was designated to serve as chair the 2016 meeting. Saad Hafez (ID) was elected Secretary by acclamation. Rick Davis (NC) will become secretary for 2016.

4). The group reiterated the necessity for adding new participants in the project. The name of potential candidates should be send to our current chair Kathy Lawrence (AL)

5). Haddish Melakeberhan (MI) motioned that the students should be allowed to present their reports at the beginning of our meetings from this point forward. This seconded and was carried by all members.

6). Haddish Melakeberhan (MI) then thanked the organizers of the 2015 combined S-1066 and W-3186 Multi-State nematology meeting and the meeting was adjourned at 12:15 pm November 6, 2015.

Respectfully submitted, Gary Lawrence (MS)

Accomplishments

Objective 1:   Advance the tools for identification of nematode species and characterization of intraspecific variability. Alabama (K. Lawrence) Germplasm lines from the BARBREN and M713 groups derive this resistance to reniform nematode from a common source: wild accession GB-713 of G. barbadense. This commonality in background is reflected in the excellent results of all three parts of this study. All lines of these two groups yielded well under nematode free conditions, with BAR 41 matching those of conventional cultivar FM966. Yield reductions due to reniform nematode exposure were less than 10% for BAR 41 and all five M713 lines. The three MT2468 lines also reduced nematode reproduction, but suffered significant yield reductions of 50 to 70%, about equal to the yield losses sustained by the two susceptible controls. The high level of reniform susceptibility found in a limited number of LONREN individuals might indicate seed contamination due to outcrossing. The rapid assessment experiment on microplots yielded results which closely mimicked those obtained from the more elaborate field and greenhouse trials. Arkansas (R. Robbins): Twenty seven Soybean Plant Introductions with resistance for Soybean Cyst Nematode were examined for resistance to the reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis). Of the 27 lines, 6 were not different than the resistant checks in reproduction (Reproduction Index = Final number / 2000 inoculation number). The lines ranged range from an RI of 4.6 to 839. The resistant lines ranged from an RI of 4.6 to 14.94 with the resistant checks RI’s of Anand 3.38 and Hartwig at 6.34, respectively. The susceptible lines RI’s ranged from 94.5 to 839.2 while the susceptible check Ellis at 793 and Braxton at 1046. Louisiana (E. McGawley): In 2015, three new students in the nematology project at LSU have initiated research projects with Rotylenchulus reniformis. Objectives of their research projects are: 1. To determine whether or not it is possible to develop an abbreviated host assay for differentiating virulence phenotypes of Rotylenchulus reniformis employing selected cultivars of soybean and cotton; 2. To determine whether or not the abbreviated assay can be performed in a laboratory environment using plants grown either in soil-filled polystyrene centrifuge tubes or in a soil-free growth pouch system; 3. To attempt to employ microsatellite marker technology to distinguish among virulence phenotypes of Rotylenchulus reniformis. Virginia (J. Eisenback): Several species of Meloidogyne that a new to science are being described including one from the eastern United States that is very common on bentgrass golf greens, one parasitizing purple and yellow nutsedge from New Mexico, and one found on fig trees in Arizona. In addition several species are being redescribed including M. partityla, M. kikuyensis, and M. nataliei. In addition, a compendium of the genus Meloidogyne is currently in preparation. Objective 2: Elucidate molecular and physiological mechanisms of plant-nematode interactions to improve host resistance. Mississippi (Lawrence & Klink): The Glycine max syntaxin 31 homolog (Gm-SYP38) has been identified as being expressed in nematode-induced feeding structures known as syncytia undergoing an incompatible interaction with the plant parasitic nematode Heterodera glycines. Syntaxin 31 is a protein that resides on the cis face of the Golgi apparatus and binds proteins functioning in vesicle transport, but has no known role in resistance. The overexpression of Gm-SYP38 suppresses H. glycines parasitism. In contrast, Gm-SYP38 RNAi in the H. glycines resistant genotype G. max[Peking/PI 548402] increases susceptibility. Gm-SYP38 overexpression induces the transcriptional activity of the cytoplasmic receptor-like kinase BOTRYTIS INDUCED KINASE 1 (Gm-BIK1-6) which is a family of defense proteins known to anchor to membranes through a 5′ MGXXXS/T(R) N-myristoylation sequence. Gm-BIK1-6 had been identified previously by RNA-seq experiments as expressed in syncytia undergoing an incompatible reaction. Like Gm-BIK1-6, Gm-SYP38 overexpression rescues the resistant phenotype. In contrast, Gm-BIK1-6 RNAi increases parasitism. The analysis demonstrates a role for syntaxin 31-like genes in resistance that until now was not known. Mississippi (Lawrence & Klink): The membrane fusion genes alpha soluble NSF attachment protein (-SNAP) and syntaxin 31 (Gm-SYP38) contribute to the ability of Glycine max to defend itself from infection by the plant parasitic nematode Heterodera glycines. Their expression is accompanyied by the transcriptional activation of the salicylic acid (SA) signaling defense genes ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1) and NONEXPRESSOR OF PR1 (NPR1). These results implicate the added involvement of the antiapoptotic, environmental response gene LESION SIMULATING DISEASE1 (LSD1). Roots engineered to overexpress the G. max defense genes Gm--SNAP, SYP38, EDS1, NPR1, BOTRYTIS INDUCED KINASE1 (BIK1) and xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) in the susceptible genotype G. max[Williams 82/PI 518671] have induced Gm-LSD1 (Gm-LSD1–2) transcriptional activity. Reciprocal experiments show the overexpression of Gm-LSD1–2 in the susceptible genotype G. max[Williams 82/PI 518671] results in induced levels of SYP38, EDS1, NPR1, BIK1 and XTH, but not -SNAP prior to infection. The overexpression of Gm-LSD1–2 results in a ~52 to 68% reduction in nematode parasitism. In contrast, RNA interference (RNAi) of Gm-LSD1–2 in the resistant genotype G. max[Peking/PI 548402] results in an 3.24–10.42 fold increased ability of H. glycines to parasitize. The results identify that Gm-LSD1–2 functions in the defense response of G. max to H. glycines parasitism. It is proposed that LSD1, as an antiapoptotic protein, may establish an environment whereby the protected, living plant cell could secrete materials in the vicinity of the parasitizing nematode to disarm it. After the targeted incapacitation of the nematode the parasitized root cell succumbs to its targeted demise through apoptotic events as the infected root region is becoming fortified. Missouri (H. Nguyen): A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using a set of 553 soybean plant introductions (PIs) belonging to maturity groups (MG) from III to V to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL)/genes associated with soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycine) resistance to HG Type 0. The SoySNP50K iSelect BeadChip (http//<a href="http://www.soybase.org/">www.soybase.org</a>) were used for analysis. The GWAS identified 14 loci distributed over different chromosomes (Chrs.) comprising 60 SNPs significantly associated with SCN resistance. Results also confirmed six QTL that were previously mapped using bi-parental populations, including the rhg1 and Rhg4 loci. Eight novel QTL, including QTL on chromosome 10, were also identified. Candidate genes at promising GWAS loci will be helpful to reveal the molecular mechanism involved in SCN resistance. Missouri (H. Nguyen): Quantitative trait loci underlying resistance to southern root-knot nematode (SRKN, Meloidogyne incognita) and reniform nematode (RN, Rotylenchulus reniformis) were identified in PI 567516C. Two hundred and forty-seven F6:9 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), derived from a cross between cultivar Magellan and PI 567516C, were evaluated for resistance to SRKN and RN. A genetic linkage map was constructed using 238 SSR and 687 SNP markers. Three significant QTL associated with resistance to SRKN were mapped on Chrs. 10, 13, and 17. Two significant QTL associated with resistance to RN were detected on Chrs. 11 and 18. Whole-genome resequencing revealed that there might be Peking-type rhg1 and novel QTL in PI 567516C. This study provides useful information to employ PI 567516C in soybean breeding in order to develop new cultivars with resistance to multiple nematodes. North Carolina (E. Davis): Plant host-derived RNAi silencing of several novel root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne incognita, effector genes 4D01, 5G05, 8D05, 16D10, and 35F03, resulted in significant decrease in successful infection of roots of Arabidopsis thaliana by RKN. RNAi of the two RKN effector genes with functional roles in host cell growth, 16D10 and 8D05, led to dramatic decrease in RKN infection rates (engineered resistance) in Arabidopsis. Expression of 16D10-RNAi in several cultivated crop species also demonstrated significant reductions in RKN infection, suggesting that this novel form of engineered resistance may provide resistance to nematodes in commercial crop species. Considerable variability in RKN resistance within and among 16D10-RNAi crop plant lines was observed and the source of variability is being investigated. North Carolina (E. Davis): Effector genes that are mimics of endogenous plant CLE genes involved in plant stem cell differentiation were identified and characterized in reniform nematodes and have similarities to CLE effectors previously identified in cyst nematodes. The novel cyst nematode effector 10A07 was found to localize in the host plant cell nucleus after phosphorylation in host cell cytoplasm. The 10A07 effector interacted with a host cell kinase for phosphorylation, and a plant mutant of this kinase resulted in decreased infection by cyst nematodes. The relatively strong decrease in cyst nematode infection observed using RNAi of the novel cyst effector gene, 30C02, in Arabidopsis was analyzed by Nextgen small RNA sequencing. The RNA sequencing results suggested that proper plant processing of engineered hairpin double-stranded RNA into the effective small-interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules may be critical to host-derived RNAi success in affecting nematode infection. Tennessee (T. Hewezi): In our efforts to search for previously undiscovered nematode effector genes from soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycine), gland-cell-specific mRNA was isolated and sequenced using high-throughput sequencing technology. Using a combination of in silico analysis, in situ hybridizations and molecular approaches we identified 18 novel effector protein candidates. Of these candidate effectors, 11 sequences were novel without similarities to known proteins, while 7 sequences had similarities to functionally annotated proteins in databases. These putative homologies provided the bases for the development of hypotheses about potential functions in the parasitism of soybean (Noon et al., 2015). Tennessee (T. Hewezi): The formation of the nematode feeding sites syncytium is orchestrated by the nematode in part by modulation of phytohormone responses. However, direct evidence supporting a functional role of cytokinins in syncytium formation and function is lacking. We examined the role of cytokinin signaling in modulating plant responses to cyst nematode infection. Our unprecedented results indicate that cytokinin signaling is required for optimal nematode infection but that elevated cytokinin signaling triggers a heightened immune response to nematode infection (Shanks et al., 2015). Tennessee (T. Hewezi): A set of transcription factors and signaling pathway components has been identified as bona fide targets to improve soybean resistance to SCN. The functional roles of these genes are currently explored using a variety of molecular techniques including overexpressing and RNAi and the soybean transgenic hairy root system. And a number of putative soybean defense genes again SCN have been identified and are being evaluated for their role in SCN resistance using molecular biology, biochemistry and transgenic approaches. Virginia (J. Eisenback): The transcriptome of Pratylenchus penetrans generated by pair-end Illumina sequencing and de novo assembly, followed by annotation and comparative analyses to other nematode species was analyzed. The efficacy of RNAi, delivered from the host, as a strategy to control the migratory nematode P. penetrans, by targeted knockdown of selected nematode genes was evaluated. The putative “parasitism genes” were annotated by sequence homology to those of related species, and a de novo identification of putative parasitism genes based on differential expression and specific up-regulation during the early phases of plant infection was conducted. Objective 3: Integrate nematode management agents (NMAs) and cultural tactics with the use of resistant cultivars to develop sustainable crop production systems. Alabama (K. Lawrence): Cotton varieties were evaluated with and without nematicides on two fields of the same soil type adjacent to one another. The reniform nematode reduced the cotton yield an average over all ten varieties by 39% or 1520 lb/A of seed cotton which has the current market value of $395 loss per acre. The application of a nematicide improved seed cotton yields by only 152 lb/A or $40 per acre. Arkansas (R. Robbins): One hundred sixteen soybean entries new to the Arkansas Soybean Variety Testing program soybean were tested. Thirteen entries of the 116 new varieties were not different (range RI 3 or less) than the resistant checks Anand (RI .5) and Hartwig (RI .55). The susceptible lines RI ranged from 3.32 to 33.75. These 13 entries may be useful in a cotton-soybean rotation to reduce numbers.       Arkansas (R. Robbins): Two hundred nineteen lines from Southern Soybean Breeders (68 from Arkansas;21 from Missouri;90 from Southern Illinois; and 40 from Georgia) were tested for resistance to the reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) in soybean breeder lines. These 19 lines with RI’s of 1.07 to 4.9 were not different than the resistant checks Anand and Hartwig. The susceptible lines RI’s, ranged from 6.87 to 70.71. These resistant lines may be useful in breeding for reniform resistance. Arkansas (T. Faske): During the past year my program has evaluated a few new and commercially available NMA for suppression of RKN and RN in cotton (n = 3) and soybean (n = 3) field trials. Additional studies were conducted in the greenhouse and lab to investigate the extent of root protection by fluopyram as a seed treatment and liquid in-furrow treatment for suppression of RKN in both agronomic crops. Missouri (H. Nguyen): Host plant resistance is an effective approach for preventing yield loss from target pests. In an attempt to identify novel sources of SCN resistance, 19,652 publicly available soybean accessions that were previously genotyped with the SoySNP50K iSelect BeadChip were used to evaluate the phylogenetic diversity of SCN resistance genes rhg1 and Rhg4. The sequence information of soybean lines was utilized to develop KASPar (KBioscience Competitive Allele-Specific PCR) assays from SNPs of rhg1, Rhg4, and other novel QTL. These markers were used to genotype a diverse set of 95 soybean germplasm lines and three RIL populations. SNP markers from the rhg1 region were able to differentiate copy number variation, such as resistant-high copy (PI 88788-type), low copy (Peking-type), and susceptible-single copy (Williams 82) numbers. Similarly, markers for the Rhg4 gene were able to detect Peking-type (resistance) genotypes. The phylogenetic information of SCN resistance loci from a large set of soybean accessions and the gene/QTL specific markers that were developed are being used to accelerate the development of SCN resistance varieties. Missouri (H. Nguyen): Screening of over 400 early maturity (MG 000-II) soybean accessions was completed to identify novel sources of nematode resistance. Twenty-seven lines with SCN resistance were identified. These lines were then evaluated for SRKN and RN resistance. Six lines have a good level of resistance to all three nematodes. The sub-set of 27 lines is being evaluated for novel resistant QTL. KASPar markers developed from two candidate genes of SRKN resistance in PI 438489B were developed and will be tested using 90 soybean germplasm to identify association between the markers and SRKN resistance. Tennessee (T. Hewezi): Our effort in this area started at the beginning of 2015 is focused mainly on identification of pathogenic viruses of SCN. Thousands of pathogenic viruses have been isolated from different organisms, including insects, with a few being used effectively as bio-control agents against the pests. However, only 8 viruses have been isolated from all nematodes globally. In our effort, we are taking advantage of the contemporary sciences of Virology and Genomics to identify viruses affecting naturally SCN with potential for development as virus-based bio-nematicide agents. Our short term objectives are: I) to identify viruses associated with SCN, II) to determine incidence of viruses in SCN field population, and III) to identify pathogenic viruses with potential for biological control of SCN. During 2015 we have utilized laboratory races of SCN to establish protocols for purification of SCN eggs from mature females or cysts as well as hatching J2-stage and extraction of high quality intact RNA from these two SCN life stages. Furthermore, we have established and optimized procedures for routine detection of viruses in SCN infected eggs and J2-life stages.   Virginia (C. Johnson): Twenty-seven cultivars and breeding lines of N. tabacum were compared for their effect on reproduction by Globodera tabacum solanacearum (Gts) in a field experiment conducted at Virginia Tech’s Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center (SPAREC) near Blackstone, VA. Entries were transplanted according to a randomized complete block design with four replications. Although an assay of soil samples collected in the fall of 2014 indicated a resident TCN population, population densities estimated from plot samples collected on 14 May and 31 July, 2015 were extremely low and variable, preventing accurate comparison of nematode reproduction among entries in the experiment. Twenty-one cultivars were also transplanted into an on-farm trial conducted in Mecklenburg County, VA in order to be evaluated for root-knot resistance. A 2010 survey had identified an existing population of M. arenaria in the field that was used. Entry ‘CC 65’ was significantly more vigorous than NC 196 on 22 July, and was significantly more vigorous on 6 August than all other entries except CC 35. Due to a miscommunication with the cooperating grower, no nematode galling or soil sample data could be collected from this trial at the end of the growing season. Virginia (C. Johnson): A graduate research project on root-knot resistance in N. tabacum was also completed in 2015. Ms. Jill Pollok finished her greenhouse trials examining the effect of resistance genes Rk1 and Rk2 on reproduction of a variant of race 3 of M. incognita. Greenhouse experiments investigated whether possessing both Rk1 and Rk2 increases resistance to a variant of M. incognita race 3 compared to either gene alone, and if high soil temperatures impact their efficacy. Root galling, numbers of egg masses and eggs, and the reproductive index were compared from roots of C371G (susceptible), NC 95 and SC 72 (Rk1Rk1), T-15-1-1 (Rk2Rk2), and STNCB-2-28 and NOD 8 (Rk1Rk1 and Rk2Rk2). The same data were analyzed from plants in open-top root zone cabinet growth chambers set to 25ºC, 30ºC, and 35ºC to investigate whether or not resistance is temperature sensitive. Entries with Rk1 alone reduced galling and reproduction compared to the susceptible control, whereas T-15-1-1 (Rk2) did not, but often suppressed reproduction. Despite variability, Rk1Rk2 entries conferred greater resistance than Rk2 alone, and as much or more resistance than Rk1 alone. Nematode reproduction was frequently reduced at 25ºC and 30ºC on entries possessing Rk1 and Rk1Rk2 compared to the control and Rk2. However, reproduction at 35ºC was frequently similar on entries with Rk1 and/or Rk2 compared to the control, indicating parasitism increased on resistant entries at higher temperatures. Virginia (C. Johnson): Field experiments were also initiated in 2015 to evaluate the effect of NMAs on population dynamics of Globodera tabacum solanacearum (Gts) or Meloidogyne arenaria. All trials were established in fields infested with one of these plant parasitic nematodes and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Studies on Gts were conducted in a field at SPAREC that has been in continuous culture since 1974. The NMAs evaluated in the Gts management experiment are presented in Table 1. The number of Gts juveniles in roots on 13 July was significantly reduced by preplant injection of 10-15 gal/A of IRF 266, 15 gal/A of Dominus, 10 gal/A of Telone II, or application of 32 fl oz/A of Vydate as a transplant water treatment followed by a drench treatment at the second cultivation. Plant vigor and height on 13 July was as great or greater in plots treated with 10-15 gal/A of IRF 266 as in the Telone-treated plots (control standard). Days to flowering was actually shorter for these IRF 266 rates compared to the Telone standard. Nematode suppression wasn’t as great for the non-fumigant treatments. Nematode numbers in roots were no different after application of systemic insecticides such as Admire Pro (imidacloprid) and Platinum (thiamethoxam) versus the untreated control. Plant vigor and height and days to flower were also similar for the systemic insecticide treatments compared to the untreated control. However, application of Vydate as a broadcast, preplant-incorporated spray marginally reduced nematode numbers in roots and increase plant vigor and height. Splitting Vydate application between a transplant water application and a second-cultivation treatment improved results by significantly reducing Gts numbers in roots and improving all measures of plant growth. Fewer Gts juveniles were noted when fluopyram (Velum Total or Luna Privilege) had been applied compared the untreated and standard control treatments. However, plant growth responses to fluopyram treatments were generally similar to those for the Vydate treatments. Virginia (C. Johnson): The root-knot management study was conducted in a commercial production field in Mecklenburg County, Virginia, where a 2010 survey had identified an existing population of M. arenaria. The NMAs evaluated in the M. arenaria management experiment are presented in Table 2. Treatments are arranged in the field in a randomized complete block design with six replications. Root-knot nematode population densities were variable among the replications, and any trends among treatments were not statistically significant, but mean galling in the untreated control plots was 38% compared to 18% for the Vydate, Serenade Soil treatments, and for the 15 + 18 fl oz/A Velum Total treatment. Mean galling for the remaining fluopyram (Velum Total or Luna Privilege) treatments ranged from 3 to 14%. Smaller trends were also observed suggesting possible plant growth benefits resulting from treatment benefits.

Publications

Chen, P.,  C. P. Gray, T.L. Hart, M. Orazaly, J.C. Rupe, D.G. Dombek, R.D. Bond,T. Kirkpatrick, R.T. Robbins, and L.O. Ashlock. 2014. Registration of ‘UA 5612’ soybean.  J. of Plant Reg. 8(2):145-149. Chen, P., M. Orazaly, J.C. Rupe, D.G. Dombek, T. Kirkpatrick, R.T. Robbins, C. Wu, and P. Manjarrez. 2014. Registration of ‘UA 5213C’ soybean. J. of Plant Reg. 8(2): 150-154. Eisenback, J. D., V. dos S. Paes-Takahashi*, and L. S. Graney. 2015. First Report of the Pecan Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne partityla, Causing Dieback to Laurel Oak in South Carolina. Plant Disease 99(7): May, 2105. Hewezi, T., Juvale, P.S., Sarbottam, P., Maier, T.R., Rambani, A., Rice, J.H., Mitchum, M.G., Davis, E.L., Hussey, R.S., Baum, T.J. 2015. The novel cyst nematode effector protein 10A07 targets and recruits host post-translational machinery to mediate its nuclear trafficking and promote parasitism. Plant Cell 27:891-907. Hewezi T (2015) Cellular signaling pathways and posttranslational modifications mediated by nematode effector proteins. Plant Physiology, 169:1018-1026.  Hewezi T, and Baum TJ (2015) Gene silencing in nematode feeding sites. In: Plant nematode interactions: A view on compatible interrelationship. Carolina Escobar & Carmen Fenoll (Eds). Advances in Botanical Research Series, Volume 73, Oxford, UK: Elsevier, Pages 221–239.  Jiao, Y., T. D. Vuong, Y. Liu, Z. Li, J. Noe, R. T. Robbins, T. Joshi, D. Xu, J. G. Shannon, and H. T. Nguyen. 2015. Identification of quantitative trait loci underlying resistance to southern root-knot and reniform nematodes in soybean accession PI 567516C. Mol Breed. 35:131. DOI:10.1007/s11032-015-0330-5.  Kadam, S., T.D. Vuong, D. Qiu, C. G. Meinhardt, L. Song, R. Deshmukh, G. Patil, J. Wan, B. Valliyodan, A. M. Scaboo, J. G. Shannon, and H. T. Nguyen. 2015. Genomic-assisted phylogenetic analysis and marker development for next generation soybean cyst nematode resistance breeding. Plant Sci. 242: 342–350. DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.08.015.  Lee, H. K., G. W. Lawrence, J. L. DuBien, and K. S. Lawrence. 2015. Seasonal variation and cotton-corn rotation in the spatial distribution of Rotylenchulus reniformis in Mississippi cotton soils. Nematropica 45:72-81. <a href="http://journals.fcla.edu/nematropica/article/view/85053/81982">http://journals.fcla.edu/nematropica/article/view/85053/81982</a>  Li, Ruijuan, Aaron M. Rashotte, Narendra K. Singh, Kathy S. Lawrence, David B. Weaver, and Robert D. Locy. 2015. Transcriptome Analysis of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Genotypes That Are Susceptible, Resistant, and Hypersensitive to Reniform Nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis. PONE-D-15-10976R2  McGawley, E.C. and C. Overstreet. 2015. Reniform nematode. Pp. 96-98 in G. L. Hartman, J. C. Rupe, E. J. Sikora, L. L. Domier, J. A. Davis, and K. L. Steffey, eds. Soybean Disease Compendium, 5th edition. American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, Minnosota.  Miller, J. G. and Faske, T. R. 2015. Post penetration response of Meloidogyne incognita on Cucurbita foetidissima (buffalo gourd). Nematropica 45:178-183.  Noon JB, Hewezi T, Maier TR, Simmons C, Wei JZ, Wu G, Llaca V, Deschamps S, Davis EL, Mitchum MG, Hussey RS, Baum TJ (2015). Eighteen new candidate effectors of the phytonematode Heterodera glycines produced specifically in the secretory esophageal gland cells during parasitism. Phytopathology, 105:1362-1372.  Pant SR, McNeece BT, Sharma K, Nirula PM, Jiang J, Harris JL, Lawrence GW, Klink VP. 2015. A plant transformation system designed for high throughput genomics in Gossypium hirsutum to study root-organism interactions. Journal of Plant Interactions 10:11–20  Pant SR, Krishnavajhala A, Lawrence GW, Klink VP. 2015. A relationship exists between the cis-Golgi membrane fusion gene syntaxin 31, salicylic acid signal transduction and the GATA-like transcription factor, LESION SIMULATING DISEASE1 (LSD1) in plant defense. Plant Signaling & Behavior 10:1, e977737 Plaisance, A.R., E.C. McGawley and C. Overstreet. Influence of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes on Growth of St. Augustine and Centipede Turfgrasses. Nematropica: Accepted. In press. Shanks CM#, Rice JH# , Hubo Y, Schaller EG, Hewezi T*, Kieber J* (2105) The role of cytokinin during infection of Arabidopsis thaliana by the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Published online on October 15, 2015, First Look.  Vieira, Paulo, Sebastian Eves-van den Akker, Ruchi Verma, Sarah Wantoch, Margaret Pooler, Jonathan D. Eisenback and Kathryn Kamo.. 2015. Characterization of Pratylenchus penetrans transcriptome, including data mining of putative nematode genes involve in plant parasitism. PLOS ONE (accepted for publication)  Vuong, T.D., H. Sonah, C. G. Meinhardt, R. Deshmukh, S. Kadam, R. L. Nelson, J. G. Shannon, and H. T. Nguyen. 2015. Genetic architecture of cyst nematode resistance revealed by genome-wide association study in soybean. BMC Genomics. 16(1):593. DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1811-y. Wan, J., T. Vuong, Y. Jiao, T. Joshi, H. Zhang, D. Xu, and H.T. Nguyen. 2015. Whole-genome gene expression profiling revealed genes and pathways potentially involved in regulating interactions of soybean with cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe). BMC Genomics. 16:148. DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1316-8. Wubben, M.J., Gavilano, L., Baum, T.J., Parrott, W.P., Davis, E.L. 2015. Sequence and spatiotemporal expression analysis of CLE motif-containing genes from the reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveira). Journal of Nematology 47:159-165.  Yongqing Jiao, Tri D. Vuong, Yang Liu, Zenglu Li, Jim Noe, Robert T. Robbins, Trupti Joshi, Dong Xu, J. Grover Shannon, and Henry T. Nguyen. 2015. Identification of antitative trait loci underlying resistance to southern root-knot and reniform nematodes in soybean accession PI 567516C. Molecular Breeding (2015) 35:131   Zhao, C., Y. Feng, R. Mathew, K. Lawrence, and S. Fu. 2015. Soil microbial community structure and activity in a 100-year-old fertilization and crop rotation experiment. Journal of Plant Ecology doi:10.1093/jpe/rtv007 <a href="http://gce.henu.edu.cn/images/Papers/zhao3.pdf">http://gce.henu.edu.cn/images/Papers/zhao3.pdf</a> Published Abstracts: Beacham, Jacqueline, S. Thomas, J. Schroeder, L. Holland, E. Morris, N. Schmidt, L. Murray, F. Solano-Campose, S. Hanson, and J. D. Eisenback. 2015. Host status of a new Meloidogyne species found parasitizing yellow and purple nutsedges. Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists. Lansing, Michigan, July 14-19, 2015. Eisenback, J. D. and Vanessa Paes-Takahashi. 2015. Vertical distribution of nematode communities on the bark of a black walnut tree. Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists. Lansing, Michigan, July 14-19, 2015.  Faske, T. R. 2015. Assessment of fluopyram in the management of nematodes in soybean and cotton. Phytopathology 105:S2.  Faske, T. R. Hurd, K., and Emerson, M. 2015. Use of fluopyram as a nematicide in cotton. Society of Nematologist Annual Meeting; July 19-24; East Lansing, MI. Pp. 48.  Faske, T. R. 2015. Recent Occurrences of Peanut Diseases in Arkansas. Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society Annual Meeting; July 14-17; Charleston, SC.  Gardner, M.N., Davis, E.L., Baum, T., Mitchum, M.G. 2015. Next generation sequencing of Heterodera glycines for transcriptome assembly and population analysis. The 54th Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists, East Lansing, MI.  Hurd, K. and Faske, T. R. 2015. Reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita and M. graminis on serval grain sorghum hybrids. Phytopathology 105:S2.5. Jackson, C. S. and Faske, T. R. 2015. Assessment of fluopyram for management of Meloidogyne incognita on soybean. Phytopathology 105:S2.5. Juvale, P.S., Pogorelko, G.V., Maier, T.R., Mitchum, M.G., Davis, E.L., Baum, T.J. 2015. Gland mining and effector characterization from Heterodera cyst nematodes. The 54th Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists, East Lansing, MI. Khanal, Churamani, R. T. Robbins, E. C. McGawley, and C. Overstreet 2015. Meloidogyne spp. reported from Arkansas: past and present. Program and Abstracts, 54th Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists. East Lansing, Michigan Khanal, C., R. T. Robbins, E. C. McGawley, and C. Overstreet. 2015. Meloidogyne spp. reported from Arkansas: past and present. Journal of Nematology (in press) Land, C.J., K. S. Lawrence, C. H. Burmester, and C. Norris. 2015. Bayer CropScience experimental Nematicides for Management of the Reniform Nematode in North Alabama, 2014. Report9:N014 DOI:11.1094/PDMR09. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Land, C.J., K. S. Lawrence, B. Miller. 2015. Experimental ReSet for management of the Root-knot on Cucumber, 2014. Report9: N012 DOI:11.1094/PDMR09. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Land, C.J., K. S. Lawrence, C. H. Burmester, and B. Meyer. 2015. Verticillium Wilt on-farm Cotton Cultivar Variety Evaluations, 2014. Report9: FC098 DOI:11.1094/PDMR09. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Land, C.J., K. S. Lawrence, C. H. Burmester, and C. Norris. 2015. Experimental Propulse and its efficacy on the Reniform Nematode in North Alabama, 2014. Report9: N011 DOI:11.1094/PDMR09. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Lawrence, K., C. Land, R. Sikkens, C. H. Burmester; C. Norris. Cotton nematicide combinations for reniform management in north Alabama, 2014. Report9:N002 DOI:11.1094/PDMR09. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Lawrence, K., C. Land, R. Sikkens. Cotton variety and nematicide combinations for root knot management in central Alabama, 2014. Report9:N003 DOI:11.1094/PDMR09. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Lawrence, K., C. Land, R. Sikkens, C. H. Burmester; C. Norris. Cotton variety and nematicide combinations for root-knot management in central Alabama, 2014. Report9:N004 DOI:11.1094/PDMR09. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. Lawrence, K. S. and G. W. Lawrence. 2015. The fungicide fluopyram exhibits nematicide activity toward Rotylenchulus reniformis. Proceeding of the XVIII International Plant Protection Congress Belin, Germany, August 24-27, 2015. Vol. 1:241. <a href="http://domains.conventus.de/fileadmin/media/2015/ippc/IPPC2015_Abstractbook.pdf">http://domains.conventus.de/fileadmin/media/2015/ippc/IPPC2015_Abstractbook.pdf</a> Luangkhot, J. A., K.S. Lawrence, A.L. Smith. 2015. Evaluation of plant hormones and starter fertilizers on plant development in the presence of M. incognita or R. reniformis. 2015 Phytopathology 105:(In Press) McGawley, E.C., C. Overstreet and Y. Takeuchi. 2015. Increase in the incidence of symptoms of pine wilt disease in southeast Louisiana. Journal of Nematology (in press) Overstreet, C. and E. C. McGawley. 2015. The development and implementation of site-specific technology for managing cotton nematodes in the United States. Nematropica (in press) Overstreet, C., E. C. McGawley, D. M. Xavier-Mis, M. Kularathna, D. Burns, and B. Haygood. 2015. Variability within a silt loam soil on the response of a fumigant to Rotylenchulus reniformis. Nematropica 45: (in press) Robbins, R. T., Ben Fallen, G. Shannon, P. Chen, S. K. Kantartzi, Travis R Faske, L. E. Jackson, E. E. Gbur, D. G. Dombek and J. T. Velie. 2015. Reniform Nematode Reproduction on Soybean Cultivars and Breeding Lines in 2014. Proceedings Beltwide Conferences 2015, San Antonio. Smith, A., Hamamouch, N., Li, C., Davis, E. 2015. Alteration of nematode gene expression results in altered infection characteristics. International Symposium of Crop Protection. University of Ghent, Belgium. Vieira, P., S. Wantoch, J. Eisenback, and K. Kamo. 2015. Insight into the root lesion nematode-plant interaction. USDA-ARS Poster Day, Belstville, Md., June 4, 2015. Vieira, Paulo, Wantoch, Sarah, Eisenback, Jonathan D, and Kamo, Kathryn. 2015. Insight into the soybean transcriptional profiling upon infection by root lesion nematode. Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists. Lansing, Michigan, July 14-19, 2015. Vieira, Paulo, Sarah Wantoch, Jonathan D. Eisenback, Kathryn Kamo. 2015. Characterization of the transcriptional profiling of the migratoy root lesion nematode infection on important crop and floral species. American Phytopathological Society, Pasadena, CA, Aug. 1-5, 2015. Xiang, N., and K.S. Lawrence. 2015. Biological potential of Bacillus spp. to reduce the populations of Heterodera glycines and promote plant growth in soybean. 2015 Southern Division - American Phytopathological Society. Phytopathology. 105(Suppl. 2):S2.12-13. <a href="http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PHYTO-105-4-S2.1">http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PHYTO-105-4-S2.1</a> Xiang, N., K.S. Lawrence, J.W. Kloepper, and J.A. McInroy. 2015. Plant growth promotion of PGPR on soybean and cotton with and without Heterodera glycines or Meloidogyne incognita. 2015. APS Annual Meeting. Phytopathology 105:(In press) Xiang, N., K.S. Lawrence, J. W. Kloepper, and J. A. McInroy. 2015. Biological control and plant growth promotion of Bacillus spp. on Heterodera glycines in Soybean. 2015 10th International PGPR Workshop. In press. Zhang, L., Davis, E.L., Elling, A.A. 2015. The Meloidogyne incognita effector Mi7H08 interacts with a plant transcription factor and alters expression of cell cycle control genes in plant cells. The 54th Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists, East Lansing, MI. Proceedings: Allen, T. W., Damicone, J. P., Dufault, N. S., Faske, T. R., Hershman, D. E., Hollier, C. A., Isakeit, T., Kemerait, R. C., Kleczewski, N. M., Koenning, S. R., Mehl, H. L., Mueller, J. D., Overstreet, C., Price, P. P., Sikora, E. J., and Young, H. 2015. Southern United States Soybean Disease Loss Estimates for 2014. Proceedings of the Southern Soybean Disease Workers Annual Meeting; March 11-12; Pensacola, FL. Pp. 10-15. Khanal, C, R. T. Robbins, C. Overstreet, and E. C. McGawley. 2015. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) associated with soybean in Arkansas. Proceedings of the Southern Soybean Disease Workers. 11-12 March, 2015. Pensacola Beach, Fl. P. 19. Kularathna, M. T., C. Overstreet, E. C. McGawley, and D. M. Xavier. 2015. Evaluating the resistance of some soybean varieties/cultivars on reniform isolates from Louisiana. Proceedings of the Southern Soybean Disease Workers. 11-12 March, 2015. Pensacola Beach, Fl. P. 28. Land, C. J., K. S. Lawrence, B. Meyer, C. H. Burmester. 2015. Applied Management Strategies for Verticillium Wilt and On-Farm Cotton Cultivar Variety Evaluations. 2014. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference, (In Press). National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. <a href="http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2012/index.html">http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2012/index.html</a> Land, Caroline, K. S. Lawrence, C. H. Burmester, and B. Meyer. 2015. Applied management options to enhance crop safety against Verticillium wilt. Proceedings of the 8th International IPM Symposium, Salt Lake City, UT, March 5-7, 2015: Vol. 1:74-75.<a href="http://ipmcenters.org/ipmsymposium15/Documents/IPM_2015_Proceedings-final.pdf">http://ipmcenters.org/ipmsymposium15/Documents/IPM_2015_Proceedings-final.pdf</a> Land, C. J., K. S. Lawrence, P. Cobine, G. Lawrence. 2015. Tiger Striping Symptoms Caused by Rotylenchulus reniformis in Upland Cotton. 2014. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference, (In Press). National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. <a href="http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2012/index.html">http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2012/index.html</a>                    Lawrence, K. S. and G. W. Lawrence. 2015. A new fungicide, insecticide, nematicide combination for nematode management in cotton. Proceedings of the 8th International IPM Symposium, Salt Lake City, UT, March 5-7, 2015: Vol. 1:72-73. <a href="http://ipmcenters.org/ipmsymposium15/Documents/IPM_2015_Proceedings-final.pdf">http://ipmcenters.org/ipmsymposium15/Documents/IPM_2015_Proceedings-final.pdf</a> Lawrence, K., M. Olsen, T. Faske, R. Hutmacher, J. Muller, J. Mario, R. Kemerait, C. Overstreet, P. Price, G. Sciumbato, G. Lawrence, S. Atwell, S. Thomas, S. Koenning, R. Boman, H. Young, J. Woodward, and H. Mehl. 2015. Cotton disease loss estimate committee report, 2014. Proceedings of the 2014 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 188-190. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. <a href="http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings">http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings</a> Lawrence, K., P. Huang, G. Lawrence,T. Faske, C. Overstreet, T. Wheeler, H. Young, R. Kemerait, and H. Mehl. 2015. Beltwide Nematode Research and Edication Committee 2014 Nematode Research Report. Cotton varietal and nematicide responses in nematode soils. Cotton disease loss estimate committee report, 2014. Proceedings of the 2014 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 739-742. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. <a href="http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings">http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceeding</a> Luangkhot, J. A., K.S. Lawrence, C. Land, K. Glass. 2015. Potential Nematicide Yield Benefit and Reniform Yield Reduction to Selected Cotton Cultivars. Proceedings of the 2015 Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Antonio, TX, January 5-7, 2015: In Press. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. <a href="http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings">http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings</a> Shankar R. Pant, Brant T. McNeece, Keshav Sharma, Prakash M. Nirula, Jian Jiang, Gary W. Lawrence & Vincent P. Klink (2015) THa development of a plant transformation system for high throughput genomics in Gossypium hirsutum to study root–organism interactions. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences. January 5-7, 2015 San Antonio, Texas   Smith, A. L., K. S. Lawrence, K. Glass, and E. van Santen. 2015. Evaluation of Fusarium wilt resistance in cotton cultivars and identification of pathogenic races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum in Alabama. Proceedings of the 2015 Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Antonio, TX, January 5-7, 2015: In Press. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. <a href="http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings">http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings</a> Smith, Amber L., K. S. Lawrence, K. Glass, and D. Van Santen. 2015. Management of fusarium wilt in upland cotton of the southeastern United States. Proceedings of the 8th International IPM Symposium, Salt Lake City, UT, March 5-7, 2015: Vol. 1:75. <a href="http://ipmcenters.org/ipmsymposium15/Documents/IPM_2015_Proceedings-final.pdf">http://ipmcenters.org/ipmsymposium15/Documents/IPM_2015_Proceedings-final.pdf</a> Robbins, R. T., B. Fallen, G. Shannon, P. Chen, S. K. Kantartza, T.R. Faske, L.E. Jackson, E.E. Gbur, D.G. Dombek, J.T. Velie, and P. Arelli. 2015. Reniform nematode reproduction on soybean cultivars and breeding lines in 2014. Proceeding of the 2015 Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Antonia, TX. Jan 6-7. Pgs. 201-214 Plant Disease Management Reports: Hurd, K., Faske, T. R., and Emerson, M. 2015. Evaluation of fluopyram as a seed treatment for suppression of reniform nematode on cotton in Arkansas, 2014. PDMR 9: N018 Hurd, K., Faske, T. R., and Emerson, M. 2015. Evaluation of Poncho/VOTiVO and ILeVO for suppression of root-knot nematode on soybean in Arkansas, 2014. PDMR 9: N017. Pollok, J., L. Darnell, C.S. Johnson, and T.D. Reed. 2015. Resistance to root-knot nematode in flue-cured tobacco cultivars in Virginia, 2014. Plant Disease Management Reports 9:N015. Other Extension publications and presentations: Faske, T. R. and Kirkpatrick, T. 2015. Corn Diseases and Nematodes. Chapter 17.Pp. 1-6 in Arkansas Corn Production Handbook, MP 437. University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service. (Complete Revision 4-2015) Lawrence, K. S., C. D. Monks, and D. Delaney. Eds. 2015 AU Crops: Cotton Research Report. March 2014. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report Series No. 44. file:///F:/2011%20Passport/AU%20Crops%20report/AU%20Crops%20cotton%20%20report%202015/Cotton%20Bulletin%202015.pd Pollok J.R., C.S. Johnson C.S., J.D. Eisenback J.D, and T.D. Reed T.D. Reproduction of M. arenaria on flue-cured tobacco homozygous for Rk1 and/or Rk2 resistance genes, and possible effects of soil temperature on resistance. Oral presentation at CORESTA Congress, Quebec City, Canada, October , 2014. Pollok, J. Resistance to root-knot nematodes in flue-cured tobacco – new research results. Oral presentation at the Southern Agricultural Leadership Alumni Conference, Myrtle Beach, SC, January 24, 2015. McGawley, E.C. and C. Overstreet. 2015. Common Genera of Plant Parasitic Nematodes. Biological Illustration, Poster. WWW.Nematologists.org, Educational Resources.

Impact Statements

My appointment is 100% extension, thus my education program works directly with producers to provide management options to minimize the impact of RKN and RN on crop yield. These plant-parasitic nematodes are major pathogens of cotton and soybean in Arkansas that annually cause ~4% yield loss in each crop. Each year we conduct several trials to provide producers a realistic, unbiased view of product efficacy, so they can determine the best use of new and existing products. ILeVO was registered for use in soybean in 2014 and Velum Total was registered for use in 2015 for use in cotton. There is limited information on these products so as we have a better understanding of how they fit a production system the information is extended to producers and their consultants. Each year over 15 presentations are made in grower meetings to update them on the impact of NMA’s and how they best fit their production system. The funds saved by growers are immeasurable as we are not always sure as to what growers use for the upcoming cropping season.

Date of Annual Report: 12/14/2016

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 11/10/2016 - 11/11/2016
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2015 - 09/30/2016

Participants

Ron Lacewell Texas A& M University r-lacewell@tamu.edu;
Robert Robbins University of Arkansas rrobbin@uark.edu;
Travis Faske Univ. Arkansas tfaske@uaex.edu
Gary Lawrence Mississippi State U glawrence@entomology.msstate.edu
Vince Klink Mississippi State University
Kathy Lawrence Auburn University lawrekk@auburn.edu;
Jon Eisenback Virginia Poly Tech Jon@vt.edu
Chuck Johnson Virginia Poly Tech spcdis@vt.edu
Senyu Chen University of Minnesota chenx099@tc.umn.edu
Hewezi, Tarek University of Tennessee thewezi@utk.edu

Brief Summary of Minutes

Present: Noah Adamo, Edward Caswell-Chen, Senyu Chen, Jon Eisenback, Travis Faske, Cynthia Gleason, Saad Hafez, Russ Ingham, Chuck Johnson, Vince Klink, Ron Lacewell, Gary Lawrence, Kathy Lawrence, Haddish Melakeberhan, Henry Nguyen Tom Powers, Phil Roberts, Bob Robbins, Dave Thompson, Brent Sipes, Steve Thomas

Guests: Valerie Williamson, Howard Ferris

Welcome

W3186 and S1066 participant introduced themselves.

Steve Nadler welcomed the group. Nematology at UCD - 20 yrs ago was very vibrant. Retirements have not been replaced. The budget at UCD declined for many years, increasing only recently. The new dean is receptive to nematology so a plant nematologist is being hired and a soil ecologist is in the pipeline.

Administrative Advisers

Ron Lacewell: S1066 started 1 Oct 2015. The annual report needs to be filed in 60 days. Rick Davis is secretary. One regional group met in Washington DC using a workshop format and invited DC project leaders to work on NSF or NIFFA grants. The group may want to think about doing this in 2018 (IPM, precision ag, loss of chemicals as topics).

Dave Thomas: W3186 renews in 2018 and may want to discuss renewal at business meeting. We should think about nominating W3186 for a western award. We need to think about impact - NIFA is talking about capacity building (like this meeting) and their impact. Meeting in Washington DC might be a good idea even in terms of marketing the project/group.

Reports

VA: RK1 and RK2 in Tobacco: project starting; mixed reports on resistance level, some reports RK2 is a quantitative trait, RK2 mechanism not clear and will be investigated, variation within a cultivar really speaks to the need for isogenic lines; Very good discussion and ideas shared; Tobacco acreage world-wide is relatively stable. China and India are large producers. Lots of good work being conducted in this crop.

VA: A first report of Meloidogyne mali in America from NY was made. Mm has a wide host range including ferns but not grasses, was originally described in Japan, and a few years ago appeared in Europe on elm. First in the Netherlands then Italy, places associated with elm breeding, so maybe Mm was imported into Netherlands along with root stock from Japan.

VA: Nematodes on rice and vegetables in Cambodia were few on vegetables grown using plastic mulch. There were no organisms associated with these vegetables perhaps because the soil had lots of chemigation. Some Rotylenchulus was found in vegetables not grown with plastic mulch - lots of rootknot and lance nematodes were also found. In rice, lots of Hirschmanniella was found and maybe caused 20-30% yield loss.

MN: Winter oil seed cover crops pennycress and camelina oil seed crops are being tested and SCN reproduction is good on pennycress. SCN reproduction on resistance soybean increasing since 1997 on PI 88788, PI 209332, and PI 548316. SCN reproduction on PI 567516C is low and it is a new source of resistance for many SCN type. PI 567516C appears to be a different gene. QTL shows it to be a novel R gene on chromosome 10. Also QTLs on chromosome 8 and 18 are not rhg or Rhg. Breeding trials suggest that it might be a good source of resistance. Fungal communities in soybean were studied for biological control in a site established in 1982 using metabarcoding. Differences between corn and soybean and among rotations is evident.

MO: New resistance sources for SCN in the PI collection are being evaluated along with assays for rootknot and reniform nematode resistance. Used rhg1 and Rhg4 to group soybean based on copy number and presence of the genes. A medium copy number is like Peking, a high copy number is like PI 88788. A third group with low copy number and no Rhg4 is the source for new SCN resistance genes. Copy number is related to resistance level. PI 567516C has no rhg1 or Rhg4 but has a major QTL on chromosome 10. PI 567305 has a QTL on chromosome 8 and 18. Both PI have resistance to SCN, rootknot, and reniform. This is a method to deal with loss of resistance in the field to SCN. Currently using a KASP genotyping assay to verify the data. The project is collaborating with MN and AR.

AL: Mi found in cotton, Ma in peanut but not many other species. Plant health improvement with growth regulators (hormones), starter fertilizers and nematocides; prescription combinations (nematicides and starter fertilizers) might be best but do not add too much; Tumeric lines are all susceptible to rootknot nematode; Caternaria fungus found in rootknot, reniform, and cyst greenhouse cultures - able to culture on beef extract agar; fungi seem to infect stressed nematodes rather than vibrant nematodes; cotton yield loss to reniform was 36-57%; Velum did well in controlling reniform damage, on cotton velum not as effective in controlling damage but very cultivar dependent; earthworms will pass viable nematodes

MS: Defense against soil borne pathogens gene discovery is the thrust now. SCN infection linked to specific cell types, interest is in those genes that are expressed in and define the resistant cell, a-SNAP is involved which a secretion gene, looking at 200 genes and level of resistance, looking at gene families now and other families

AR: Rooknot nematode on soybean has become #1 problem, Mi is the common species, moved from cotton monoculture and the use of soybean Group 3 and 4, most cultivars do not have Mi resistance (89% are susceptible) or even frogeye leaf spot resistance, Telone II availability is limited for soybean growers, ILeVo good, Votivo not bad, Luna (Velum) not having an effect, Roundup Ready plants not being used so frequently (lots of roundup resistant pigweed), Liberty Linked is the popular herbicide transgenic now but there is movement to dicamba resistance.

AR: 142 soybean cultivars screened - 5 with resistance to reniform nematode, 216 breeder lines - 22 resistance to reniform nematode, 21 PI with 14 very resistant, doing similar resistant screening since 1994 - 215 PI evaluated and will conduct a meta-analysis; Meloidogyne hispanica identified in 2 sites in agricultural fields, Meloidogyne incognita is the most common species. Have also found Meloidogyne arenaria, hapla, haplanaria, marylandi, and partityla. Meloidogyne partityla also reproduces on nutall oak and overcrup oak.

VA: Host resistance to rootknot is need in tobacco now (growers use rotation and resistance for Globodera) and some lines have resistance (RK2). Brazil and China breeders working to incorporate rootknot resistance into cultivars; Luna, Telone II, AITC (costly), and Magestene (as organic alternative) all showed some nematode control; Nimitz performs sporadically so placement is critical for efficacy.

MI: Meloidogyne hapla and lesion nematodes are common in vegetable fields, plant-parasitic nematodes are most common in agricultural soils. Cover crops for nematode management are desired and being investigated. Nematodes may not be biggest factor in vegetable yield loss.

OR: Nothing to say about Globodera ellingtonia; Meloidogyne chiwoodi on potato can start out low but still reach high levels, threshold is less than .4 nematodes/250 cc soul, Vydate no longer available in sufficient quantity which increases demand for Telone which is in limited supply, metal sodium has environmental concerns, so growers want and need for biological controls, Sudan 79 does not allow Mc reproduction, incorporating biomass reduces Mc with a high rate of sudan 79 the best in reducing, applying biological control products early in the season (Bio Blend, Hyper Galaxy, Melocon) provide some reduction in J2 soil and in eggs on roots, Melocon was the best in reducing egg populations, results are encouraging.

HI: Mint is evaluated as a living mulch for vegetable production, mint is not a host to rootknot or reniform nematodes, the mint did not adversely affect yield of eggplant and added 17% profit; Entomopathogenic nematodes are more common in Hawaii than thought, Oschious is the most common genus.

ID: In potato found Ditylenchus medicargis, a new record for the US; mint survey shows lesion, northern rootknot, pin, and other nematodes, stand loss caused by lesion and verticillium is severe, plants unable to recover after cutting, tested products do not provide control, furrow irrigation exacerbates nematode problems (especially pin nematode); tolerant beet cultivars in conjunction with low levels of Telone II look promising, green manure crops can increase yield; Vapam + vydate or + movento or the new chemistries provide alternatives to address the limited supply of Telone II, BioAct active ingredient is paceliomyces, adding Adsorb or similar products with metam sodium increases its efficacy.

NM: Ditylenchus species genetic variation (18S ITS I & II and 24S) through direct sequencing, some deep sequencing of nematode samples spiked with rootknot and stem nematodes but has required some bioinformatics to analyze; D. dipsaci was found in NM for first time never previously found in alfalfa even; Xeriscape plants susceptible to M. incognita being tested in a high foot traffic microplot test (residents can see the experiment and signs are posted to explain to public); Avid and Nimitz on turf for ring looks very good, now looking for something to manage lesion nematode control; Nimitz for control lesion in pinto beans and for Mi in vineyard grapes.

WA: Effectors and phytohormones, nematode secretions and Jasmonic acid; Interested in Mh265 specific to nematodes and Mi131 has homology to actin, Mh265 looks to be involved in basal defense response by plants, Mi131 profiling domain but why secrete something that binds to actin? Sequesters actin and therefore interferes with cytoskeleton which might be responsible for lack of cytokinesis in giant cells; Mc RMc1(blb) gene to be used to study virulence and avirulence in M. chitwoodi.

CA - Riverside: Carrots, resistance and Meloidogyne; Range of resistance to Mi in carrots from many sources/backgrounds, Galling is the problem so we want to stop galling on the tap root, 4 major and 1 minor chromosome regions/QTL for Mi resistance, Carrot resistance panel set up and tested across rootknot species (11 resistance X 49 nematode isolates of Mi, Mj, Ma, Mh) not finding naturally occurring virulence in Mi populations, need to introduce resistance into commercial cultivars, not as much resistance to Mh found in the panel and the panel shows greater variation existing in Mh; 25 Mi virulent on Mi-1 and Cowpea Rk does not appear to be any cross virulence or cross selection from virulence from tomato to carrot or cowpea to carrot; looking to build profiles of virulence in Mi and it seems like there might be a cross virulence selection but virulence on Mi1 seems to have virulence on Rk

NE: Barcoding for Pratylenchus and Aphelenchoides, navigating database purgatory, east-west transect sample from Kansas to Nebraska and COI gene , first see 6 clades based on COI, also used keys and BLAST, also doing greenhouse reproduction and this shows that all isolates reproduce on corn, soybean, wheat at some level, not everything with COI tree, Blast and keys, sometimes the outputs seem to suggest that there may be errors; Aphelenchoides besseyi on rice - data base contains so much stuff called besseyi that is probably not besseyi, very muddled situation in gene database.

CA - Davis: Snails and movement of plant pathogens could be accidental associations, phoresis, dispersal may occur with pathogens, found a variety of nematodes in snails (free living and plant parasitic), the snails are sampling the environment; Active nematodes were recovered up to 168 hours after consumption, these nematodes are infective after passing through the snail digestive track; snails could serve as a bio-sentinel organism.

CA - Davis: Less diversity within asexual Meloidogyne species than within one sexual Meloidogyne (speakerdeck.com/davelunt); what attacks nematodes to roots - heat stable, hydorphyllic not charged substance, active fraction is about 1000 daltons secondary metabolite; ascaricides can be attractive to males; CRISPR micro-injection into germline in C. elegans, looks to be successful in injecting M. hapla males.

Joint Business Meeting

Approval of 2015 minutes:

S1066 – approved

W318 - approved

W3186:

W3186 Host Russ Ingham meeting in Oregon targeting 1-2 November 2017 (Saad Hafez has offered Boise ID as an alternative if needed).

Brent Sipes will serve as Chair 2017, Ed Caswell-Chen will serve as Vice Chair, Cynthia Gleason will serve as Secretary 2017. Reports to B. Sipes by 18 November 2016.

W3186 will rewrite next year. Updating and perhaps minor tweaking of the existing project is probably what is needed. The new project will must be submitted in January 2018. NIFA emphasized broad categories of existing RFPs (will need to adjust based upon new priorities). The group will correspond with suggestions over email. It is important to articulate the success and impacts of the project in the revision. We will need to have a discussion if we want to modify the objectives. Phil Roberts will start a new draft and circulate for input. The project should be formulated as key impact areas and demonstrate multi state impact.

We will think about having a meeting in Washington DC in 2018 or some time thereafter.

S1066:

S1066 Chair Rick Davis will host the 2017 meeting in North Carolina. Don Dickson will serve as Secretary in 2017 going on to chair and host the meeting in 2018. Please have reports to Travis Faske by 18 November 2016.

Meeting Adjourned at 11:45 am 11 November 2016.

Accomplishments

Objective 1:   Advance the tools for identification of nematode species and characterization of intraspecific variability.   Alabama, (K. Lawrence):  Meloidogyne species identification is important for growers in the state of Alabama, because it helps in the decision of crop rotations.  Depending on what species is present in a root-knot nematode infestation, a year to year crop rotation can be implemented as a means to help with control.  It also helps growers determine if resistant varieties are needed based upon certain root-knot species levels.  Currently, identification of Meloidogyne species for Auburn University is performed via a host-differential test.  The host-differential test is a commonly used method for species identification.  This test can take as long as forty-five to sixty days for successful species determination.  A broader assay is currently in development to expedite the identification time to as quickly as a week.  This process includes morphological measurements as well as the use of molecular techniques to provide an accurate depiction of what species is present.  The molecular technique involves the use of a single Meloidogyne (root-knot) second stage juvenile that is ruptured in a droplet of water, and then added to a PCR mixture.  Primers currently used screen for the following common Meloidogyne species: M. incognita, M. arenaria, M. javanica, M. hapla, M. chitwoodi, and M. enterolobii.  Samples are currently being taken of known root-knot infested fields throughout the state of Alabama for analysis.  M. incognita, or the southern root-knot nematode, has been the most prevalent species found and identified as of this point.  M. arenaria, or peanut root-knot nematode, has also been discovered on peanut fields in the southern part of the state.  Each of these species has been identified via a host-differential test.  For M. incognita, gall formation and nematode egg numbers were present on cotton, pepper, watermelon and tomato, showing the presence of M. incognita race 3.  For the M. arenaria population, galls and nematode eggs were present on tobacco, pepper, watermelon, peanut, and tomato.  This shows that the species present was M. arenaria race 1.  Morphological measurements and features for adult males, females and juveniles were then taken of each of these species populations, and were found to fit the expected ranges for each relative species.  M. incognita has successfully been identified by a PCR technique using the primer set Inc-K14.  M. arenaria has yet to be identified via molecular techniques.  All primers screened so far for M. arenaria have failed to show amplification.  The next steps in this research include continued work on developing a PCR technique for species differentiation, as well as sequencing several genetic regions in both populations to help further differentiate the species.  Going forward, we hope to build a complete diagnostic assay that can positively identify all commonly found species of Meloidogyne as quickly, efficiently, and accurately as possible. Arkansas (R. Robbins):   I worked with soybean researchers from Missouri and Georgia to identify 21 soybean Plant introductions reported to have Soybean Cyst Nematode resistance for reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) reproduction (resistance). Of the 21 PI’s 14 were resistant (PI 407788A, PI 424608A, PI 437654, PI 437690, PI 468915, PI 507354, PI 567230, PI 567305, PI 567336A, PI 567336B, PI 567516C, PI 603445B, PI 612611, PI 658519) to reniform and one (PI 404198B) was moderately resistant. I also tested 223 RIL for reniform reproduction of which 15 were as resistant as resistant checks Hartwig and Anand. During several years (1994 to 2016) I have tested 215 PI lines for reproduction (Resistance) for reniform nematode. Of these 215 tests 127 were different. The remaining lines were tested from 2 to 5 times. The lines tested more than once generally agreed closely in results. Louisiana (McGawley, E.C. and Overstreet, C.):  The three new students in the nematology project at LSU have made progress in attempts to: <ol> <li>To determine whether or not it is possible to develop an abbreviated host assay for differentiating virulence phenotypes of Rotylenchulus reniformis employing selected cultivars of soybean and cotton.</li> <li>To determine whether or not the abbreviated assay can be performed in a laboratory environment using plants grown either in soil-filled polystyrene centrifuge tubes or in a soil-free growth pouch system.</li> <li>To attempt to employ microsatellite marker technology to distinguish among virulence phenotypes of Rotylenchulus reniformis.</li> </ol>  Two full-season microplot experiments were conducted to evaluate the damage potential of a plant parasitic nematode (PPN) community on St. Augustine and centipede turfgrasses grown in different soil types.  Nematode genera associated with both turfgrasses included Criconemella, Helicotylenchus, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Tylenchorynchus and Tylenchus spp. In 2012, nematodes did not cause significant damage to either turfgrass, but soil type exhibited an effect on plant growth parameters.  In 2013, when there was significant nematode-related injury to both turfgrasses, there were no significant effects of soil type on plant growth parameters.  Virginia (J. Eisenback):  Meloidogyne mali from a declining hedge of Manhattan Euonymus (Euonymus kiautschovicus Loes.) growing at a private residence in Harrison, N.Y., was identified for the first time in North America. The roots were disfigured with swellings and galls that contained females of a root-knot nematode. The perineal pattern was rounded, and contained a conspicuous tail terminus flanked by two short lateral ridges that rapidly fade beneath the surface of the cuticle. Additional morphological characters that were consistent with those of M. mali included the shapes of the stylet in all three life-stages, morphology of the male head, and shape of the juvenile tail. Likewise, measurements of second-stage juveniles were comparable to those in the original description. PCR was performed for the D2-D3 region of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene and the sequences were blasted against Genbank for matches. Although there were a few nucleotide differences among this and other isolates of M. mali, the similarity ranged from 96 to 98% and confirms the identity of this population. The apple root-knot nematode has been reported on numerous plant species in Japan, and on elm in Italy and the Netherlands. Meloidogyne mali may have been spread from the Netherlands to Italy on infected elm nursery stock in the breeding program to fight Dutch elm disease (DED). The fungus that causes DED was probably introduced from Asia into Europe and finally to the United States. Likewise, the nematode may have been introduced by the same program. Initial breeding for resistance to DED in the U.S. occurred at two major locations: Madison, Wisconsin and Morristown, N.J. The location of the infestation in Harrison, N.Y. is very close to Morristown. Meloidogyne mali has a very broad host range parasitizing fruit and nut trees, flowering trees, shade trees, woody shrubs, vines, brambles, vegetables, row crops, flowers, weedy plants, and ferns.  Objective 2:  Elucidate molecular and physiological mechanisms of plant-nematode interactions to improve host resistance. Tennessee (Tarek Hewezi, Feng Chen and Reza Hajimorad):  Soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines), injects an array of effector proteins into soybean root cells to establish an extended parasitic relationship with soybean plants. A novel SCN effector protein (HgGLAND18), which is expressed exclusively in the nematode dorsal gland cell during all parasitic stages, was functionally characterized using a number of molecular and genetic approaches, including host-induced RNAi, overexpression, and agroinfiltration assays. We established that this Plasmodium-like virulence effector is vital for SCN parasitism of soybean, and functions in suppressing both basal immune responses and hypersensitive cell death. MicroRNA genes have recently emerged as key regulators of plant responses to infection by cyst nematodes.  A set of soybean miRNA genes was identified as epigenetically regulated by SCN during infection. The functional roles of these miRNA genes in mediating soybean responses to SCN parasitism are being assessed using transgenic hairy root system. Preliminary results points into a critical role of these genes in determining the outcomes of SCN × soybean interactions. The role of a soybean salicylic acid methyl transferase gene (GmSAMT1) in mediating soybean resistance against various SCN races was studied using stable transgenic approach. Several independent transgenic soybean lines overexpressing GmSAMT1 genes were generated and assessed against multiple races of SCN. We found that overexpression of GmSAMT1 confers significant levels of resistance against three SCN HG-types, including HG type 1.2.5.7 (race 2), HG type 0 (race 3), and HG type 2.5.7 (race 5). Interestingly, no statistically significant differences in soybean seed yield between the transgenic soybean lines and the non-transgenic controls were detected under filed conditions. Thus, resistance against various SCN-Hg types can be achieved without compromising seed yield.  Missouri (H. Nguyen): Discovery of new resistance sources:  A diverse set of 106 soybean germplasm, including exotic plant introductions (PIs), breeding lines, and varieties, was sequenced using the next-generation sequence (NGS) technology and was phenotyped for soybean cyst nematode (SCN) resistance. Genome-wide haplotype and structural variation analysis identified 41 lines with more than one copy of resistance genes of the Rhg1 locus and the presence of the Rhg4 locus. Of these, eight lines showed strong SCN resistance with multiple copies of the Rhg1 genes. Three lines did not have any known SCN resistance genes, but showed resistance to multi-SCN races, suggesting that these lines might have novel resistance genes (Qiu et al., in preparation).  In addition, 120 new soybean PIs from the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection with resistance to one or more SCN races were evaluated for other nematodes, e.g. root-knot (RKN) and reniform (RN) nematodes. Among these, 24 accessions showed good resistance to both RKN and RN. Genetic analysis of new sources:  PI 567305 was reported to be highly resistant to multi-nematode species, e.g. SCN, RKN, and RN (Nguyen Lab, unpublished data). Genetic analysis was conducted in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population to identify and map genomic regions for multi-nematode resistance. Two major QTL responsible for resistance to different SCN races were consistently mapped at the same genomic locations on Chrs. 10 (LG O) and 18 (LG G), as previously reported in PI 567516C.  Whole-genome sequencing data and haplotype analysis indicated that these two PIs shared similar genome component in both QTL regions. Fine-mapping and cloning of these QTL are in progress in an effort to pyramid these QTL and the Rhg1 and Rgh4 loci for improving nematode resistance.  In addition to SCN resistance, this PI was also resistant to RKN and RN. Genetic mapping identified and mapped the same major QTL associated with RKN resistance on Chr. 10 (LG O) and Chr. 13 (LG F), as previously reported (Xu et al. 2013). For RN resistance, one major QTL was detected and mapped on Chr. 18 (LG O) as previously reported in PI 567516C. PI 438489B was reported to be highly resistant to multi-SCN races. Genetic analysis confirmed two major loci, Rhg1 and Rhg4, for resistance to multi-SCN races in this accession (Vuong et al. 2011) and three significant QTL for resistance to RKN on Chrs. 8, 10, and 13 (LGs A2, O, and F, respectively) as previously reported (Xu et al. 2013). For the identification of RN resistance, greenhouse phenotyping to evaluate a RIL mapping population was completed. Genetic analysis to map genomic regions associated with RN resistance is underway. Fine-mapping of novel QTL:  An exotic germplasm, PI 567516C, was identified to be highly resistant to multi-races of SCN. Genetic analysis detected and mapped novel quantitative trait loci (QTL) on Chr. 10 (LG O) and Chr. 18 (LG G). The Chr. 18-QTL was genetically distant from the known Rhg1 locus and tentatively designated as the 2ndG QTL (Vuong et al. 2010). Several backcrossing populations were developed to fine-map these QTL regions. More than 2,200 BC4F2 plants were genotyped and phenotyped, allowing to narrow the Chr. 10-QTL region to a 115-kb interval. In addition, 41 BC4F2:3 families were selected and grown in a greenhouse of the University of Missouri for the development of near-isogenic lines (NIL). A subset of NILs were harvested and greenhouse tests to confirm the SCN resistance phenotypes is underway. For the 2ndG QTL, more than 1,000 BC4F2 seeds were grown in a greenhouse. Genotyping was initiated to identify BC4F2:3 families, aiming to the development of NILs and fine-mapping of this QTL region.  Mississippi (G. Lawrence, V. Klink): Identification of a receptor functioning during defense to a parasitic nematode:  Genes that have been shown to be expressed in G. max in a Heterodera glycines-induced feeding structure called a syncytium undergoing a resistant reaction in a have been identified. The identified genes then have been engineered to be expressed in a Glycine max genotype that is normally susceptible to H. glycines. The consequence of the overexpression of these genes was suppressed parasitism. In contrast, parasitism was increased by reducing the expression level of these same genes in a G. max genotype that is normally resistant to H. glycines. The combination of these outcomes indicates that the gene products perform a function in defense.  A developmental genetics approach to demonstrate a conserved genetic apparatus functions in defense to parasitic nematodes:  Genes functioning in membrane fusion were originally identified genetically in the baker’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and are found in all eukaryotes. Components of the membrane fusion unit function in the plant genetic model Arabidopsis thaliana during its defense to shoot pathogens. Regarding defense, little is understood about a root function. Experiments in Glycine max (soybean) have provided an opportunity to perform such studies, revealing that syntaxin 31 and alpha soluble NSF attachment protein (-SNAP) are expressed under natural conditions in root cells undergoing defense to parasitism by the nematode Heterodera glycines. Other genes functioning in membrane dynamics are also expressed, but have no obvious role in root biology or resistance. Presented here, G. max homologs of membrane fusion genes are shown to function in the resistance of G. max to H. glycines. In contrast, other genes functioning in various aspects of vesicle transport do not appear to function in resistance. These experiments point to the specificity of the transgenic approach used in the analysis and the process of resistance itself. Experiments show that the membrane fusion apparatus functions with a number of other genes during the process of resistance.  North Carolina (E. Davis, C. Opperman, D. Bird):  A project was completed in collaboration with Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. to identify a suite of new genes from the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, that encode effector molecules secreted from the nematode during parasitism of soybean roots.  A new method of mild fixation, staining, and isolation of the SCN esophageal gland cells that produce the secreted effectors was used to isolate mRNA and identify 18 new expressed effector genes from SCN.  The function and potential plant host-derived RNA interference (RNAi) silencing of each new SCN effector gene are currently under investigation to identify vulnerable targets to develop novel resistance to nematodes in crop plants. The genome sequence and annotation of the lesion nematode, Pratylenchus coffeae, was completed during this time period by North Carolina researchers.  Of particular interest was the relatively small size of the P. coffeae genome compared to other known nematode genomes, suggesting that P. coffeae has evolved a minimal essential genome to function as a parasite of plants.  The P. coffeae genome contains a number of hydrolytic enzymes common to other plant nematodes and a few other effectors, but does not carry these genes in high number.  The data suggest that P. coffeae may represent an ancient ancestor to modern plant nematodes, or conversely, that P. coffeae has lost many of the genes present in other plant nematode species to reduce to the bare essentials necessary to function as a migratory endoparasitic nematdode. Virginia (J. Eisenback):  The transcriptome of Pratylenchus penetrans generated by Illumina mRNA sequencing analysis has been released and the raw sequencing reads have been deposited at the NCBI under the BioProject ID PRJNA304159. We have validated by qPCR analyses gene expression profiles belonging to the main defense pathways of two economic important plants (soybean and lilies) against P. penetrans using a series of time points. The reference transcriptome assembly generated for P. penetrans is currently undergoing a more detailed analyses for the identification and characterization of parasitism genes of P. penetrans. The predicted transcripts containing a signal peptide and no transmembrane domain were ranked according their normalized expression. This allowed us to look at the highly expressed nematode secreted candidate genes, and to increase the likelihood of identifying genes relevant for parasitism. We selected a set of genes for which there is evidence for expression in planta base on our recent transcriptome analyses and conducted in situ hybridization for a set of 50 genes, and studied their localization within the nematode tissues. We were able to validate and confirm the specific localization of transcripts encoding for orthologues of known parasitism genes from other plant-parasitic nematodes (e.g. cell wall degrading enzymes), as well as new pioneer genes in the esophageal glands of P. penetrans. RNAi interference represents a powerful technique for the analysis of gene function, and has shown promising results in the control of plant pathogens, including plant-parasitic nematodes. We have validated this proof of concept and conducted RNAi experiments against metabolic and parasitism related genes of P. penetrans. Two genes related to locomotion and muscle architecture (Pp-pat-10 and Pp-unc-87), which were highly abundant among the nematode transcripts identified from infected roots, provide significant nematode reduction after plant-mediated RNAi silencing. In addition, other parasitism-related genes involved in different molecular pathways (unpublished data) have been analyzed, with some of them showing a significant reduction of nematodes. After validation the efficiency of overexpression two cystatin genes (OC-I and OC-II), and two Bt genes (Cry5B and Cry6A) against P. penetrans using soybean hairy roots, the reductions on the nematode development reached a only maximum of 15%. Objective 3:  Integrate nematode management agents (NMAs) and cultural tactics with the use of resistant cultivars to develop sustainable crop production systems. Alabama (K. Lawrence):  Heterodera glycines and Rotylenchulus reniformis cultures in our greenhouse have a fungus colonizing the body of the nematodes juveniles. Sporangia form inside the nematodes bodies producing zoospores. We have observed the sporangia forming germination tubes to release the zoospores outside the cuticle of the nematodes. The morphological characteristics indicated that this fungus is a Catenaria spp. The objectives of this study were to determine the best isolation medium, the optimum fungal growth temperature, and define the infection rates on the three nematodes. An individual H. glycines or R. reniformis vermiform nematode colonized with Catenaria spp. was placed on either 4% BEA (Beef Extract Agar), PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar), PCA (Potato Carrot Agar), OA (Oatmeal Agar), or CMA (Corn Meal Agar) and allowed to grow for 7 days and assessed for fungal growth. The results indicated the 4% BEA was the only media that was able to support growth of the Catenaria spp. isolates from either of the nematode genera. Isolates of the Catenaria spp. were transferred to new 4% BEA plates and incubated at temperatures of 10, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°C for 15 days. The optimum growth temperature for the isolates was found to range from 25 to 35°C (P ≤ 0.05). Little to no fungal growth was observed at 10 or 40°C. H. glycines and M. incognita second stage juveniles (J2) and eggs and R. reniformis life stages and eggs, both live and dead were placed in different wells of the 96-well plates. One infective nematode was added to each well to observe the infection rates over a 20-day period. M. incognita infection rates for dead J2 and dead eggs were 100% and 75% respectively, which were significantly higher than live J2 which exhibited an infection rate of 3% (P ≤ 0.05). The infection rate for live M. incognita eggs was 50% with no significant difference from living J2 or dead eggs or J2 nematode colonization. For H. glycines infection rates of the dead J2 were 50% at 20 days. For R. reniformis infection rates of the dead vermiform were 25% at 20 days. No infection was found on the live H. glycines and R. reniformis. Future work will include greenhouse testing to assess the biological control ability of this Catenaria spp. on H. glycines, R. reniformis, and M. incognita. Field trials were conducted in Alabama to test the effects of adding plant hormones, starter fertilizers, and nematicides to Gossypium hirsutum, cultivar Fiber Max 1944 GLB2, in the presence of Meloidogyne incognita. Treatments for the trial included a water control, the nematicides Velum Total or Vydate CLV applied as an in-furrow spray, Ascend (plant growth hormones), Sure-K + Micro 500 (a starter fertilizer blend), and all possible combinations of the nematicides, hormones, and starter fertilizers. At 43 DAP all nematicide treatment combinations significantly reduced nematode populations by more than 70% compared to the untreated control. Overall Velum Total combinations had a larger reduction of nematode populations as compared to other treatments. The 63 DAP sampling period showed a similar trend with all nematicide combinations reducing nematode populations by 20% or greater compared to the untreated control. The Vydate CLV in-furrow spray with the addition of the starter fertilizer blend significantly reduced nematode populations at the second sampling period at 63 DAP. Seed cotton yields varied from 4412 to 5500 lbs. per acre, in the untreated control and the Vydate CLV in-furrow spray respectively. Velum Total and Vydate CLV applied separately as in-furrow sprays both increased seed cotton yield by an average of 1000 lbs. per acre over the control. Arkansas (R. Robbins): In 2016 I tested 142 soybean entries new to the Arkansas Soybean Variety Testing program soybean. Five entries (Armor AR5206C, Dyna-Gro S49XS76, Delta Grow DG4995 RR, Go Soy 49G16, Go Soy 5214GTS) of the 142 were not different than the resistant checks Anand and Hartwig. These five entries may be useful in a cotton-soybean rotation to reduce numbers I tested 216 lines from Southern Soybean Breeders (5 from USDA Jackson TN; 19 from South Carolina (Clemson); 35 from Arkansas; 17 from Missouri; 96 from Southern Illinois; and 44 from Georgia) for resistance to the reniform nematode in soybean breeder lines. Of these 216 lines 19 with RI’s of 1.44 to 3.62 were not different than the resistant checks Anand and Hartwig. The susceptible lines RI’s ranged from 5.22 to 280. The 19 resistant lines may be useful in breeding for reniform resistance.       . Arkansas (Faske, T. R.):  Evaluation of host plant resistance in soybean.  Some 16 MG IV and 18 MG V soybean cultivars were evaluated for susceptibility to southern root-knot nematode in one field trial.  Most of all entries were very susceptible, which had a negative impact on yield.  However, three MG IV entries and four MG V entries were identified to have some level of resistance that was better than the highly susceptible entries.  Because of the lack of resistance in soybean cultivars, producers turn to nematode management agents.  Three field experiments were conducted in soybean and six experiments in cotton to evaluate experimental and commercially available seed treatment nematicides on susceptible and moderately resistant host.  These products included; new biological seed treatments, ILeVO, COPeO, Velum Total, Propulse, and VOTiVO.  Of the seed treatments tested, the commercially available nematicides were similar in efficacy, but did not provide consistent degree of suppression among host or Pi.  One of the commercially available nematicides is fluopyram, a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicide, which was being evaluated as a seed treatment and in-seed-furrow spray for suppression of root-knot nematode.   Due to observations in the field, experiments were conducted in the lab and greenhouse to determine the movement of fluopyram in sandy soil using a nematode bioassay. Fluopyram does affect nematode motility and there appears to be some movement in sandy soil. Tennessee (Tarek Hewezi, Feng Chen and Reza Hajimorad): In search of new viruses of SCN, we performed RNA sequencing on the transcriptomes derived from a mixture of laboratory races 1, 2, 3, 5 eggs and J2s samples while using Illumina MiSeq platform. For eggs and J2s, a total of 24,999,824 (eggs) and 24,989,728 (J2) molecular sequence reads in pairs were obtained. Following all the necessary molecular trimmings and other processing a total of 18,831 and 17,565 contigs for eggs and J2s were obtained, respectively. Analysis of these contigs for the presence of viral sequences is currently under way. To examine possible existence of DNA viruses in SCN, high quality DNA was extracted from the J2 stage of SCN race 3 and utilized for whole genomic DNA sequencing through Illumina HiSeq platform. This resulted in a total of 304,730,696 sequence reads in pair.  Following trimming and mapping to the SCN genome, the non-SCN-like reads were assembled into 195,126 contigs. The classification of the candidate viral genes and their validation is currently underway. To facilitate evaluation of potential pathogenic virus in virus-free nematode population, sugar beet cyst nematode (BCN), closely related to SCN, was also studied by RNA sequencing using transcriptomes derived from eggs and J2s. Following sequencing, nematode sequences were timed and the non-nematode-like sequence reads were assembled into a total of 35,232 and 26,196 contigs for eggs and J2, respectively. To date we have identified one novel virus genome, designated as beet cyst nematode virus-1 (BCNV-1), in these sequence pool. This novel virus was also detected in BCN populations from Iowa and Missouri by RT-PCR as well. Further characterization of this novel virus is currently underway. Louisiana (McGawley, E.C. and C. Overstreet):  A trial was conducted with soybeans to evaluate the influence of soil texture as measured by apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) and the response of the nematicides Telone II at 3 gal/acre, Avicta Complete Soybeans, the combination, and an untreated control. Both reniform and Southern root-knot nematodes were present throughout the field. The field was divided into 5 zones based on ECa-dp and plots were assigned to each of these zones. Zones and the fumigant Telone had a significant effect on soybean yield. The two zones with the lowest values for ECa-dp (19-35 and 35-53 mS/m) showed a significant response with yield to Telone averaging an increase over the control of 20.3 and 11.4 bushels/acre, respectively. There was no yield response from Telone over the control with the three zones that ranged from 53-117 mS/m. Mississippi (G. Lawrence, V. Klink):  Effect of Seed Treatments on Root-Knot Management for Soybean and Cotton (W. Adnan Aljaafri, G.W. Lawrence, V .P. Klink, D. H. Long and K. S. Lawrence). Biological control is being accepted as an alternative to chemicals methods. Experiments were conducted at Mississippi State University to determine the efficacy of potential biological control products for management of the root-knot nematode. Seed applied biological products were received from Albaugh, LLC. Cotton and soybean seeds were treated with nine and seventeen biological compounds, respectively. Seeds were planted in 500 cm3 of a steam sterilized sand: soil mix 10 cm Dia. clay pots and remained for 50 days. Each test included Abamectin and ILeVo as industry standards. Seed applied biological compounds significantly reduced root-knot nematode development on cotton and soybean. Seeds treated with Abamectin, and ALB-EXP5-1+ALB-SAR1 significantly reduced juvenile development and number of eggs produced on cotton. On soybean seeds treated with Abamectin and Bionematicide+thiabendazol+ALB-GG reduced root-knot juvenile development. Abamectin and SAR+Harpin protein+Thiabendazol reduced the number of eggs that developed on soybean roots. Seed applied biological products may have potential in nematode management.  Performance of commercially available Gossypium hirsutum varieties grown in Rotylenchulus reniformis infested soils with and without nematicides. (H. Randall Smith, G.W. Lawrence, R. Harkess, K.S. Lawrence, D.L. Lang, M. Phillips, P. Knight). Reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveira) infests 36% of Mississippi cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) acres promoting economic losses of $130 million annually.  Previously nematodes were managed using Temik 15G at-planting or fumigants, but with label loss of Temik 15G and expense of soil fumigants need arises to develop an integrated nematode management program  which entails understanding which commercial variety exhibit tolerance to R. reniformis since no resistance exists. Little tolerance to R. reniformis has been reported in G. hirsutum varieties, however, studies indicate some varieties perform better than others in R. reniformis infested soils.  Two field and greenhouse studies at Mississippi State University during 2012 indicated all evaluated variety growth parameters improved with a nematicide but some varieties grew and yielded better than others without nematicides.  Early plant growth parameters (plant height, plant height by node, vigor, hypocotyl length) in some varieties were less impacted without nematicide. Tolerance in untreated varieties was further observed in fruit retention during different growth stages especially at fruiting position one.  Untreated varieties did have lower fruit retention promoting harvest maturity loss, further displayed in greater number of nodes above cracked boll, lower percent open boll and greater boll diameter differences.  Some commercial varieties (Stv 5458 B2RF, FM 1740 B2RF and Phy 499 WRF) evaluated showed tolerance.  Greenhouse studies further validated field findings showing R. reniformis population increase related to reduced shoot and root growth with varying performance by variety. Agricultural chemical companies and developmental products currently designed for nematode control in row and vegetable crops. Efficacy studies have been conducted in 2016 with the products listed in Table 1 to determine their effect on nematode infestations of field crops. Many are still in their early developmental stages therefore only numbers or codes are available for some of the listed products.  Table 1. Experimental and Existing Nematicide Products examined in Mississippi by Company, Product and Application Method   <table width="524"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="97"> Company </td> <td width="243"> Product </td> <td width="184"> Application </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97">   </td> <td width="243">   </td> <td width="184">   </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> Albaugh </td> <td width="243"> ALB-304, Chromobacterium sp. ALB-305 Burkholderia sp. </td> <td width="184"> Seed treatment Seed treatment </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> BASF </td> <td width="243"> BAS #1, #2, #3 </td> <td width="184"> Seed Treatments </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> Bayer </td> <td width="243"> Velum Total (Fluopyram + Imidacloprid) </td> <td width="184"> In-furrow spray </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97">   </td> <td width="243"> Aeris seed applied system (Thiodicarb) </td> <td width="184"> Seed treatment </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> </td> <td width="243"> Votivo (Bacillis firmis) </td> <td width="184"> Seed treatment </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> DuPont </td> <td width="243"> Vydate L (Oxamyl) </td> <td width="184"> In-furrow spray </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> </td> <td width="243"> Vydate C-LV (Oxamyl) </td> <td width="184"> Foliar spray </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> </td> <td width="243"> Q8U80 </td> <td width="184"> In-furrow spray or drip </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> Monsanto </td> <td width="243"> Numbers only (1-14) </td> <td width="184"> Seed treatment </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> Marrone </td> <td width="243"> Majestene M304WDG </td> <td width="184"> In-furrow spray In-furrow spray </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> NuFarm </td> <td width="243"> Azadirachtin, Nematox, Senator </td> <td width="184"> Seed treatment </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> </td> <td width="243"> Neem Oil, albendazole, Imidacloprid </td> <td width="184"> Seed treatment </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> Visjon </td> <td width="243"> Exceed (chitosan) </td> <td width="184"> Seed treatment </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   Missouri (H. Nguyen):  Development of genetic markers and genotyping technology. Two new single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were successfully developed and validated for the resistance genes of the Rhg1 locus. These markers coupled with the Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) genotyping technology were able to effectively differentiate copy number variation (CNV) of the resistance genes among soybean genotypes studied. For instance, 8 copies can be detected for lines with PI 88788-type resistance, 3 copies for lines with Peking-type resistance, and 1 copy for lines with susceptibility. For the Rhg4 locus, two new SNP markers were also developed and validated for the resistance gene harbored at this locus. Between these two markers, one SNP was able to differentiate resistant lines with Peking-type Rhg4 from susceptible lines. For a novel QTL on Chr. 10 identified in PI 567516C and PI 567305, one KASP genotyping assay was developed and validated for this region. The development of SNPs and genotyping assays of the second QTL on Chr. 18 in these soybean germplasm are in progress. These SNP markers along with the KASP genotyping assays were routinely utilized for marker-assisted selection to support the North Central Soybean Research Program’s advanced breeding lines and the soybean breeding programs of the University of Missouri (MU), in an effort to accelerate the improved germplasm and variety development. Breeding and germplasm development: In 2015, in collaboration with Dr. Grover Shannon, MU, 97 advanced breeding lines of both conventional (CONV) and roundup ready (RR) soybeans were evaluated for five races of SCN (PA-1, -2, -3, -5, and -14). Of these, 46 lines showed resistance to one or more races and 10 lines showed resistance to four or more races of SCN. These lines were also evaluated for RKN in Dr. Li Lab, University of Georgia, and for RN in Dr. Robbins Lab, University of Arkansas. Of these, 15 lines (MGs E. IV to Mid. V) that performed well in the 2015 Southern Missouri Yield Tests have been entered the 2016 Regional Uniform Tests-Southern States. These tests selected 14 breeding lines with resistance to all three nematode species, SCN, RKN, and RN. In addition to resistance to multi-nematode pests, several breeding lines of CONV or RR soybeans were also evaluated for resistance to frogeye leaf spot (FLS) or tolerance to salinity. Of these, many lines were released as new germplasm/varieties or licensed to a commercial company to sale to mid-south soybean growers. For instance, line S12-3791 and S11-3782 were resistant SCN, RKN and FLS; line S11-9618RR2 was resistant SCN, RKN, FLS, and tolerant to salinity; S11-15857 was resistant to all three nematode species. Three CONV lines, S11-16653, S11-17025, S11-20124, and two RR lines, S11-20195RR1 and S11-20337RR1, were resistant to three nematodes. The new varieties were increased for seeds and are anticipated to be released late 2016 with broad commercialization in 2017. North Carolina (E. Davis, C. Opperman, D. Bird):  The compound spirotetramat (MoventoTM, Bayer CropScience, Inc) was originally developed as an insecticide but has shown activity against nematodes in multiple studies.  Spirotetramat functions as a lip synthesis inhibitor and has two-way systemic movement in plants.  The purified active enol-form of spirotetramat metabolized within plants was shown to arrest the development of Caenorhabditis elegans in lab assays without acute toxicity, but not reduce egg hatch rates of C. elegans, Meloidogyne incognita, or Heterodera glycines at any rate tested.  Applications of Movento at the labeled rate for nematodes to foliage of host plants prior to or at the time of nematode inoculation had minimal affects on development and reproductive rates of M. incognita in tomato or H. glycines in soybean plants.  Significant, but not complete, reduction in M. incognita and H. glycines female development and reproduction were observed with Movento application at 1-2 weeks post-inoculation of plants, consistent with a role of spirotetramat affects in arresting nematode development. North Carolina researchers also investigated the development of new delivery methods of abamectin to target plant nematodes in soil.  Non-viable nanoparticles of the red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) had been developed for delivery of chemicals to various targets, and the delivery of abamectin through the soil root zone was increased through the use of the virus nanoparticles.  A second method of abamectin delivery for root crop seed pieces utilizes impregnation of a unique cellulose matrix with the compound to wrap root pieces (ie. tubers) to protect emerging roots from nematode damage. Texas (T. Wheeler):  There is some concern that populations of Meloidogyne incognita may be developing, that can partially overcome resistance genes in cotton.  In work conducted in nine field trials during 2011 – 2013, partially resistant cultivars (1-gene resistance) significantly reduced root-knot nematode density 70 % relative to a susceptible check cultivar in all fields.  From 2013 to 2016, in 15 field trials, average root-knot nematode density on partially resistant cultivars was reduced by 49% compared to susceptible check cultivars.  The two-gene, root-knot nematode resistant cultivars by Deltapine and Phytogen averaged 14% and 9% (i.e. reduced by 86 to 91%) respectively, root-knot nematode population densities relative to susceptible check cultivars during 2013 - 2016. Three cultivars (Phytogen [PHY] 499WRF {susceptible}, Fibermax [FM] 1944GLB2 (replaced in 2016 by NexGen 3406B2XF {susceptible}), and Stoneville [ST] 4946GLB2 {partially resistant}), were treated with either Velum Total at 14 oz/acre in the furrow at planting, or with Vydate CLV with 17 oz/acre banded, twice at the 3-leaf stage and one week later.  Treatments were evaluated for root galling, root-knot nematode density, and yield.  Velum Total did reduce overall root-knot nematode galls/root in some fields.  Nematicides generally did not affect root-knot nematode density measured in late August.  Vydate CLV did improve yields, even with the partially resistant cultivar, in some cases, and gave a more consistent yield response than did Velum Total.  There is some concern that effectiveness of Velum Total could be highly dependent on good soil moisture conditions (like rainfall or irrigation) soon after planting.  This is continuing to be evaluated.  With declining irrigation pumping capacity in the Southern High Plains, many producers are choosing to plant wheat in the fall after cotton harvest, and then fallow the land the following year after the wheat is harvested.  The effects of this rotation were compared with continuous cotton, when root-knot nematode resistant cultivars and three irrigation rates were also incorporated into the management program.  Between 2013 and 2016, root-knot nematode fall population density was reduced by 49 to 84% for the wheat/cotton rotation compared with continuous cotton, depending on irrigation rate. Cotton yields (2013 – 2015) following the wheat/fallow rotation averaged 40 to 50% higher, depending on irrigation rate, than continuous cotton.  Yield benefits are likely due to both reduction in root-knot nematodes, but also to better soil properties. Virginia (C. Johnson):  Host Resistance: Twenty-one tobacco entries were transplanted into root knot nematode –infested soil in an on-farm nematode resistance experiment near Palmer Springs, VA. Galling on 1 November was lowest on breeding line XHN60 and flue-cured tobacco cultivar CC13. Galling was also significantly lower on XHN65, CC33, CC35, XHN72, XHN73, CC37, XHN67, PVH2275, PVH2310, CC65, XHN71, XHN58, PVH1452, T-15-1-1, NC925, and Coker 371-Gold compared to that on CC1063. Galling was not significantly lower (statistically) on GL395 and NC196 to that on CC1063. However, no resistance to root-knot biotypes other than M. incognita races 1 and 3 is claimed for PVH2310, CC65, PVH1452, NC925, and Coker 371-Gold. A graduate student (Mr. Noah Adamo) also began a doctoral research project in 2016 to investigate resistance in tobacco to other species and races of Meloidogyne. Mr. Adamo’s program will have seek to clarify the resistance and/or tolerance characteristics of T15-1-1 (possessing the Rk2 gene) alone, and in combination with Rk2, to M. arenaria (race 1 and/or 2), M. incognita (race 1 and/or 2 and/or 4), and/or M. javanica; to better understand the mechanism(s) of resistance to root-knot nematodes imparted by Rk2 alone and/or combined with Rk1; to determine the resistance and/or tolerance characteristics of tobacco breeding lines 81%-617A and BAG29-15-3-32-1 to root-knot nematodes; and to establish F5 mapping populations including ~180 families from a cross of susceptible standard cultivar Hicks with T15-1-1 for eventual phenotyping and genotyping. F4 plants are currently being maintained at the Southern Piedmont AREC to advance these families. Cultural Tactics: Preparations were initiate in 2016 for experiments to evaluate use of crops such as sun hemp, pearl millet, sorghum, and Brassica juncea (Caliente 199) as cover crops to reduce population densities of G. t. solanacearum (TCN). A 1 acre field at the Southern Piedmont AREC was planted with a susceptible tobacco cultivar in 2016 to produce uniform initial TCN population densities for a 2017 experiment. Brassica juncea will be seeded during fall 2016 in several high tunnels at the same research station to facilitate future testing as well. 2016 Field Survey: 2004 and 2010 surveys sampled fields in numerous counties and farms within counties to better understand the distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes in tobacco fields in Southside (South Central) Virginia. Our 2016 survey focuses on multiple fields being managed by a smaller number of farmers, aiming to clarify the scale of nematode management factors facing tobacco growers. Samples are still being collected, but as of now 5 farms have been sampled, primarily from Pittsylvania county, but also 1 farm in Halifax county. Twenty-five were sampled from the Halifax county farm, that we already know has Meloidogyne and Globodera populations in some fields.  Four to 8 fields were also sampled from each of 4 other farms in Pittsylvania county. Nematode Management Agent (NMA) Evaluation:  Root-Knot Nematodes: Although galling was observed at the end of the 2016 growing season, initial population densities of Meloidogyne spp. were very low in a 2016 on-farm root-knot nematode resistance test. Pre-treatment populations of Pratylenchus were observed in a minority of experimental units, as well as ectoparasitic species such as stunt and spiral nematodes. Nematode control was evaluated after transplant water application of 17.7 fl oz/A of Velum Total; transplant water use of 6.6 fl oz/A Luna Privilege alone or followed by 6.4 fl oz of Luna Privilege/A at layby (~ 4 weeks later); pre-plant incorporation of 1.9 pt/A Nimitz as a 12” band centered over where the transplanting furrow would be; and application of Majestene at 0.9 or 1.9 gal/A as a transplant water treatment followed by over-the-top incorporated sprays at the first cultivation (~2 weeks after transplanting) and at layby, in comparison to a non-treated control and application of 30.5 fl oz Vydate C-LV/A in the transplant water and at the first cultivation.  Data was collected on nematode population densities, plant growth, root galling, and final fresh weight of leaves. No differences were observed among treatments in subjective ratings of vigor and uniformity (0-5) on 22 June or 7 July; in root galling on 8 July and 1 November; in plant height or number of leaves on 8 July; or in leaf fresh weight on 8 July or 5 October. Tobacco Cyst Nematode (TCN - Globodera tabacum solanacearum):  Initial TCN population densities were high, averaging over 12,000 eggs/500 cm3 of soil, and large numbers of TCN juveniles were observed in plant roots ~6 weeks after transplanting. Juvenile numbers in tobacco roots at that time were lowest where Luna Privilege (fluopyram), Telone II (1,3-dichloropropene), Velum Total (fluopyram + imidacloprid), IRF 266 (66% allyl isothiocyanate + 33% chloropicrin) or high rates of Majestene (heat-killed Burkholderia spp. strain A396 cells and spent fermentation media) had been applied. Leaf fresh weight ~6 weeks after transplanting was significantly higher than in the untreated control plots where 20 gal/A of IRF 266, 17 fl.oz./A of Velum Total, 10 gal/A of Telone II, 2.8 or 3.7 pt/A of Nimitz (fluensulfone), or two applications of 6-7 fl.oz./A Luna Privilege had been applied. Plant vigor ratings (0-5) 55 days after transplanting were significantly higher for most treatments compared to the untreated control, but were highest for 20 gal/A and 8 gal/A of IRF 266, 10 gal/A of Telone II, two applications of 6-7 fl.oz./A of Luna Privilege or 8-10 fl.oz./A of Velum Total, or a single transplant water application of 17 fl.oz./A of Velum Total. The percentage of plants topped within 75 days of transplanting was highest (and greater than in the untreated control) for 10 gal/A of Telone II, 12-20 gal/A of IRF 266, Velum Total applied at 17 fl.oz./A at transplanting or applied at 8 fl.oz./A at transplanting and again at 10 fl.oz./A at the last cultivation (layby).

Publications

Journal Articles: Bhandari, B., G. O. Myers, M. O. Indest, and C. Overstreet. 2015. Response of five resistant cotton genotypes to isolates of Rotylenchulus reniformis collected from reniform infested fields in Louisiana. Nematropica 45:252-262. Bird, D. M., Jones, J. T., Opperman, C. H., Kikuchi, T., & Danchin, E. G. 2015. Signatures of adaptation to plant parasitism in nematode genomes. Parasitology 142:S71-S84. Burke, M., Scholl, E. H., Bird, D. M., Schaff, J. E., Coleman, S., Crowell, R., Diener, S., Gordon, O., Graham, S., Wang, X., Windham, E., Wright, G. & Opperman, C. H.  2015. The plant parasite Pratylenchus coffeae carries a minimal nematode genome. Nematology 17:621-637. Cao, J., Guenther, R. H., Sit, T. L., Lommel, S. A., Opperman, C. H., & Willoughby, J. A. 2015.  Development of abamectin loaded lignocellulosic matrices for the controlled release of nematicide for crop protection. Cellulose doi :10.1007/s10570-015-0817-6. Cao, J., Guenther, R. H., Sit, T. L., Lommel, S. A., Opperman, C. H., & Willoughby, J. A. 2015. Development of abamectin loaded plant virus nanoparticles for efficacious plant parasitic nematode control. Small 10(24):5126-5136. J.D. Eisenback, L. S. Graney, and P. Vieira. 2016. First report of the apple root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne mali, in North America found parasitizing Euonymus in New York. Plant Disease 100(9): November 2016. Kadam S, Vuong TD, Qiu D, Meinhardt C, Wang J, Li Z, Shannon JG, and Nguyen HT . 2016. Genomic-assisted phylogenetic analysis and marker development for next generation soybean cyst nematode resistance breeding. Plant Sci. 242: 342–350. Khanal, C., A. L. Szalanski, and R. T. Robbins. 2016.  First report of Meloidogyne partityla parasitizing pecan in Arkansas and confirmation of Quercus stellate as a host. Nematropica 46:1-7. Kim KS, D. Qiu, T.D. Vuong, R.T. Robbins, J.G. Shannon, Z. Li, H.T. Nguyen. 2016. Advancements in breeding, genetics, and genomics for resistance to three nematode species in soybean. Theor. Appl. Genet. DOI 10.1007/s00122-016-2816. Klink VP. 2016. Plastic embedding tissue for laser microdissection-assisted developmental genomics analyses at single cell resolution. Medical Research Archives 4:1-12. Land, C. J., K. S. Lawrence, and M. Newman. 2016. First Report of Verticillium dahliae on Cotton in Alabama. Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849. Plant Dis. 100:1, 2016; published online as <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-15-1143-PDN">http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-15-1143-PDN</a>. Lee JD, Kim HJ, Robbins RT, Wrather JA, Bond J, Nguyen HT, and Shannon JG. 2015. Reaction of Soybean Cyst Nematode Resistant Plant Introductions to Root-Knot and Reniform Nematodes. Plant Breed. Biotech. 3(4):346–354. Lin J, Mazarei M, Zhao N, Hatcher CN, Wuddineh WA, Rudis M, Tschaplinski TJ, Pantalone VR, Arelli PR, Hewezi T, Chen F, Stewart CN Jr (2016). Transgenic soybean overexpressing GmSAMT1 exhibits resistance to multiple-HG types of soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 14: 2100-2109. Noon, J.B., Hewezi, T.A.F., Maier, T.R., Simmons, C., Wei, J.Z., Wu, Gusui, Llaca, V., Deschamps, S., Davis, E., Mitchum, M., Hussey, R.S., Baum, T.J. 2015. Eighteen new candidate effectors of the phytonematode Heterodera glycines produced specifically in the secretory esophageal gland cells during parasitism. Phytopathology 105-1362-1372. Noon JB, Qi M, Sill DN, Muppirala U, Eves-van den Akker S, Maier TR, Dobbs D, Mitchum MG, Hewezi T, Baum TJ (2016). A Plasmodium-like virulence effector of the soybean cyst nematode suppresses plant innate immunity. New Phytologist, 212: 444-460. Pant SR, McNeece BT, Sharma K, Nirula PM, Burson HE, Lawrence GW, Klink VP. 2016a. The heterologous expression of a Glycine max homolog of NONEXPRESSOR OF PR1 (NPR1) and a-hydroxynitrile glucosidase suppresses parasitism by the root pathogen Meloidogyne incognita in Gossypium hirsutum. Journal of Plant Interactions 11:41-52 Paulo Vieira, Kathryn Kamo, and Jonathan D. Eisenback. 2016. Plant-mediated silencing of a fatty acid- and retinoid-binding Pp-far-1 gene can reduce Pratylenchus penetrans propagation. Plant Pathology Plaisance, A. R., E. C. McGawley, and C. Overstreet. 2015. Influence of plant-parasitic nematodes on growth of St. Augustine and centipede turfgrass. Nematropica 45:288-296. Pollok, J.A., C.S. Johnson, J.D. Eisenback, and T.D. Reed. 2016. Reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita race 3 on flue-cured tobacco homozygous for Rk1 and/or Rk2 resistance genes. Journal of Nematology 48(2):79-86. Pollok, Jill R., Charles S. Johnson, J. D. Eisenback, and T. David Reed. 2016. Reproduction of M. incognita race 3 on flue-cured tobacco homozygous for Rk1 and/or Rk2 resistance genes. Journal of Nematology. Sharma K, Pant SR, McNeece BT, Nirula PM, Burson HE, Lawrence GW, Klink VP. 2016b.  Co-regulation of the Glycine max soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptor (SNARE)-containing regulon occurs during defense to a root pathogen. Journal of Plant Interactions 11:74-93. Szitenberg, A., Cha, S., Opperman, C.H., Bird, D.M., Blaxter, M., and Lunt, D.H. 2015.  Purifying selection and drift, not life history or RNAi, determine transposable element evolution. BioRxiv doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/034884. Vang, L.E., Opperman, C.H., Schwarz, M.R., Davis, E.L. 2016. Spirotetramat causes an arrest of nematode juvenile development. Nematology 18:121-131. Vieira, Paulo, Joseph Mowery, James Kilcrease, Jonathan Eisenback and Kathyrn Kamo. 2016. Histological characterization of Lilium longiflorum cv. 'Nellie White' infection with root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans. Journal of Nematology Vuong, T.D., H. Sonah, R. Deshmukh, S. Kadam, C.G. Meinhardt, R. Nelson, J.G. Shannon, and H.T. Nguyen. 2015. Genetic architecture of cyst nematode resistance revealed by genome-wide association study in soybean. BMC Genomics (16) 593-604. Whitham SA, Qi M, Innes RW, Ma W, Lopes-Caitar V, Hewezi T (2016). Molecular soybean-    pathogen interactions. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 54:443-468.     Xiang, Ni and K. S. Lawrence. 2016. Optimization of In Vitro Techniques for Distinguishing between Live and Dead Second Stage Juveniles of Heterodera glycines and Meloidogyne incognita. PLOS ONE: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154818 Book Chapter: Faske, T. R.  2016. Root-Knot Nematode.  Pp. 95-96 in D. Mueller, K. Wise, A Sisson, D. Smith, E. Sikora C. Bradley and A. Robinson. A Farmer’s Guide to Soybean Diseases.  S. Paul: APS Press Published Abstracts: Eisenback, J. D.  2016. Making megapixel mosaic micrographs of microscopic nematodes. Society of Invertebrate Pathology. July 24-28. Tours, France Eisenback, J. D. 2016.  Morphological and molecular techniques for the diagnosis of nematodes.  National Plant Disease Diagnostic Network 4th Annual Meeting. March 7-11. Washington, D.C.         Eisenback, J. D. 2016. Project Nematoda: a collection of all original descriptions of nematodes. Society of Nematologists, July 17-21. Montreal, Canada Gill Giese, Ciro Velasco-Cruz, Lucas Roberts, and Jon Eisenback. 2016. Ten years of complete vineyard floor cover crops: Effects on nematode populatons and vegetative parameters of Cabernet Sauvignon. American Society of Enology and Viticulture, July 18-21. St. Louis, MO Godoy, F.M.C., C. Overstreet, E.C. McGawley, D. M. Xavier and M.T Kularathna. 2016. A survey of Aphelenchoides besseyi on rice in Louisiana. Proceedings of the joint meeting of the Society of Nematologists and the Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America. Abstract. p. 92. Johnson, C.S. 2016. Potential new nematode management agents for tobacco production in Virginia. Joint Meeting of the Society of Nematologists and the Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America, Montreal, Canada. July 17, 2016. Johnson, C.S. 2016. Managing tobacco nematodes using isothiocyanate products. CORESTA Congress, Berlin, Germany. October 10, 2016. Khanal, C., E. C. McGawley and C. Overstreet. Assessment of geographic isolates of endemic populations of Rotylenchulus reniformis against selected cotton germplasm lines. Proceedings of the joint meeting of the Society of Nematologists and the Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America. Abstract. p. 115. Kularathna, M. T., C. Overstreet, E.C. McGawley, D. M. Xavier and F. M. C. Godoy. 2016. Impact of Fumigation on soybean varieties against Rotylenchulus reniformis. Proceedings of the joint meeting of the Society of Nematologists and the Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America. Abstract. p. 121. Xavier-Mis, D., F. M. C. Godoy, C. Overstreet and E.C. McGawley. 2016. Susceptibility of grain sorghum cultivars to Meloidogyne incognita isolates from Louisiana. Proceedings of the joint meeting of the Society of Nematologists and the Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America. Abstract. p. 195.  Ma, Xinyuan, P. Agudelo, E. Bernard, C.M. Holguin and R.T. Robbins. 2016. Hoplolaimus Smokyi  N. SP. (Hoplolaimidae), A Lance Nematode from the Great Smoky Mountains. 2016. Program and Abstracts, 55th Annual Meeting of the Society  of Nematologists, Montreal Canada.  McGawley, E.C., C. Overstreet and A. M. Skantar. 2016. Enhanced awareness of nematology: educational materials, extension activities and social media. 2016. Proceedings of the joint meeting of the Society of Nematologists and the Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America. Abstract. p. 135. McInnes, B., M. M. T. Kularathna, E.C. McGawley and C. Overstreet. 2016. Evaluation of endemic populations of Rotylenchulus reniformis within Louisiana on soybean genotypes with known levels of resistance to soybean cyst nematode. Proceedings of the joint meeting of the Society of Nematologists and the Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America. Abstract. p. 136.  Paulo Vieira, J. Mowery, J. Kilcrease, J. D. Eisenback, and K. Kamo. 2016. Cytologivcal changes of Easter lilly (Lillium longiflorum) upon root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans) infection. USDA-ARS Poster Day, Belstville, Md., June 4, 2016. Paulo Vieira, Joseph Mowery, James Kilcrease, Jonathan D. Eisenback and Kathryn Kamo. 2016. Histological characterization of Lilium longiflorum infection by Pratylenchus penetrans, using bright- field and transmission electron microscopy. European Society of Nematologists, Aug. 28-Sept.1, Braga, Portugal. Paulo Vieira, Sarah Wantoch, J. D. Eisenback, and Kathryn Kamo. 2016. Identification of nematode target genes for root lesion nematode control.  USDA-ARS Poster Day, Belstville, Md., June 4, 2016. Paulo Vieira, T. Maier, I. A. Zasada, T. Baum, K. Kamo, and J. D. Eisenback.  2016. Data mining of the root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans) transcriptome for identification of candidate effector genes. Society of Nematologists, Montreal, Canada July 18-21. Paulo Vieira, Thomas Maier, Inga A. Zasada, Thomas Baum, Kathryn Kamo and Jonathan D. Eisenback. 2016. Identification of parasitism-related genes in Pratylenchus penetrans. European Society of Nematologists, Aug. 28-Sept.1, Braga, Portugal. Proceedings:  Allen, T. W., Bradley, C. A., Damicone, J. P., Dufault, N. S., Faske, T. R., Hollier, C. A., Isakeit, T., Kemerait, R. C., Kleczewski, N. M., Koenning, S. R., Mehl, H. L., Mueller, J. D., Overstreet, C., Price, P. P., Sikora, E. J., Spurlock, T.N., and Young, H. 2016.  Southern United States Soybean Disease Loss Estimates for 2015.  Proceedings of the Southern Soybean Disease Workers Annual Meeting; March 9-10; Pensacola, FL. Pp. 11-16.  Burns, D., and C. Overstreet. 2016. On farm evaluation of nematode resistant cotton varieties. Proceedings of the 2016 Beltwide Cotton Conference; 5-7 January, 2016; New Orleans, LA. National Cotton Council, Cordova, TN. Pp. 806-810.  Dodge, D., and K. Lawrence. 2016. Combination effect of commercial starter fertilizers, plant hormones and nematicides on soybean growth and pest management of Meloidogyne incognita. Proceedings of the 2016 Beltwide Conference Vol. 1: 577-580. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. Eisenback, J.D. and P. Vieira. 2016. IMP Lab Innovation report on surveys of vegetables and rice nematodes in Cambodia. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA Groover, W., and K. Lawrence. 2016. Diagnostic identification of Meloidogyne species to expedite pathogen detection in row crops. Proceedings of the 2016 Beltwide Conference Vol. 1: 574-576. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. Haygood, R., C. Overstreet, J. Woodard, T. Spurlock, and M. Lovelace. 2016. Advances in precision placement of Telone II soil fumigant for management of nematodes. Proceedings of the 2016 Beltwide Cotton Conference; 5-7 January, 2016; New Orleans, LA. National Cotton Council, Cordova, TN. Pp. 123-125. Lawrence, K., A. Hagan, M. Olsen, T. Faske, R. Hutmacher, J. Mueller, D. Wright, R. Kemerait, C. Overstreet, P. Price, G. Lawrence, T. Allen, S. Atwell, S. Thomas, N. Goldberg, K. Edmisten, R. Bowman, H. Young, J. Woodward,and H. Mehl. 2016. Cotton disease loss estimate committee report, 2015. Proceedings of the 2016 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 113-115. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. Lawrence, K., G. Lawrence, T. Faske, R. Kemerait, C. Overstreet, T. Wheeler, H. Young, and H. Mehl. 2016. Beltwide nematode research and education committee 2015 nematode research report cotton varietal and nematicide responses in nematode soils. Proceedings of the 2016 Beltwide Conference Vol 1: 737-740. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. Luangkhot, J, and K. Lawrence. 2016. Growth hormone and starter fertilizer effects on root-knot population suppression and cotton yield enhancement when combined with Velum total or Vydate CLV. Proceedings of the 2016 Beltwide Conference Vol 1: 719-727. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. Robbins, R. T., P. Chen, G. Shannon, S. Kantartzi, Z. Li, T. Faske, J. Vellie, L. Jackson, E. Gbur, and D. Dombek. 2016. Reniform nematode reproduction on soybean cultivars and breeding lines in 2015, Proceeding of the 2016 Beltwide Cotton Conferences, New Orleans Pg 131-143. Rothrock, C., S. Winters, T. W. Allen, J. D. Barham, A. B. Beach, M. B. Bayles, P. D. Colyer, H. M. Kelly, R. C. Kemerait, G. W. Lawrence, K. Lawrence, H. L. Mehl, P. Price, and J. Woodward. 2016. Report of the cottonseed treatment committee for 2015. Proceedings of the 2016 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 117-122. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. Rothrock, C., T. Allen, H. Kelly, R. Kemerait, G. Lawrence, K. Lawrence, H. Mehl, R. Norton, P. Price, and J. Woodward. 2016. Impact of seedling diseases and Pre-emergence herbicides on cotton stand establishment and plant development. Proceedings of the 2016 Beltwide Conference Vol 1: 741-742. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. Smith, H. R., G. W. Lawrence, R. L. Harkess, K. S. Lawrence, D. J. Lang, J. M. Phillips, and P. R. Knight. 2016. Effects of nematicide seed treatments with and without foliar applications of Vydate-CLV on the growth and development of G. hirsutum grown in R. reniformis infested soils. Proceedings of the 2016 Beltwide Conference Vol 1: 781-797. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. Smith, H. R., G. W. Lawrence, R. L. Harkess, K. S. Lawrence, D. J. Lang, J. M. Phillips, and P. R. Knight. 2016. Performance of commercial G. hirsutum varieties grown in R. reniformis infested soils with and without nematicides. Proceedings of the 2016 Beltwide Conference Vol 1: 743-761. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. Till, S., K. Lawrence, K. Glass, and D. Schrimsher. 2016. Evaluation of cotton cultivars in the presence and absence of reniform nematode and the efficacy of Velum total. Proceedings of the 2016 Beltwide Conference Vol 1: 590-592. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. Xiang, N., K. Lawrence, J. Kloepper, and J. McInroy. 2016. 2015 studies of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for biological control of Meloidogyne incognita on cotton. Proceedings of the 2016 Beltwide Conference Vol 1: 586-589. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. Plant Disease Management Reports: Darnell, L., and C.S. Johnson. 2016. Evaluation of nematicides for control of tobacco cyst nematodes in Virginia, 2014. Plant Disease Management Reports 10:N005 Darnell, L., and C.S. Johnson. 2016. Evaluation of nematicides for control of tobacco cyst nematodes in Virginia, 2015. Plant Disease Management Reports 10:N004. Dodge, D., and K. S. Lawrence. 2016. Nematicide and fungicide efficacy and yield comparison for management of root-knot nematode on soybean Alabama, 2015. Report No. 10:N008 Dodge, D., and K. S. Lawrence. 2016. Soybean variety yield comparison with and without Velum Total for management of root-knot nematode Alabama, 2015. Report No. 10:N007. Faske, T. R., Emerson, M. and Hurd, K. 2016. Evaluation of cotton cultivars and nematicides for management of reniform nematode in Arkansas, 2014. PDMR 10: N013. Faske, T. R., Emerson, M. and Hurd, K. 2016. Evaluation of cotton cultivars and nematicides for management of root-knot nematode in Arkansas, 2015. PDMR 10: N014. Hurd, K., Faske, T. R., and M. Emerson 2016. Efficacy of Velum Total to manage root-knot nematode on cotton in Arkansas, 2015. PDMR 10: N021. Hurd, K., Faske, T. R., and M. Emerson 2016. Evaluation of Velum Total and COPeO to manage root-knot nematode on cotton in Arkansas, 2015. PDMR 10: N020. Hurd, K., Faske, T. R., and M. Emerson 2016. Evaluation of ILeVO at three rates for suppression of root-knot nematode in a greenhouse trial in Arkansas, 2015.PDMR 10: N016 Lawrence, K. S., C. J. Land, N. Xiang, J. Luangkhot, and C. Norris. 2016. Cotton variety and nematicide combinations for reniform management in north Alabama, 2015. Report No. 10:N010. Lawrence, K. S., C. J. Land, N. Xiang, J. Luangkhot, and C. Norris. 2016. Velum Total in-furrow spray applications for reniform management in north Alabama, 2015. Report No. 10:N011. Lawrence, K. S., C. J. Land, N. Xiang, J. Luangkhot, and C. Norris. 2016. Vydate CLV in-furrow spray applications for reniform management in north Alabama, 2015. Report No. 10:N012. Lawrence, K. S., C. J. Land, N. Xiang, J. Luangkhot, and C. Norris. 2016. Fungicide combination evaluations for cotton seedling disease management in north Alabama, 2015. Report No. 10:FC012. Lawrence, K. S., C. J. Land, N. Xiang, and J. Luangkhot. 2016. Cotton variety and nematicide combinations for root-knot nematode management in Alabama, 2015. Report No. 10:FC133. Luangkhot, J., and K. S. Lawrence. 2016. In-furrow sprays on cotton to manage Southern root-knot nematode in Alabama, 2015. Report No. 10:N002. Luangkhot, J., and K. S. Lawrence. 2016. Reniform nematode management utilizing variety selection with and without seed treatments in Alabama, 2015. Report No. 10:N001. Till, S. R., and K. S. Lawrence. 2016. Fungicide seed treatments for control of Rhizoctonia solani in upland cotton in Alabama, 2015. Report No. 10:FC013. Xiang, N., and K.S. Lawrence. 2016. Evaluation of the experimental compounds for the control of soybean SDS in North Alabama, 2015. Report No. 10:FC104. Xiang, N., and K.S. Lawrence. 2016. Evaluation of the experimental compounds for the control of soybean SDS in central Alabama, 2015. Report No. 10:FC105. Xiang, N., and K.S. Lawrence. 2016. Evaluation of the experimental compounds for soybean seedling disease management in North Alabama, 2015. Report No. 10:FC103.

Impact Statements

In the absence of practical and economic cultural practices or resistant cultivars to control plant parasitic nematodes, tobacco farmers must apply a soil fumigant or a high rate of a carbamate insecticide. Development of additional and more resistant cultivars will enable growers to improve farm safety by reducing use of these highly toxic materials, as well as increase the environmental sustainability of their farming operations by lowering their introduction of these compounds into the environment.

Date of Annual Report: 07/30/2019

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 11/14/2017 - 11/15/2017
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2016 - 09/30/2017

Participants

Don Dickson
University of FL
dwd@ufl.edu

Paula Agudelo
Clemson University
pagudel@clemson.edu

Ron Lacewell
Texas A&M
r-lacewell@tamu.edu

Chuck Johnson
Virginia Tech
spcdis@vt.edu

Weimin Ye
NCDA
Weimin.Ye@ncagr.gov

Ken Barker
NCSU
kbarker8@nc.rr.com

Rick Davis
NCSU
eric_davis@ncsu.edu

Lindsey Thiessen
NCSU
ldthiess@ncsu.edu

Dave Bird
NCSU
david_bird@ncsu.edu

Steve Koenning
NCSU
stephen_koenning@ncsu.edu

Jon Eisenback
Virginia Tech
jon@vt.edu

Wei Li
Clemson
wli5@g.clemson.edu

Samara A. Oliveira
Clemson
solivei@clemson.edu

Harriet Boatwright
Clemson
hboatwr@g.clemson.edu

Abolfazl Hajihassani
University of Georgia
abolfazl.hajihassani@uga.edu

Zane Grabau
University of FL
zgrabau@ufl.edu

Robert Robbins
University of Arkansas
rrobbin@uark.edu

Charles Overstreet
LSU Ag Center
coverstreet@agcenter.lsu.edu

William Rutter
USD-ARS Charleston
william.rutter@ars.usda.gov

Casey Ruark
NCSU
clruark@ncsu.edu

Juliet Wilkes
Clemson
jfultz@clemson.edu

Mariola Klepadlo
University of Missouri
klepadlom@missouri.edu

Hugh Moye
Auburn
hhm0005@auburn.edu

Will Groover
Auburn
wlg0011@auburn.edu

Kathy Lawrence
Auburn
lawrekk@auburn.edu

Brief Summary of Minutes

Project No. and Title – S-1066: Development of sustainable crop production practices for integrated management of plant=pathogenic nematodes

Period Covered: 10/01/2016 to 09/30/17

Participants:

Guest:

Groover, Will, (AL); Klepadlo, Mariola, (MO); Ye, Weimin (NC); Thiessen, Lindsey (NC); Ruark, Casey (NC); Rutter, Will (ARS-USDA, SC); Li, Wei & Wilkes, Juliet (SC).

12 November – Arrival and informal dinner.

13 November – Meeting held at the North Carolina Department of Agricultural Facility.

Welcoming comments and meeting called to order by Rick Davis, chairperson and host.

W. Dickson appointed secretary.

Introductions of members and guests – S-1066 is comprised of 23 members representing 17 states.

Administrator Ron Lacewell updated group on budgeting items from US Congress, and discussed information regarding future funding for grants especially related to sustainable agricultural and multidisciplinary projects.

Reports presented by committee members from SC, VA, NC, and AL.

Tour of the NC Department of Agricultural Nematode Assay Laboratory by Weimin Ye.

14 November – Reports continued to be presented by committee members from MO, FL, LA, and AR.

Business Meeting.

Approval of 2016 Minutes. Florida selected to host the 2018 S-1066 annual meeting. D. W. Dickson appointed chairperson and local arrangement host for 2018. In state location and date to be determined.

Meeting adjourned at noon.

Accomplishments

Objective 1:   Advance the tools for identification of nematode species and characterization of intraspecific variability. Alabama (K. Lawrence). Species identification of Meloidogyne spp. (root-knot nematode, RKN) is an important tool to offer growers in the state of Alabama because it is beneficial for planning and implementing a crop rotation to reduce the impact of these yield-limiting nematodes. The goal of this project was to evaluate multiple species identification techniques and determine the best combination of methods for implementing a practical and efficient assay for RKN species identification. To do this, three different techniques were evaluated for their ability to quickly and accurately identify RKN species. The techniques used in this study were morphological measurements, differential-host test, and molecular analysis. Each of these techniques was used on multiple RKN populations, starting with a known M. incognita race 3 population. This greenhouse population was previously identified via the differential-host test. Initial results showed a confirmation of species with the differential-host test and PCR amplification, but morphological measurements of juveniles did not distinguish our test population from M. arenaria and M. javanica. Soil and root samples were then collected from throughout Alabama for RKN species identification. Overall, 75 samples from 14 counties in Alabama were collected from grower fields for species analysis. Crops sampled during collection included cotton, soybean, corn, peanut, sweet potato, squash, pepper, kiwi, turmeric, and turf. Both molecular analysis (PCR) and the differential-host test were used for species identification. Primers used for PCR include those that identify commonly found RKN species: M. incognita, M. arenaria, M. javanica, M. hapla, M. fallax, M. chitwoodi, and M. enterolobii. Of these samples, 73 were identified as M. incognita (97%), and two were identified as M. arenaria (3%). These species were identified through the differential-host test and PCR using primer sets IncK-14F/IncK-14R (M. incognita) and Far/Rar (M. arenaria). Overall, M. incognita is the most prevalent species of root-knot nematode that has been found on cropping systems in Alabama during this project. Arkansas (R. Robbins).  In working with soybean breeders from Missouri I tested 214 soybean Plant Introductions reported to have a high level of Soybean Cyst Nematode (SCN) resistance and 204 with reported moderate SCN for resistance to the reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis). These tests for reproduction were conducted in the greenhouse using our standard Arkansas reniform culture. In two tests, at different times, of those with a high level of resistance to SCN I found 44 PI’s of both tests (times) to have resistance to reniform nematodes and an additional 8 in the second test when compared to the resistant check “Hartwig.”  For 204 PI’s with reported moderate resistance I found 5 PI’s with reniform reproduction not different than “Hartwig.” Cooperators in Missouri are working to find correlation with my PI’s reproduction data with phenotypic data. Correlation of reproduction and phenotypes could be useful in identifying soybean lines with resistance to both SCN and reniform nematodes.  I tested 12 species of Oaks as hosts of the Pecan Root-Knot nematode (Meloidogyne partityla). Of the 12 two (Cork and Pin oak) produced galls and egg masses, while Holly, Tabor, and burr Oaks produced galls only. English Walnut (Juglans regia) also produced galls and egg masses. South Carolina (P. Agudelo).  We continued to collect and study intra- and interspecific variability of lance nematodes.  We described a new Hoplolaimus species from the Smoky Mountains.  We sequenced the mitochondrial genome of for two lance nematode species to provide references for comparative genomics, speciation, and phylogeography studies.  Virgina. (C. Johnson and J. Eisenback).  A new species of root-knot nematodes is currently being described parasitizing yellow and purple nut-sedge in New Mexico. The female is very small and the neck is offset from the tail terminus which protrudes from the posterior end. A complete description using light and scanning electron microscopes and molecular characteristics is currently underway. A re-description of Meloidogyne kikuyensis has shown that this nematode is a putative primitive species.  It has just 7 large chromosomes, unlike that majority of species in the genus that have numerous small chromosomes. Also, molecular characters support the idea that it is a basal species within the genus.  The plant-host parasite has shown that the nodule-like galls are of unique origin and are very similar to that of nodules produced by nitrogen fixing bacteria. Objective 2:  Elucidate molecular and physiological mechanisms of plant-nematode interactions to improve host resistance. Mississippi (G. Lawrence and V. Klink).  A harpin elicitor induces the expression of a coiled-coil nucleotide binding leucine rich repeat (CC-NB-LRR) defense signaling gene and others functioning during defense to parasitic nematodes. The bacterial effector harpin induces the transcription of the Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) NON-RACE SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE 1/HARPIN INDUCED1 (NDR1/HIN1) coiled-coil nucleotide binding leucine rich repeat (CC-NB-LRR) defense signaling gene. In Glycine max (soybean), Gm-NDR1-1 transcripts have been detected within root cells undergoing a natural resistant reaction to parasitism by the syncytium-forming nematode Heterodera glycines, (soybean cyst nematode [SCN]) functioning in the defense response. Expressing Gm-NDR1-1 in Gossypium hirsutum (cotton) leads to resistance to Meloidogyne incognita (root knot nematode [RKN]) parasitism. In experiments presented here, the heterologous expression of Gm-NDR1-1 in G. hirsutum impairs Rotylenchulus reniformis (reniform nematode) parasitism. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that Gm-NDR1-1 expression functions broadly in generating a defense response. To examine a possible relationship with harpin, G. max plants topically treated with harpin result in induction of the transcription of Gm-NDR1-1. The result indicates the topical treatment of plants with harpin, itself, may lead to impaired nematode parasitism. Topical harpin treatments are shown to impair G. max parasitism by H. glycines, M. incognita and R. reniformis and G. hirsutum parasitism by M. incognita and R. reniformis. How harpin could function in defense has been examined in experiments showing it also induces transcription of G. max homologs of the proven defense genes ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1), TGA2, galactinol synthase, reticuline oxidase, xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase, alpha soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (-SNAP) and serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT). In contrast, other defense genes are not directly transcriptionally activated by harpin. The results indicate harpin induces pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) defense processes in the root, activating defense to parasitic nematodes. RNA has been isolated from Glycine max (soybean) root cells undergoing the process of defense to Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode). The RNA has been used in gene expression analyses. The procedure has led to the identification of candidate resistance genes. A gene testing platform has been developed to functionally test these genes. The procedure has examined hundreds of genes with some functioning effectively in defense. The analysis has demonstrated the importance of various cellular processes to defense and has identified genes that previously had no known role in defense.  A functional developmental genomics screen is identifying genes functioning within cells that function in plant to a root pathogen.  RNA has been isolated from Glycine max (soybean) root cells undergoing the process of defense to a root pathogen. The RNA has been used in gene expression analyses, leading to the identification of candidate resistance genes. A gene testing platform has been developed to functionally test these genes with the aim of determining if the genes function during the process of defense. The procedure has examined hundreds of genes with some functioning effectively in defense. The analysis has demonstrated the importance of various cellular processes to defense and has identified genes that previously had no known role in defense. Missouri (H. Nguyen and M. Klepadlo).  Discovery of new resistance sources.  Since 2008, 584 soybean plant introductions (PIs) with maturity group (MG) 000-II were screened against SCN race 2 and 3, and 636 PIs with MG III-V were screened against SCN race 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 14. A subset of 76 PIs were selected and classified under Peking-type, PI 88788-type and potential new resistance subgroups, and proceeded with screening against SRKN and RN. Among 76 PIs, 56 and 12 of them were resistant to two and three nematode species.  Over 1,000 soybean germplasm, including exotic plant introductions (PIs), breeding lines, and varieties, were sequenced using the next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology and will provide a fundamental tool in genome mining. In addition, a new reference southern soybean genome ‘Lee’ will be available to public in the end of 2018. Genome-wide haplotype clustering and structural variation analysis are routinely used for identification of nematode resistance genes and corresponding molecular markers for diagnostic use. Genetic analysis of new sources. Two major QTL responsible for resistance to different SCN races were consistently mapped at the same genomic locations on Chrs. 10 (LG O) and 18 (LG G), as previously reported in PI 567516C and PI 567305.These PIs are also highly resistant to other nematode species: SRKN and RN. Genetic analyses were conducted in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations to identify and map genomic regions for multi-nematode resistance. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data and haplotype analysis indicated that these two PIs shared similar genome component in both QTL regions. PI 438489B was reported to be highly resistant to multi-SCN races, SRKN and RN. Genetic analysis confirmed two major loci, rhg1 (Peking-type) and Rhg4 for resistance to SCN and three QTL for resistance to RKN on Chrs. 8, 10, and 13. Identification of RN resistance was done in collaboration with Dr. Robbins. Two linkage maps were used using Universal Soybean Linkage Panel and Whole Genome Sequencing technology. Three QTL were detected on Chr. 18, 11 and 3. Candidate genes are going through extensive haplotype and phylogenetic analyses and final candidate genes will be tested with CRISPR-Cas9 system to confirm their functions.  Fine-mapping of novel QTL. Two novel SCN QTL, Chr. 10 (LG O, locus O) and Chr. 18 (LG G, Locus 2G), detected in PI 567516C are the target for fine-mapping and cloning. Backcrossing populations were developed to fine-map these QTL regions. For locus O, more than 1,000 BC4F2 plants were genotyped. Seven BC4F2:4 NILs were developed in the target region and are undergoing SCN phenotyping. The QTL on Chr. 18 was genetically distant from the known rhg1 locus and tentatively designated as the 2G QTL. For locus 2G, 12 BC4F2:4 NILs were developed and screened with multiple SCN races. Fine-mapping of these loci will continue in 2018.   North Carolina (E. Davis).  Five viruses [ScNV, ScPV, ScRV, ScTV, and SbCNV-5] previously found to infect SCN greenhouse populations in Illinois were also detected by RT-PCR within SCN from 43 greenhouse cultures and 25 field populations from North Carolina (NC) and Missouri (MO). Viral titers within SCN greenhouse cultures were similar throughout juvenile development, and the presence of viral anti-genomic RNAs within egg, second-stage juvenile (J2), and pooled J3 and J4 stages suggests active viral replication within the nematode. Viruses were found at similar or lower levels within field populations of SCN compared to greenhouse cultures of NC populations. Five greenhouse cultures [LY1, LY2, MM2, TN7, and TN22] harbored all five known viruses whereas in most populations a mixture of fewer viruses was detected. In contrast, three greenhouse cultures [MM21, MM23, MM24] of similar descent to one another did not possess any detectable viruses and primarily differed in location of the cultures (NC versus MO). Viruses ScNV, ScPV, and ScTV were also detected in Heterodera trifolii (clover cyst) and viruses ScPV and ScRV were detected in a greenhouse population of Heterodera schachtii (beet cyst), but none of the five SCN viruses were detected in other cyst, root-knot, or reniform nematode populations tested. The viruses were not detected within soybean host plant tissue.  Constitutive expression of the Hs25A01 cDNA under the control of the 35S promoter in Arabidopsis plants caused a small increase in root length accompanied by a 35% increase in susceptibility to H. schachtii. A plant-expressed RNAi construct targeting Hs25A01 transcripts in invading nematodes significantly reduced host susceptibility to H. schachtii.  These data document that Hs25A01 has physiological functions in planta and is conducive to cyst nematode parasitism.  To broaden SCN resistance breeding resources and to mitigate nematode damage, we used Glycine soja, a wild soybean progenitor that shows much higher genetic diversity than cultivated soybean, to identify resistant accessions and to dissect the genetic basis of resistance to HG 2.5.7. A total of 235 G. soja accessions were evaluated; 43 were found to be resistant to SCN HG 2.5.7 (female index < 30) and could be considered exotic and novel SCN-resistant resources. We further conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of HG 2.5.7 resistance with an association panel containing 235 wild soybean accessions using 41,087 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A total of 10 SNPs distributed on chromosome 18 and chromosome 19 were found to be significantly associated with SCN HG 2.5.7 resistance. South Carolina (P. Agudelo).  We have focused on reniform nematode infection in cotton and soybean roots.  To document plant responses, we set up a split-root growth system to collect tissues from infected and uninfected portions of the same root system.  A 12-day time course of histology and gene expression of infected roots were generated.  Histological observations recorded the developmental process of the permanent feeding structure, and we investigated the effect of reniform nematode parasitism on lateral root formation.  Nematode infection resulted in significantly higher branching complexity in cotton roots and alters hormone-associated gene expression.  Monoclonal antibodies were used to investigate potential modifications of cell wall components in infected cotton roots. Tennessee (Tarek Hewezi, Feng Chen and Reza Hajimorad).  Recent studies report on key regulatory role of microRNA (miRNA) genes in regulating plant responses to cyst nematode infection. We generated whole-genome DNA methylation map at single-base resolution during the compatible interaction between soybean (Williams 82) and the soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines). We investigated DNA methylation changes occurring in the promoter (2 kb upstream of the primary miRNA sequence) of all known soybean miRNA genes. We identified 28 miRNAs that are significantly (q value < 0.01) differentially methylated (methylation difference ≥ 25%). Differential DNA methylation was found mainly in the CG and CHG sequence contexts. Also we found that DNA hypomethylation (loss of methylation) in miRNA promoters occurs to a much higher level than hypermethylation (gain of methylation). We predicted target genes of these differentially methylated miRNAs using computational tools. Many of the predicted targets are among the confirmed miRNA targets in publically available degradome datasets. Interestingly, several of these target genes have been previously identified as syncytium differentially expressed genes, pointing into a role of DNA methylation, as a key epigenetic mark, in controlling the regulatory function of miRNAs during soybean response to SCN infection. We further investigated the function of one of these miRNAs using soybean transgenic hairy root system.  The primary transcript sequence of this miRNA was cloned in a binary vector and overexpressed in soybean cultivar Williams 82. The transgenic hairy roots were selected using GFP reporter. Transgenic hairy roots expressing only GFP were used as negative control. qPCR analysis confirmed the increased expression of the mature miRNA. The transgenic hairy root plants were arranged in three replicates each with 5 plants to determine plant susceptibility to SCN (race 3) in a greenhouse experiment. SCN infection assay showed a significant (P value < 0.001) increase (~200%) in nematode susceptibility of the hairy roots overexpressing the miRNA gene relative to the control plants expressing GFP only. Together, these data indicate that DNA methylation contribute to the regulatory function of miRNA genes during soybean × SCN interaction.  A number of putative soybean defense genes against SCN, including a salicylate acid methyltransferase gene (SAMT), a jasmonic acid methyltransferase gene (JAMT) and several terpene synthase genes (TPS), have been identified. The role of SAMT and a TPS gene in SCN resistance have been evaluated and validated using molecular biology, biochemistry and transgenic approaches. Some TPS genes of other biological sources have been characterized, which may be used as molecular tools for improving SCN-resistance of soybean. Virgina. (C. Johnson and J. Eisenback).  Next generation sequencing datasets of Pratylenchus penetrans were combined spatially and temporally to resolve candidate genes selected for the discovery of a panel of effector genes for this species. The spatial expression of the transcripts of 22 candidate effector genes within the esophageal glands were revealed by in situ hybridization. They were chosen from more than 100 genes identified from the nematode. These comprised homologues of known effectors of other plant-parasitic nematodes with diverse putative functions, as well as eight novel pioneer effectors specific to this nematode. They were combined in situ for localization of effectors with available genomic data to identify a non-coding motif that are enriched promoter regions of a subset of P. penetrans effectors. Using RT-qPCR analyses, a select subset of candidate effectors was shown to be actively expressed during the early steps of plant infection These results provide the most comprehensive panel of effector genes found for P. penetrans. Considering the damage caused by this nematode, valuable data to elucidate the basis of pathogenicity offers useful tactic to provide potential specific target effector genes to control this important pathogen. Objective 3:  Integrate nematode management agents (NMAs) and cultural tactics with the use of resistant cultivars to develop sustainable crop production systems. Alabama (K. Lawrence).  An increased attention has been placed on biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes using various fungi and bacteria. In our study we evaluated the potential of 662 plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains for mortality to Meloidogyne incognita J2 in vitro.  Results indicated that the mortality of M. incognita J2 by the PGPR strains ranged from 0 to 100% with an average of 39%. Among the PGPR strains examined, 212 of 662 strains (or 33%) caused significantly greater mortality percent of M. incognita J2 than the untreated control. Bacillus was the bacterial genus most often inducing mortality when compared with the other genera. In subsequent greenhouse trials trials, B. velezensis strain Bve2 reduced M. incognita eggs per gram of cotton root in similarly to the commercial standards Abamectin and Clothianidin plus B. firmus I-1582. Bacillus mojavensis strain Bmo3, B. velezensis strain Bve2, B. subtilis subsp. subtilis strain Bsssu3, and the Mixture 2 (Abamectin + Bve2 + B. altitudinis strain Bal13) suppressed M. incognita eggs per gram of root in the microplot trials. Bacillus velezensis strains Bve2 and Bve12 also increased seed-cotton yield in the microplot and field trials. Overall, results indicate that B. velezensis strains Bve2 and Bve12, B. mojavensis strain Bmo3, and Mixture 2 (Abamectin + Bve2 + B. altitudinis strain Bal13) have potential to reduce M. incognita population density and to enhance growth of cotton when applied as in-furrow sprays at planting. Common turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), a spice crop native to India, used for the yellow color in products ranging from foods to pharmaceuticals. The medicinal plant is in early stages of evaluation as niche crop for Alabama and afresh market demand of turmeric is rising in local farmers markets. IN 2015, turmeric plants grown on the campus of Auburn University, exhibited small galls on root systems. Symptoms appeared throughout all eight selections of Curcuma longa grown at Auburn University. Plants in early summer exhibited symptoms including chlorosis, stunting, and marginal leaf necrosis. Symptomatic plants were collected and root systems exhibited numerous galls, typical of Meloidogyne infection. Nematode eggs were extracted from root systems and enumerated. Eggs were hatched to the second juvenile stage (J2) for species identification. Individual juveniles (1-10 per sample) were picked out of the population.  Each juvenile was then smashed into several pieces by a 100 µL pipette tip via the smashing method and immediately used for PCR (Harris and Powers, 1993).  The J2 DNA was amplified via PCR using primers IncK-14F and IncK-14R that are specific for amplification of M. incognita (Randig et al., 2002).  Primers specific for M. arenaria (Far/Rar), M. javanica (Fjav/Rjav), M. hapla (JMV1/JMV hapla), and M. enterolobi (Me-F/Me-R) were also used, but failed to amplify any of the unknown nematode DNA (Randig et. al. 2002; Zijlstra et. al. 2000).  PCR was run on unknown samples as well as a positive control sample of M. incognita DNA obtained from the greenhouse stock cultures that have previously been identified as M. incognita by this research group (Groover and Lawrence, 2016).  Approximately 45-50 J2’s were tested with each primer set, and the IncK-14F/IncK-14R primer set amplified about 30 as M. incognita, giving an amplification rate around 65%.  The amplified PCR product was then run on a 1% agarose gel and a 400 base pair fragment was observed under a UV light, confirming the population to be M. incognita (Randig et. al. 2002).  M. incognita-inoculated turmeric selections exhibited reduced average plant height, shoot fresh weight, and root fresh weight with the measurements being 26% to 50%of those of the control. Final nematode population densities on ranged from 19 to 4703 eggs per gram of root of the turmeric selections. Reproductive factor (RF), defined as the final nematode population density divided by the initial inoculum density, was calculated to be as low as 0.6 up to 4.1. Most turmeric selections were susceptible to M. incognita, however selection CL2, was somewhat resistant to the nematode as its RF value was less than 1. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. incognita infecting Curcuma longa in the United States. Because M. incognita has been recorded in 46 out of Alabama’s 67 counties, potential growers of turmeric should consider nematode management and variety selection as an important step to successful turmeric production in the state of Alabama. Arkansas (T. Faske).  During the 2017 cropping season my program evaluated 48 soybean cultivars for susceptibility to the southern root-knot nematode, which is the most important plant-parasitic nematode that affects soybean production in the mid-South, including Arkansas.  This provides some information on cultivar selection in fields with a high population density of root-knot nematodes.  My program also evaluated several of the new seed-applied nematicides such as AVEO, Nemastrike, BioST, and ILeVO, and in-furrow applied nematicides like AgLogic, and Salibro in soybean.  Similarly in cotton we evaluated seed-applied nematicides like Nemastrike, COPeO, and BioST and in-furrow applied nematicides like Velum Total and AgLogic. Summary of these trials will be reported as plant disease management reports or used to at winter extension meetings and in-service trainings. Arkansas (R. Robbins).  I tested 66 soybean breeder’s lines for reniform nematode resistance; 10 lines from Arkansas, 10 form Clemson, 16 form Georgia, and 20 from Missouri. Of these 66 lines two each from Clemson and Georgia, ten of Missouri, and none from Arkansas did not reproduce more than the resistant check “Hartwig” and may be useful in breeding for reniform nematode resistance in commercial lines. Florida (D. Dickson).  Tifguard, which was released as a peanut cultivar resistant to root-knot nematode and tomato spotted wilt virus in 2007, was found to be heavily infected by Meloidogyne arenaria in several production fields in Florida in 2012. The goal of this project was to determine why the cultivar that was reported to be highly resistant succumbed to root-knot nematode infection. The objectives were to assess the resistance of three different sources of Tifguard seeds; to determine the vertical population densities and seasonal population changes of M. arenaria on resistant and susceptible peanut; to determine the effects of high soil temperature on the resistance in Tifguard, and to evaluate the yield of Tifguard, isogenic Tifguard and Georgia-06G treated vs. nontreated with 1,3-dichloropropene. In three M. arenaria infested field sites a comparison of Tifguard seed obtained from three sources showed that 3, 30, and 40% of plants that were infected by the nematode were negative for the nematode resistance gene. Comparison of vertical population densities of M. arenaria on Georgia-06G in two different soil types showed that greater numbers occurred in the upper 60 cm of soil during the growing season in a Candler sand, whereas in a Norfolk loamy sand greater densities were found only in the top 45 cm. The seasonal distribution of J2 in the soil followed similar trends in the two locations, with a peak occurring during late summer and early fall at harvest. Number of J2 dropped following harvest and reached a density less than 10 J2/200 cm3 of soil in February. The population densities of M. arenaria on Georgia-06G at all depths were much greater in Norfolk loamy sand than that in the Candler sand. Tifguard reduced the nematode population to less than 20 and 70 in the Candler sand and the Norfolk loamy sand, respectively over the experimental periods. Comparison of nematode numbers from different developmental stages at different temperatures demonstrated that the high soil temperature increased nematode infection rate and accelerated nematode development in Georgia-06G. No further development of J2 occurred in Tifguard roots at 28 or 31 ℃, however at 34 ℃ a few J3-J4, females, egg laying females, and males of M. arenaria were observed. Florida (Z. Grabau).  Investigated use of conventional and alternative crop rotations for reniform nematode management.  Investigated integration of nematicide application with crop rotation for nematode management.  Investigated impacts on agricultural management practices on soil ecology based on free-living nematodes  Louisiana (C. Overstreet and E. McGawley).  Experiments were conducted at the Northeast Research Station to evaluate the effectiveness of site-specific application of nematicides on soybean in a field that had variable soil texture and was infested with both Southern root-knot and reniform nematodes. The field was divided into soil zones based on apparent electrical conductivity (ECa). Zones 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 had ranges of ECa-deep values of 20.2-33.7, 33.7-49.4, 49.4-67.0, 67.0-84.6, and 84.6-118.0 mS/m, respectively. Treatments included the nematicide Telone at 3 gallons/acre, Avicta Complete Bean as a seed treatment, the combination of the two nematicides together, and an untreated control. Each treatment was replicated 40 times to ensure occurrence in all the soil zones.  The fumigant significantly reduced population levels of reniform nematode in zone 1 and numerically in zones 2 and 3 at planting. Root-knot populations were very low in all plots at the time of planting. The Avicta Complete Bean did not significantly impact populations of the nematode or yield and data was combined between Telone treated or not treated. Reniform populations at harvest were 38,462 and 26,697 per 500 cc of soil for the untreated in zones 1 and 2, respectively which was significantly less than the Telone treatments of 11,590 and 14,053. Southern root-knot populations in the untreated were significantly higher in zones 2, 3, 4, and 5 than the Telone treatment. Soybean yield was significantly higher in zones 1 and 3 with the application of Telone and numerically in all the others. However, the differences in yield were insignificant (2 bushels per acre) in zones 4 and 5. This test indicated that management zones could be established in soybean that reflected more of the soil influence on nematicide response than simply populations of the nematode. A second experiment was conducted that was similar to the first one that used two different varieties that were treated or not treated with the fumigant Telone at 3 gallons/acre preplant. Asgrow 54X6 variety is susceptible to both Southern root-knot and reniform nematode and Armor 53D04 has some resistance against Southern root-knot and none against reniform nematode. This site was divided into three zones based on ECa-deep values that ranged from 18.2-42.8, 42.8-71.8, and 71.8-118.0 mS/m, respectively for zones 1, 2, and 3. Populations of reniform nematode were significantly reduced in 53D04 untreated from treated averaging 5111 and 690 vermiform life stages of reniform nematode per 500 cc of soil, respectively. Telone numerically reduced populations of reniform nematode of both varieties in all zones. Populations of reniform nematode were significantly higher on the untreated on AG54X6 in zone 2 and 53D04 had higher population in the untreated in zones 1 and 2. No differences were observed with treated or untreated with either variety in zone 3. Root-knot nematode populations were significantly higher compared to the treated with AG54X6 in zones 1 and 2. Populations of root-knot remained low across soil zones and treatments with 53D04. Soybean yield of AG54X6 was not impacted by fumigation across soil zones. The variety 52D04 did show a significant response to the fumigant in zone 1 of 4.2 bushels per acre but not in the other two zones. This study indicates that variety selection may also be important in development of management zones for nematodes in soybean.  Grain sorghum is considered to be an acceptable rotation crop to manage Southern root-knot nematode in many states. Experiments were established to determine if grain sorghum varieties would be impacted by Southern root-knot nematode and the impact on population development of the nematode for succeeding crops. In test one, three sorghum varieties (83P17, NK6638, and REV9782) were selected that had various levels of resistance against Southern root-knot nematode and determined to be very susceptible, moderately susceptible, and moderately resistant, respectively. Each of these varieties was treated with or without Telone II at 3 gallons per acre preplant. Although populations of Southern root-knot nematode were low at the time of planting, Telone significantly reduced the nematode in NK6638. Final populations of Southern root-knot nematode were much higher after harvest and averaged 512, 352, and 256 juveniles per 500 cc of soil for 83P17, NK6638, and REV9782, respectively. The fumigant was very effective and resulted in no root-knot juveniles in the soil in any of the varieties. The fumigant did not significantly improve yield in any of the varieties. Sorghum yields were low and averaged 80, 88, and 76 bushels per acre for 83P17, NK6638, and REV9782, respectively. A second sorghum trial evaluated five varieties that were very susceptible or moderately susceptible to Southern root-knot nematode for the influence of the fumigant Telone and impact of population development at harvest. The fumigant either significantly reduced or numerically decreased populations on all varieties. Two varieties had very high populations of root-knot nematode at harvest in the untreated averaging 2560 and 1568 juveniles per 500 cc of soil for 83P99 (very susceptible) and DkS51-01 (moderately susceptible). These population levels would be considered to be very damaging to susceptible crops that would be planted in rotation with sorghum. Yields were similar between treated and untreated for each variety. Yields were also high for 83P99 which would make it a variety more likely to be planted by producers and more likely to cause problems to the next crop. Differences in population development and pathogenicity in isolates of reniform nematode have been reported from different states. Experiments were conducted to evaluate soybean responses to indigenous isolates of the reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) in Louisiana. Microplot and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the comparative reproduction and pathogenicity of single egg-mass populations of R. reniformis isolated from West Carroll (WC), Rapides, Tensas and Morehouse (MOR) parishes of Louisiana. Data from full-season microplot trials displayed significant differences in reproduction and pathogenicity of the nematode with the commercial soybean cultivars REV 56R63, Pioneer P54T94R, and Dyna-Gro 39RY57. Significantly low population density was observed in the isolate from the MOR parish compared to that of the least reproducing WC isolate. The MOR isolate was also the most pathogenic and resulted in significantly less soybean plant and pod weights compared to the control. In 60 day greenhouse trials, susceptible cultivar Progeny P4930LL and the resistant germplasm lines PI 90763 and PI 548316 were added together with the same cultivars used in the microplot trials.  Similar to the microplot trials, the MOR isolate had the least level of reproduction compared to that of WC and presented the greatest level of pathogenicity. In both microplot and greenhouse trials, the soybean cultivar REV 56R63 had a significant reduction in reniform numbers compared to cultivars Pioneer P54T94R and Dyna-Gro 39RY57. A similar study was conducted to evaluate indigenous populations of reniform nematode on cotton. Comparative reproduction and pathogenicity of reniform nematode populations derived from single-egg mass and collected form West Carroll (WC), Rapides (RAP), Morehouse (MOR), and Tensas (TEN) parishes were evaluated on cotton in full-season (150 days) microplot, and 60-day greenhouse trials. Data from microplot trials showed significant differences among isolates of reniform nematode in both reproduction and pathogenicity on upland cotton cultivars Phytogen 499 WRF, Deltapine 1133 B2RF, and Phytogen 333 WRF. Across all cotton cultivars, MOR and RAP isolate had the greatest and the least reproduction value of 331.8 and 230.2, respectively. Reduction in plant dry weight, number of bolls, seed cotton weight, and lint weight was the greatest and the least for MOR and RAP isolate, respectively. The reproduction and pathogenicity of WC and TEN isolate was intermediate. In the greenhouse experiment, reproduction of MOR and RAP isolate across all cotton genotypes (three cultivars used in microplot experiment, one susceptible cultivar Stoneville 4947, and two germplasm lines MT2468 Ren3, and M713 Ren5) was the greatest (reproduction value 10.7) and the least (reproduction value 7.9), respectively. Although reproductions of reniform nematode were lower in the germplasm lines than the cultivars, the germplasm lines sustained greater plant weight loss. The variability in reproduction and pathogenicity among endemic populations of reniform nematode in both the microplot and greenhouse experiments adds further support to the hypothesis that virulence phenotypes of R. reniformis exist. Experiments were established to develop a short during test to detect variability among isolates of cotton and soybean using root-associated life stages. Isolates of the nematode from eight cotton-producing parishes focused solely on reproduction of the root-associated infective and swollen female life stages with and without attached egg masses on the cotton genotypes MT2468 Ren 3, M713 Ren 5, and Stoneville 4946 and the soybean genotypes PI 548316, PI 90763, and Progeny 4930LL.  Data from greenhouse-based, 30-d-duration tests showed significant differences in life stage totals per root system among the eight isolates. Data from subsequent greenhouse studies with isolates of the nematode from West Carroll (WC), Morehouse (MOR), Rapides (RAP), and East Carroll (EC) parishes showed that on cotton there were significantly greater numbers of females with egg masses and total life stages on roots for the isolate from WC than for the other 3 isolates. Subsequent laboratory tests with durations of 14-21 days employed the same isolates previously described. Soybean and cotton plants were grown either in steam-sterilized soil or in soilless Cyg germination pouches. Overall, genotypes of cotton were better able to distinguish populations of the nematode on roots than were the genotypes of soybean. After 14 days for both cotton and soybean, the greatest numbers of infective and swollen females and root totals were observed with the WC isolate of the nematode. After 21 days, numbers of swollen females with egg masses and root totals for cotton were significantly greater for the WC isolate than for the other isolates. Germination pouches showed that, on tomato, the WC and RAP isolates had greater numbers of swollen females and total root stages than the other two isolates. Total egg mass contents, the sum of the numbers of eggs and hatched juveniles, were greatest for the WC isolate of the nematode and averaged 30 per egg mass. White tip disease of rice caused by Aphelenchoides besseyi has been considered a minor pest of rice during the past 50 years in the United States. Recently this nematode has been found in a number of quarantine samples in Louisiana and Arkansas. Objectives of this research were to determine incidence of this nematode in commercial seed sold to producers in Louisiana and to determine the host status of major cultivars currently produced in the state. During 2015-2016, a total of 286 seed samples representing 3 medium grain, 18 long grain, and 4 long grain hybrid cultivars were examined for A. besseyi. The nematode was detected in 12% of the samples and the highest incidence occurred on long grain hybrids with 30% of the 63 samples infested. Nineteen-week-duration greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate reproduction of the nematode and pathogenicity to three medium, three long grains, and three long grain hybrid rice cultivars currently popular in Louisiana. Reproductive values of 11.9 and 2.9 were obtained for medium grain cultivar Jupiter and long hybrid XL 753, respectively. Grain weights of Jupiter, CL 111 and XL 753 plants inoculated with A. besseyi were significantly reduced below those of non-inoculated controls. There were significant reductions in plant height for all cultivars, except the long grain cultivar CL 152. Weights of Jupiter, CL 111, CL 152, XL 745 and XL 753 plants were reduced significantly when inoculated with A. besseyi. Germination and seedling growth studies conducted in the laboratory and greenhouse indicated that A. besseyi had a negative effect of 27% on percentage of seeds germinating of medium grain Jupiter. However, the nematode had a significant negative impact of 0.64 in average on the rate of germination for all cultivars except the medium grain Caffey. Minnesota (S. Chen).  In 2017, a total of 93 private and public soybean cultivars were assayed for their resistance to SCN HG Type 7 (race 3) in the greenhouse. A number of soybean germplasm lines, most of which were in MG 000-II, were retested for their resistance to SCN race 1 and/or race 14.  Soybean breeding lines with PI 567615C source of resistance were evaluated for their resistance to SCN populations in the greenhouse, and a few of them were tested for yield in fields.  A total of 119 pennycress germplasm lines in the UMN breeding program were evaluated for their resistance to SCN.  None of the pennycress lines are highly resistant to the nematode. Biological seed treatments for Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines) management. One strategy for H. glycines management is with biological control. A test was conducted in the greenhouse at Mississippi State University to determine the efficacy of selected biological products. Treatments included seeds treated with ALB EXP Bacteria 1, 2, & 3, Burkholderia sp. alone and in combination with Bacterial metabolite, Saponin, and Harpin, a standard Abamectin and an untreated control. All seeds were treated by Albaugh, LLC. The study included effects on plant growth and nematode life stage development. Seeds were placed in 2.54 cm depressions in a steam sterilized sand: soil mix in 10 cm dia clay pots. H. glycines, 2500 eggs, was added on top of the seed for each treatment. The test was arranged in a RCB with 5 replications and ran for 60 days. At harvest, no negative effects were recorded from any treatment on soybean growth.  Seed treatments significantly reduced eggs and cysts of H. glycines compared with the untreated control. Seed treatments were similar in efficacy to the standard, Abamectin. H. glycines J2 numbers were significantly lower in the seed treatments compared with the control except in treatments ALB EXP Bacteria 1 and 2.  When two systemic acquired resistant products were added to Burkholderia sp., both cyst and egg numbers were lower compared to Burkholderia alone. Future research will focus on stacking different modes of action to enhance nematicidal activity. Mississippi (G. Lawrence and V. Klink).  Agricultural chemical companies and developmental products currently designed for nematode control in row and vegetable crops. Efficacy studies have been conducted in 2017 with the products listed in Table 1 to determine their effect on nematode infestations of field crops. Many are still in their early developmental stages therefore only numbers or codes are available for some of the listed products. Table 1. Experimental and Existing Nematicide Products examined in Mississippi by Company, Product and Application Method. <table width="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="97"> Company </td> <td width="243"> Product </td> <td width="184"> Application </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97">   </td> <td width="243">   </td> <td width="184">   </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> Adama </td> <td width="243"> EW, BR2 , 250CS </td> <td width="184"> Seed treatments </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> Albaugh </td> <td width="243"> ALB-304, Chromobacterium sp. ALB-305 Burkholderia sp. </td> <td width="184"> Seed treatment Seed treatment </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97">  Bayer </td> <td width="243"> Velum Total (Fluopyram + Imidacloprid) </td> <td width="184"> In-furrow spray </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97">   </td> <td width="243"> Aeris seed applied system (Thiodicarb) </td> <td width="184"> Seed treatment </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97">   </td> <td width="243"> Votivo (Bacillis firmis) </td> <td width="184"> Seed treatment </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> DuPont </td> <td width="243"> Vydate L (Oxamyl) </td> <td width="184"> In-furrow spray </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97">   </td> <td width="243"> Vydate C-LV (Oxamyl) </td> <td width="184"> Foliar spray </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97">   </td> <td width="243"> Q8U80 -Salibro </td> <td width="184"> In-furrow spray or drip </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> Helena </td> <td width="243"> HM-1798, 1799, 17100 </td> <td width="184"> Seed treatment </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> Monsanto </td> <td width="243"> Numbers only (1-6) </td> <td width="184"> Seed treatment </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> Marrone </td> <td width="243"> Majestene </td> <td width="184"> In-furrow spray </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> NuFarm </td> <td width="243"> Azadirachtin, Nematox, Senator </td> <td width="184"> Seed treatment </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> </td> <td width="243"> Neem Oil, albendazole, Imidacloprid </td> <td width="184"> Seed treatment </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97">   </td> <td width="243">   </td> <td width="184">   </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> </td> <td width="243"> </td> <td width="184"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   Missouri (H. Nguyen and M. Klepadlo).  Development of markers and genotyping assays.  For diagnostic purposes we use rhg1-2 and rhg1-5 SNP markers for detection Peking-type vs. PI 88788-type of rhg1, Rhg4-3 and Rhg4-5 for Rhg4, and O-8 and B1-7 for detection of SCN QTL on Chr. 10 and 11, respectively. We are advancing in development of SNP markers and KASP assay for detection RN resistance QTL on Chrs. 11 and 18.  Breeding and germplasm development.  Breeding and germplasm development is done in collaboration with soybean breeder in Southern MO breeding station at Fisher Delta Center in Portageville MO. We use genotyping methods to confirm source of known resistance in experimental breeding lines before commercial release. Nguyen lab developed experimental lines with pyramided genes in various combinations to test impact of each gene to resistance to different SCN races. Moreover, we extensively work on introducing novel SCN resistance QTL from PI 567516C into high yielding backgrounds. Tennessee (Tarek Hewezi, Feng Chen and Reza Hajimorad).  We have hypothesized that nematodes, similar to other organisms, are hosts to viruses. The pathogenic viruses of nematodes can be used directly as bionematicide while those non-pathogenic can be modified genetically for application as bionematicide. As reported in “Annual Progress Report 2016”, for the sake of evaluating any potential pathogenic virus of SCN, a virus-free nematode population is needed. However, according to the literature, all SCN laboratory races or naturally occurring field populations harbor at least one or more persistent viruses. In search of a virus-free nematode population serving as an experimental nematode, we have focused on sugar beet cyst nematode (BCN) and have examined, via Illumina sequencing combined with bioinformatics, its transcriptomes derived from eggs and J2s for absence of viruses. It should be noted that BCN (Heterodera schachtii) is a close relative of, and can intermate with, SCN (Heterodera glycines). The two species of nematodes differ primarily in their preferred hosts. BCN feeds preferentially on cruciferous plants, while SCN feeds primarily on soybean. Following transcriptome sequencing, they were trimmed and the non-nematode-like sequence reads were assembled into a total of 35,232 and 26,196 contigs for eggs and J2, respectively. These contigs were searched for the presence of known SCN viruses. The known viruses of SCN are SCN nyavirus (ScNV) (family: Nyamiviridae), SCN rhabdovirus (ScRV) (Family: Rhabdoviridae), SCN phlebovirus (ScPV) (Family: Bunyaviridae), SCN tenuivirus (ScTV) (Family: Bunyaviridae) and SCNV 5 pestivirus (SbCNV-5) (Family: Flaviviridae). The genomes of all these viruses, except that of SbCNV-5, consist of single-stranded negative-sense RNA. SbCNV-5 is currently the only known virus from SCN with single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome. The contigs derived from BCN transcriptome data for both eggs and J2s were screened against respective sequences of the above viruses available in GenBank using TBLASTX. Out of 35,232 contigs that assembled from SBCN eggs transcriptome sequence data, a total of 250 contigs were significantly (e-value <0.01) similar to the partial genomic sequences of the L segment of the ScTV with the longest being 6430 nucleotide long (e-value 9.40e-79). Out of 25,196 contigs assembled from the transcriptome sequence data derived from J2s, a total of 218 of contigs were significantly (e-value <0.01) similar to the partial genomic sequence of the ScTV with the longest being 6418 nucleotide long (e-value 8.24e-79). This virus was provisionally named Sugar beet cyst nematode virus 1 (SBCNV-1). The result of a BLASTP search against the GenBank database using the deduced amino acid sequence of SBCNV-2 showed 28% identity with the L-segment of Uukuniemi virus encoding RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase (RdRp) (e-value =7e-145). Hence, SBCNV-1 likely belongs to the genus Phlebovirus in the family Bunyaviridae. Based on pair-wise comparison of the deduced amino acids of its putative RdRp, it showed 27% identity (e-value = 1e-117) with ScTV and 25% with ScPV (e-value 1e-112). As far as any other known SCN viruses is concerned, none of the virus-like contigs in our study showed high similarity (e-value ranging e-08 to e-05) to their respective genomic sequences. Thus, our BCN culture likely lacked transcriptome sequences corresponding to all of the known SCN viruses. However, perhaps transcriptome data from a much diverse laboratory cultures along with naturally occurring populations of BCN are needed to fully identify its RNA viromes.  Interestingly, we have also identified in the sequence pools derived from both eggs and J2s a novel positive-sense RNA virus that provisionally named beet cyst nematode virus-2 (BCNV-2). This novel RNA virus was present in BCN populations from Iowa and Missouri as confirmed by RT-PCR reactions.  We have almost completed its full-length genomic sequence that is ~9503 nucleotides long. Determination of its precise 5' end sequences by RACE as well as its phylogenetic relationships with related viruses affecting other organisms is underway. Texas (T. Wheeler).  Combination of crop rotationiIrrigation rate/Variety:  With declining irrigation pumping capacity in the Southern High Plains, many producers are choosing to plant wheat in the fall after cotton harvest, and then fallow the land the following year after the wheat is harvested.  The effects of this rotation were compared with continuous cotton, when root-knot nematode resistant cultivars and three irrigation rates were also incorporated into the management program.  The varieties included in this 3-year study were: DP 1454NRB2RF (2 gene resistance, possibly on chromosome 11 and 7); FM 2011GT (no known genes for resistance, possibly some tolerance); NG 1511B2RF (root-knot susceptible variety with good yield potential in this region); PHY 417WRF (2-genes for resistance on chromosome 11 and 14); ST 4946GLB2 (1-gene for resistance).  The root galling early in the season was higher in continuous cotton than the wheat/cotton rotation.  The highly resistant PHY 417WRF had fewer root galls than any other variety (Table 1).  FM 2011GT had the highest number of galls.  There were no differences in the number of galls between the varieties in the wheat/cotton rotation (Table 1).  Root-knot nematode density was lower for PHY 417WRF in both cropping systems compared to all other varieties.  There were no differences in nematode density for the continuous cotton system, but in the wheat/cotton rotation, DP 1454NRB2RF and ST 4946GLB2 had lower root-knot nematode densities than FM 2011GT (Table 1). Table 1. Influence of cotton/winter wheat/summer fallow (WC) cropping system compared to continuous cotton (CC) with a wheat or rye cover crop, on root-knot nematodes, 2014 to 2016. <table> <tbody> <tr> <td rowspan="2"> Variety </td> <td colspan="2"> Galls/plant </td> <td colspan="2"> Root-knot nematode/500 cm3 soil </td> </tr> <tr> <td> CC </td> <td> WC </td> <td> CC </td> <td> WC </td> </tr> <tr> <td> DP 1454NRB2RF </td> <td> 3.4 ab </td> <td> 0.9 </td> <td> 3,744 a1 </td> <td> 1,036 b </td> </tr> <tr> <td> FM 2011GT </td> <td> 4.5 a </td> <td> 0.9 </td> <td> 5,749 a </td> <td> 1,721 a </td> </tr> <tr> <td> NG 1511B2RF </td> <td> 3.7 ab </td> <td> 1.2 </td> <td> 3,692 a </td> <td> 1,859 ab </td> </tr> <tr> <td> PHY 417WRF </td> <td> 1.4 c </td> <td> 0.6 </td> <td>    687 b </td> <td>      24 c </td> </tr> <tr> <td> ST 4946GLB2 </td> <td> 3.0 b </td> <td> 1.1 </td> <td> 5,323 a </td> <td>    701 b </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Prob. > F </td> <td> 0.001 </td> <td> 0.214 </td> <td> 0.001 </td> <td> 0.001 </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 1Means followed by a different letter indicate that the varieties were significantly different at P=0.05.  The root-knot nematode densities were LOG10(x+1) transformed before analyzing. Cotton yields in these two cropping systems and three irrigation rates, were analyzed for variety and variety x irrigation rate effects for 2014 - 2016.  There was no variety x irrigation rate interaction, so the main effects of variety are presented. The wheat/cotton rotation yielded more (1,003 lbs of lint/acre) than the continuous cotton system (713 lbs of lint/acre, P < 0.001).  In the continuous cotton system, ST 4946GLB2 had higher yields than all varieties except for PHY 417WRF (Table 2).  In the wheat/cotton rotation, ST 4946GLB2 and NG 1511B2RF had higher yields than DP 1454NRB2RF and PHY 417WRF.  There did not appear to be any advantage to nematode resistant genes in the wheat/cotton cropping system, but there did appear to be one in the continuous cotton system.  The root-knot nematode susceptible varieties yielded as well or better than the root-knot nematode resistant varieties.  DP 1454NRB2RF did not yield well in either system, but this is a long season variety which is a poor fit for the southern High Plains of Texas. There were probably other benefits besides a reduction in root-knot nematode density to the wheat/cotton cropping system, particularly with storage of moisture in the soil profile. There was a 290 lb/acre lint increase on average in the wheat/cotton system, and even highly resistant PHY 417WRF had a 188 lb/acre lint increase.  Root-knot nematode was almost eliminated in the PHY 417WRF plots in the wheat/cotton system. This rotation system was not as successful when examined 20 years ago, when pumping capacities were higher. However, with declining water (the irrigation rates in this study averaged 3.1, 4.6, and 6.2 inches/growing season), the advantages of taking part of the land out of cotton production each year and planting a winter crop like wheat and then fallowing the land can be profitable.  Leaving the land bare (only fallow), will allow more runoff of rain, and probably promote more weed issues.  Planting dryland cotton on half of the circle to conserve water will not result in storage of moisture in the soil profile. This wheat/fallow/cotton system appears to offer advantages to this region, especially when combined with several years of root-knot nematode resistant varieties. The cropping system/irrigation rate studied started a new cycle of varieties in 2017, that included four root-knot nematode susceptible varieties and ST 4946GLB2. Table 2. Effect of cotton/winter wheat/summer fallow (WC) cropping system compared to continuous cotton (CC) with a wheat or rye cover crop, on cotton lint yield, 2014 to 2016. <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> Variety </td> <td> CC </td> <td> WC </td> </tr> <tr> <td> DP 1454NRB2RF </td> <td> 682 b </td> <td>    951 bc </td> </tr> <tr> <td> FM 2011GT </td> <td> 704 b </td> <td> 1,030 ab </td> </tr> <tr> <td> NG 1511B2RF </td> <td> 682 b </td> <td> 1,058 a </td> </tr> <tr> <td> PHY 417WRF </td> <td> 722 ab </td> <td>    910 c </td> </tr> <tr> <td> ST 4946GLB2 </td> <td> 768 a </td> <td> 1,077 a </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Prob. > F </td> <td> 0.043 </td> <td> 0.002 </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 1Means followed by a different letter indicate that the varieties were significantly different at P=0.05.  Field testing varieties for nematode resistance:  Small plot variety/advanced commercial line trials were conducted in several commercial cotton fields.  Plots were 2 to 4-rows wide, 36 feet long, on 40-inch centers.  All trials were irrigated by the producers.  Varieties with either 2-gene resistance (DP 1558NRB2RF, PHY 417WRF) or 1-gene resistance (ST 4946GLB2) were included in the trials.  Several susceptible varieties were also included. There appears to be more interest by producers in planting susceptible varieties in root-knot nematode fields, than using varieties with some resistance/tolerance to root-knot nematodes. Of the new experimental lines tested in 2017, Monsanto 16R246NRB2XF and 17R942NRB3XF appear to reduce root-knot nematode densities (Table 3). Phytogen experimentals with good root-knot nematode resistance include PX2AX4W3FE, PX3A82W3FE, and PX4A52W3FE.  Table 3. Root-knot nematode (RK) densities on cultivars for trials in 2017. <table> <tbody> <tr> <td rowspan="2" width="211">     Cultivar </td> <td colspan="2" width="139"> Lamesa </td> <td colspan="2" width="144"> Seminole </td> <td colspan="2" width="146"> Locketville </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="67"> RK/500 cm3 soil </td> <td width="72"> LOG10 (RK+1) </td> <td width="72"> RK/500 cm3 soil </td> <td width="72"> LOG10 (RK+1) </td> <td width="67"> RK/500 cm3 soil </td> <td width="79"> LOG10 (RK+1) </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="211"> BX 1832GLT </td> <td width="67">   </td> <td width="72">   </td> <td width="72"> 13,590 </td> <td width="72"> 3.91 a </td> <td width="67"> 3,240 </td> <td width="79"> 3.04 abc </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="211"> Deltapine DP 1558NR B2RF </td> <td width="67"> 2,670 </td> <td width="72"> 2.43 de </td> <td width="72"> 2,880 </td> <td width="72"> 3.43 a-d </td> <td width="67"> 605 </td> <td width="79"> 2.18 a-d </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="211"> Deltapine DP 1646 B2XF </td> <td width="67">   </td> <td width="72">   </td> <td width="72"> 10,740 </td> <td width="72"> 3.97 a </td> <td width="67"> 1,270 </td> <td width="79"> 2.93 abc </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="211"> Deltapine DP 1747NR B2XF </td> <td width="67"> 4,170 </td> <td width="72"> 3.31 a-e </td> <td width="72"> 2,820 </td> <td width="72"> 3.39 a-d </td> <td width="67"> 520 </td> <td width="79"> 2.11 a-d </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="211"> FiberMax FM 1888GL </td> <td width="67"> 21,150 </td> <td width="72"> 4.21 abc </td> <td width="72"> 12,600 </td> <td width="72"> 4.09 a </td> <td width="67"> 1,400 </td> <td width="79"> 2.24 a-d </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="211"> FiberMax FM 1911GLT </td> <td width="67"> 3,390 </td> <td width="72"> 3.50 a-d </td> <td width="72"> 5,670 </td> <td width="72"> 3.51 a-d </td> <td width="67"> 2,790 </td> <td width="79"> 2.37 a-d </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="211"> FiberMax FM 2011GL </td> <td width="67"> 13,200 </td> <td width="72"> 3.65 a-d </td> <td width="72"> 7,950 </td> <td width="72"> 3.82 a </td> <td width="67"> 825 </td> <td width="79"> 2.80 abc </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="211"> Monsanto 16R245NR B2XF </td> <td width="67"> 10,290 </td> <td width="72"> 3.45 a-d </td> <td width="72"> 3,600 </td> <td width="72"> 3.30 a-d </td> <td width="67"> 700 </td> <td width="79"> 2.79 abc </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="211"> Monsanto 16R246NR B2XF </td> <td width="67"> 2,210 </td> <td width="72"> 2.39 de </td> <td width="72"> 1,560 </td> <td width="72"> 2.98 b-e </td> <td width="67"> 425 </td> <td width="79"> 1.41 a-d </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="211"> Monsanto 17R931NRB3XF </td> <td width="67">   </td> <td width="72">   </td> <td width="72"> 3,780 </td> <td width="72"> 3.43 a-d </td> <td width="67">

Publications

Books: Allersma, Ton, Bergschenhoek, Viviana Barrera, Supannee Cheewawiriyakul, Li-Fang Chen, Kevin Conn, Christina Dennehy, Brad Gabor, Laura Gallegos, Olivia Garda, Susana Garda, Maurine van Haesendonck, Bergschenhoek, Charles Hagan, Jorge Hasegawa, Chad Herrmann, Harmen Hummelen, Yimin Jin (Retired), Nutchanart Koomankas, Chad Kramer, Chet Kurowski, Nancy Kurtzweil, Jeff Lutton, Stephanie Pedroni, Saowalak Ph loa, Staci Rosenberger, Rafael Lacaz Ruiz, Tony Sandoval, Nada Seehawong, Luciana M. Takahashi, Jeremey Taylor, Susan Wang, Scott Adkins, Brenna Aegerter, Max E. Badgley, Thomas H. Barksdale, Ozgur Batuman, Scott Bauer, Enrico Biondi, Lowell L. Black (Retired), Dominique Blancard, William M. Brown Jr., Judy Brown, Gerald Brust, John Cho, Whitney Cranshaw, Pat Crill, Dan Egel, Jonathan Eisenback, Fernando Escriu, Bryce Falk, James D. Farley, Gillian Ferguson, Rafael Fernandez-Munoz, Don Ferrin, Joshua Freeman, David Gilchrist, Davide Giovanardi, Ray G. Grogan, Mary Ann Hanson, Dennis H. Hall, Jeff Hall, John R. Hartman, Timothy Hartz, Lynn Hilliard, Phyllis Himmel, Gerald Holmes, Maja lgnatov, Barry Jacobsen, Kenneth A. Kimble, Rakesh Kumar, David Langston, Moshe Lapidot, David Levy, Kai-Shu Ling, Jeffrey W. Lotz, Marisol LuisLaixin Luo, Alan A. MacNab, Margaret McGrath, Rebecca A. Melanson, Zelalem Mersha, Eugene Miyao, Joe Nunez, Lance Osborne, A. C. Magyarosy, Mathews Paret, Albert 0. Paulus (Emeritus), Kanungnit Reanwarakorn, David Riley, Flavia Ruiz, lnmaculada Ferriol Safont, Craig Sandlin, Yuan-Min Shen, Ed Sikora, L. Emilio Stefani, L. M. Suresh, Testi Valentino, Gary Vallad, Bruce Watt, Jon Watterson, Bill Wintermantel, Tom Zitter. 2017. Tomato Disease Field Guide. DeRuiter and Seminis: Monsanto. St. Louis, MO.   Journal Articles: Aljaafri WAR, McNeece BT, Lawaju BR, Sharma K, Niruala PM, Pant SR, Long DH, Lawrence KS, Lawrence GW, Klink VP. 2017. A harpin elicitor induces the expression of a coiled-coil nucleotide binding leucine rich repeat (CC-NB-LRR) defense signaling gene and others functioning during defense to parasitic nematodes. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 121 (2017) 161-175. Aljaafri, W.A.R., McNeece, B.T., Lawaju, B.R., Sharma, K., Niruala, P.M., Pant, S.R., Long, D.H., Lawrence, K.S., Lawrence, G.W., Klink, V.P. 2017. A harpin elicitor induces the expression of a coiled-coil nucleotide binding leucine rich repeat (CC-NB-LRR) defense signaling gene and others functioning during defense to parasitic nematodes. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 121(2017) 161-175. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.10.004">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.10.004</a> Allen, T. W., C. A. Bradley, A. J. Sisson, E. Byamukama, M. I. Chilvers, C. M. Coker, A. A. Collins, J. P. Damicone, A. E. Dorrance, N. S. Dufault, T. R. Faske, L. J. Giesler, A. P. Grybauskas, D. E. Hershman, C. A. Hollier, T. Isakeit, D. J. Jardine, H. M. Kelly, R. C. Kemerait, N. M. Kleczewski, S. R. Koenning, J. E. Kurle, D. K. Malvick, H. L. Mehl, D. S. Mueller, J. D. Mueller, R. P. Mulrooney, B. D. Nelson, M. A. Newman, L. Osborne, C. Overstreet, G. B. Padgett, P. M. Phipps, P. P. Price, E. J. Silora, D. L. Smith, T. N. Spurlock, C. A. Tande, A. U. Tenuta, K. A. Wise and J. A. Wrather. 2017. Soybean yield loss estimates due to diseases in the United States and Ontario, Canada, from 2010 to 2014. Plant Health Progress 18:19-27. Baidoo, R., Yan, G. P., Nelson, B., Skantar, A. M., and Chen, S. Y. 2017.  Use of chemical flocculation and nested PCR for Heterodera glycines detection in DNA extracts from field soils with low population densities.  Plant Disease 101:1153-1161. Desaeger, Johan, D. W. Dickson, and S. J. Locascio. 2017. Methyl bromide alternatives for control of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in tomato production in Florida.  Journal of Nematology 49:140-149.         Crutcher, F. K., L. S. Puckhaber, R. K. Stipanovic, A. A. Bell, R. L. Nichols, K. S. Lawrence, J. Liu. 2017 Microbial resistance mechanisms to the antibiotic and phytotoxin Fusaric acid. Journal of chemical Ecology October 6, 2017. DOI 10.1007/s10886-017-0889-x Filgueiras, Camila Cramer, Denis S. Willett, Alcides Moino Junior, Martin Pareja, Fahiem El Borai, Donald W. Dickson, Lukasz L. Stelinski, and Larry W. Duncan. 2016.  Stimulation of the salicylic acid pathway aboveground recruits entomopathogenic nematodes belowground. Plos One: 11:1-9. Gosse, H. N., K. S. Lawrence, and Sang-Wook Park. 2017. Underground mystery: the role of chemotactic attractants in plant root and phytonematode interactins. Scientia Ricerca 1(2): 83-87.Hall, M., K. Lawrence, W. Groover, D. Shannon, and T. Gonzalez. 2017. First Report of the Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) on Curcuma longa in the United States. Plant Disease 101 (10):1826. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-17-0409-PDN">https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-17-0409-PDN</a>. Grabau, Z., Vetsch, J., and Chen, S. 2017.  Effects of fertilizer, nematicide, and tillage on plant-parasitic nematodes and yield in corn and soybean.  Agronomy Journal 109:1651-1662. doi:10.2134/agronj2016.09.0548. Grabau ZJ, Maung ZTZ, Noyes DC, Baas DG; Werling BP; Brainard DC, Melakeberhan, H.  2017. Effects of cover crops on Pratylenchus penetrans and the nematode community in carrot production. Journal of Nematology 49:114-123. Grabau ZJ, Chen S, Vetsch J. 2017. Effects of fertilizer, nematicide, and tillage on plant-parasiticnematodes and yield in corn and soybean. Agronomy Journal 109:1-12. doi: 10.2134/agronj2016.09.0548 Hewezi T, Baum TJ (2017) Communication of sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes with their host plants. In: How plants communicate with their biotic environment. Guillaume Becard (Ed), Advances in Botanical Research Series, Volume 82, page 305-324, Academic Press. Hewezi T, Pantalone V, Bennett M, Neal Stewart C Jr, Burch-Smith TM (2017) Phytopathogen-induced changes to plant methylomes. Plant Cell Reports. doi: 10.1007/s00299-017-2188-y. Hurd, K. and Faske, T. R. 2017. Reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita and M. graminis on several grain sorghum hybrids.  Journal of Nematology 49:156-161. Kim, Ki-Seung, Dan Qiu, Tri D. Vuong, Robert T. Robbins, J. Grover Shannon, Zenglu Li, and Henry T. Nguyen. 2016. Advancements in breeding, genetics, and genomics for resistance to three nematode species in soybean. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 2295-2311. Kelly A. Morris, David B. Langston, Richard F. Davis, James P. Noe, Donald W. Dickson and Patricia Timper. 2016.  Efficacy of various application methods of fluensulfone for managing root-knot nematodes in vegetables. Journal of Nematology 48:65-71. Kelly A. Morris, David B. Langston, Bhabesh Dutta, Richard F. Davis, Patricia Timper, James P. Noe, and Donald W. Dickson. 2016. Evidence for a disease complex between Pythium aphanidermatum and root-knot nematodes in cucumber. Plant Health Progress 17:200-201. Khanal, Churamani, Robert T. Robbins, Travis Faske, Allen L. Szalanski, Edward C. McGawley, and Charles Oversteet. 2016. Identification and haplotype designation of Meloidogyne spp. of Arkansas using molecular diagnostics. 2016. Nematropica 46:261-270. Khanal, Churamani, Robert T. Robbins, Travis Faske, Allen L. Szalanski, Edward C. McGawley, and Charles Oversteet. 2016. Identification and haplotype designation of Meloidogyne spp. of Arkansas using molecular diagnostics. 2016. Nematropica 46:261-270. Khanal, C., E. C. McGawley, C. Overstreet, and S. R. Stetina. 2017. The elusive search for reniform nematode resistance in cotton. Phytopathology First Look: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-09-17-0320-RVW">https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-09-17-0320-RVW</a> Kim, Ki-Seung, Dan Qiu, Tri D. Vuong, Robert T. Robbins, J. Grover Shannon, Zenglu Li, and Henry T. Nguyen. 2016. Advancements in breeding, genetics, and genomics for resistance to three nematode species in soybean. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 2295-2311. Klink VP, McNeece BT, Pant SR, Sharma K, Nirula PM, Lawrence GW. 2017. Components of the SNARE-containing regulon are co-regulated in root cells undergoing defense. Plant Signalling and Behavior Feb; 12(2):e1274481. Land, C. J., K. S. Lawrence, C. H. Burmester, and B. Meyer. 2017. Cultivar, irrigation, and soil contribution to the enhancement of Verticillium wilt disease in cotton. Crop Protection 96:1-6. Lin, J., Wang, D., Chen, X., Köllner, T.G., Mazarei, M., Guo, H., Pantalone, V.R., Arelli, P., Stewart, C.N., Wang, N., and Chen, F. (2017). An (E,E)-α-farnesene synthase gene of soybean has a role in defense against nematodes and is involved in synthesizing insect-induced volatiles. Plant Biotech J. 15: 510-519. McNeece BT, Pant SR, Sharma K, Nirula PM, Lawrence GW, Klink VP. 2017. A Glycine max homolog of NON-RACE SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE 1 (NDR1) alters defense gene expression while functioning during a resistance response to different root pathogens in different genetic backgrounds. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 114:60-71. Min Woo Lee, Alisa Huffaker, Devany Crippen, Robert T. Robbins, and Fiona Goggin. 2017. Plant Elicitor Peptides Promote Plant Defenses against Nematodes in Soybean. Molecular Plant Pathology. Date: 27-June-2017, pp. 1 – 12, DOI : 10.1111/mpp.12570. Moye, Hugh. H. Jr., N. Xiang, K. Lawrence, and E. van Santen. 2017. First Report of Macrophomina phaseolina on Birdsfoot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) in Alabama. Plant Disease 101 (5): 842. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-16-1750-PDN">https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-16-1750-PDN</a>. Plaisance, A. R., E. C. McGawley, C. Overstreet, and D. M. Xavier-Mis. 2017. Evaluation of damage potential of urban turf-associated nematode communities under microplot conditions and influence of soil type on nematode reproduction. Nematropica 47:8-17. Pogorelko, G., Juvale, P.S., Rutter, W.B., Hewezi, T., Hussey, R., Davis, E.L., Mitchum, M.G., Baum,    T.J. 2016. A cyst nematode effector binds to diverse plant proteins, increases nematode susceptibility and affects root morphology. Molecular Plant Pathology 17:832-844. Ruark, C.L., Koenning, S.R., Davis, E.L., Opperman, C.H., Lommel, S.A., Mitchum, M.G., Sit, T.L. 2017. Soybean cyst nematode culture collections and field populations from North Carolina and Missouri reveal high incidences of infection by viruses. PLoS One 12(1): e0171514. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171514 Vieira, Paulo, Joseph Mowery, James Kilcrease, Jonathan Eisenback and Kathyrn Kamo. 2017. Histological characterization of Lilium longiflorum cv. 'Nellie White' infection with root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans. Journal of Nematology 49:2-11. Vieira, Paulo, Kathryn Kamo, and J. D. Eisenback. 2017. Characterization and silencing of a fatty acid- and retinoid-binding Pp-far-1 gene in Pratylenchus penetrans. Plant Pathology 66: 1214-1224. Xiang, Ni, K.S. Lawrence, J.W. Kloepper, P.A. Donald, and J.A. McInroy. 2017. Biological control of Heterodera glycines by spore-forming plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on soybean. PLOS ONE 12(7): e0181201.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181201. Dyer, D., N. Xiang, and K. S. Lawrence. 2017. First report of Catenaria anguillulae infecting Rotylenchulus reniformis and Heterodera glycines in Alabama. Plant Disease. 101(8):1547. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-17-0366-PDN. Xiang, Ni, K.S. Lawrence, J.W. Kloepper, P.A. Donald, J.A. McInroy, and G.W. Lawrence. 2017. Biological control of Meloidogyne incognita by spore-forming plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on cotton. Plant Disease 101(5): 774-784. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS-09-16-1369-RE. Xiang, Ni, K.S. Lawrence, J.W. Kloepper, P.A. Donald, J.A. McInroy, and G.W. Lawrence. 2017. Biological control of Meloidogyne incognita by spore-forming plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on cotton. Plant Disease 101(5): 774-784. <a href="http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS-09-16-1369-RE">http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS-09-16-1369-RE</a> Yan, G. P., Plaisance, A., Chowdhury, I., Baidoo, R., Upadhaya, A., Pasche, J., Markell, S., Nelson, B., and Chen, S. 2017.  First report of the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines infecting dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in a commercial field in Minnesota.  Plant Disease 101:391. Yi-Chen Lee, Robert T. Robbins, M. Humberto Reyes-Valdes, Stella K. Kantartzi, David A. Lightfoot. 2016. QTL Underlying Reniform Nematode Resistance in Soybean Cultivar Hartwig.  Atlas Journal of Biology 2016, pp. 308–312 doi: 10.5147/ajb.2016.0147. Zhang, H., Li, C., Davis, E.L., Wang, J., Griffin, J.D., Kofsky, J., Song, B.H. 2016. Genome-wide association study of resistance to soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) HG Type 2.5.7 in wild soybean (Glycine soja).  Frontiers in Plant Science. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01214. Published Abstracts: Eisenback, J.D. 2017. High Resolution Mosaic Light Micrograph of Caenorhabditis elegans, the Most Intensively Studied Animal on the Earth. Researchgate.net   DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25104.92166 Eisenback, J. D. 2017. High-resolution mosaic light micrograph of Xiphinema chambersi - Chamber's dagger nematode. Researchgate.net   DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.35477.63209 Eisenback, J. D. 2017. A resource for teaching plant-parasitic nematology includes a high-resolution mosaic micrograph of a family of lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans adult female, male, second-stage juvenile and egg. Researchgate.net DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.11442.30407  Eisenback, J. D. 2017. High-resolution mosaic light micrograph of Ditylenchus dipsaci, stem and bulb nematode, female. Researchgate.net   DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25447.75688 Faske, T. R., Sullivan, K. A., Emerson, M., Hurd, K. and Kirkpatrick, T. L. 2017 Update on the distribution and management of root-knot nematodes in Arkansas.  Proceedings of the Southern Soybean Disease Workers 44th Annual Meeting; March 8-9; Pensacola Beach, FL. Pp. 14. Godoy, F. M. C., C. Overstreet, E. C. McGawley, D. M. Xavier and M. T. Kularathna. 2016. A survey of Aphelenchoides besseyi on rice in Louisiana. Journal of Nematology 48:324. Khanal, C., E. C. McGawley and C. Overstreet. 2016. Assessment of geographic isolates of endemic populations of Rotylenchulus reniformis against selected cotton germplasm lines. Journal of Nematology 48:337. Kularathna, M., C. Overstreet, E. C. McGawley, D. M. Xavier and F. M. C. Godoy. 2016. Impact of fumigation on soybean varieties against Rotylenchulus reniformis. Journal of Nematology 48:340-341. McGawley, E. C., C. Overstreet, and A. M. Skantar. 2016. Enhanced awareness of nematology: educational materials, extension activities and social media. Journal of Nematology 48:349. McInnes, B., M. Kularathna, E. C. McGawley, and C. Overstreet. 2016. Evaluation of endemic populations of Rotylenchulus reniformis within Louisiana on soybean genotypes with known levels of resistance to soybean cyst nematode. Journal of Nematology 48:350. Sullivan, K., D. M. Xavier-Mis, R. J. Bateman, C. Overstreet, and T. L. Kirkpatrick. 2016. White tip nematode findings in Arkansas and Louisiana Rice. Journal of Nematology 48:374. Xavier-Mis, D. M., F. M. C. Godoy, C. Overstreet, and E. C. McGawley.  2016. Susceptibility of grain sorghum cultivars to Meloidogyne incognita isolates from Louisiana. Journal of Nematology 48:384. Chen, S.  2016.  Increase in virulence of Heterodera glycines on soybean over time in the past two decades in Minnesota.   Journal of Nematology 48:309-310. Yan, G. P., Pasche, J., Markell, S. G., Nelson, B. D., and Chen, S. Y. 2017.  First detection of soybean cyst nematode on dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in a commercial field in Minnesota.  Phytopathology 107:9. Li, Wei, P. Agudelo, R. Nichols, and C. E. Wells.  Plant hormone manipulation during reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) parasitism and effects on upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) root architecture.  Society of Nematologists 56th Annual Meeting.  July 2017.  Williamsburg, VA. Ma, Xinyuan, V. Richards, J. Mueller, and P. Agudelo. Comparative genomics of two lance nematodes: Hoplolaimus columbus and H. galeatus. Society of Nematologists 56th Annual Meeting.  July 2017.  Williamsburg, VA. Oliveira, Samara Azevedo, H., Boatwright, P.M., Agudelo, and S.J., DeWalt.  Ditylenchus gallaeformans: A potential biological control agent for invasive plant Clidemia hirta. Society of Nematologists 56th Annual Meeting.  July 2017.  Williamsburg, VA. Redding, Nathan, P. Agudelo, and C.E. Wells.  Exploring overlap between lateral root organogenesis and reniform nematode feeding site formation in soybean. Society of Nematologists 56th Annual Meeting.  July 2017.  Williamsburg, VA.  Wilkes, Juliet, P. Agudelo, B. Fallen, C. Saski and J. Mueller.  Identification of molecular biomarkers associated with reniform nematode resistance in soybean.         Society of Nematologists 56th Annual Meeting.  July 2017.  Williamsburg, VA. Hoerning, C., Frels, K., Chen, S., Wyse, D. L., and Wells, M. S.  2017.  Evaluating the cash cover crop pennycress for resistance to soybean cyst nematode.   ASA CSSA, SSSA 2017 Annual Meeting Abstracts. https://scisoc.confex.com/crops/2017am/webprogram/Paper108920.html. (Abstr.). Qin, J., Shi, A., Chen, S., Michaels, T., and Weng, Y.  2017.  Whole genome sequencing and resequencing for genome-wide study in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).   ASA CSSA, SSSA 2017 Annual Meeting Abstracts. https://scisoc.confex.com/crops/2017am/webprogram/Paper109315.html. (Abstr.). Shi, A., Qin, J., Weng, W., Mou, B., Chen, S., Ravelombola, W., Motes, D., Xiong, H., Dong, L., Yang, W., and Bhattarai, G.  2017.  Genome-wide association study (GWAS) in cowpea.   ASA CSSA, SSSA 2017 Annual Meeting Abstracts. <a href="https://scisoc.confex.com/crops/2017am/webprogram/Paper108360.html">https://scisoc.confex.com/crops/2017am/webprogram/Paper108360.html</a>. Grabau, ZJ and Wright, DL. 2017. Nematicide and cultivar selection for management of plant-parasitic nematodes on irrigated cotton in northern Florida, 2016. Plant Disease Management Reports 11:N003. Grabau, ZJ and Wright, DL. 2017. Nematicide rates and delivery methods for management ofplant-parasitic nematodes in northern Florida irrigated cotton, 2016. Plant Disease Management Reports 11:N005. Branco, J., Vicente, C., Mota, M. Eisenback, J.D., Kamo, K. and Vieira, P. Characterization of a set of cell wall-degrading enzymes of the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans. 2 Simpósio SCAP de Protecção de Plantas; 8 Congresso da Sociedade Portuguesa de Fitopatologia, and 11 Encontro Nacional de Protecção Integrada. 26-27 October, Santarém, Portugal.  Vieira, Paulo, T. Maier, S. Eves-van den Akker, I. A. Zasada, T. Baum, J. D. Eisenback and K. Kamo. 2017. Identification of a panel of effector genes for Pratylenchus penetrans. Society of Nematologists, Aug. 13-16, Colonial Williamsburg, VA.  Eisenback, J. D. 2017. Project Nematoda, a collection of every species of nematode. 717th Meeting of the Helminthological Society of Washington, Apr. 8, Salisbury, MD. Proceedings: Till, S. R., K.S. Lawrence, N. Z. Xiang, W. L. Groover, D. J. Dodge, D. R. Dyer, and M. R. Hall. 2017. Yield loss of five corn hybrids due to the root-knot nematode and nematicide evaluation in Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N021. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.  <a href="https://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N021.pdf">https://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N021.pdf</a> Till, S. R., K. S. Lawrence, N. Z. Xiang, W. L. Groover, D. J. Dodge, D. R. Dyer, and M. R. Hall. 2017. Corn hybrid and nematicide evaluation in root-knot nematode infested soil in Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:NO23. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N023.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N023.pdf</a> Lawrence, K. S., N. Xiang, W. Groover, S. Till, D. Dodge, D. Dyer, and M. Hall. 2017. Evaluation of commercial cotton cultivars for resistance to Fusarium wilt and Root-knot nematode, 2016. Report No. 11:N006. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N006.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N006.pdf</a> Groover, W. K. S. Lawrence, N. Xiang, S. Till, D. Dodge, D. Dyer, and M. Hall. 2017. Nematicide combinations for Rotylenchulus reniformis management in north Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N009. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N009.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N009.pdf</a> Xiang, N., K. S. Lawrence, W. Groover, D. Dodge, D. Dyer, and S. Till. 2017. Evaluation of Velum Total on cotton for reniform nematode management in North Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N010. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N010.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N010.pdf</a> Xiang, N., K.S. Lawrence, W. Groover, D. Dodge, D. Dyer, and S. Till. 2017. Evaluation of Velum Total on cotton for root-knot management in central Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N011. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N011.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N011.pdf</a> Dyer, D., K. S. Lawrence, S. Till, D. Dodge, W. Groover, N. Xiang, and M. Hall. 2017. A potential new biological nematicide for reniform management in north Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N012. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N012.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N012.pdf</a> Dyer, D., K. S. Lawrence, S. Till, D. Dodge, W. Groover, N. Xiang, and M. Hall. 2017. A potential new biological nematicide for root-knot management in Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N013. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11.  The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N013.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N013.pdf</a> Groover, W., K.S. Lawrence, N. Xiang, S. Till, D. Dodge, D. Dyer, and M. Hall. 2017. Cotton variety selection with and without Velum Total for root-knot nematode management in central Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N014. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N014.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N014.pdf</a> Groover, W., K. S. Lawrence, N. Xiang, S. Till, D. Dodge, D. Dyer, and M. Hall. 2017. Cotton variety selection with and without Velum Total for reniform management in north Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N015. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N015.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N015.pdf</a> Groover, W., K. S. Lawrence, N. Xiang, S. Till, D. Dodge, D. Dyer, and M. Hall. 2017. Cotton seed treatment combinations for Rotylenchulus reniformis control and maximization of yield in north Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N016. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.  <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N016.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N016.pdf</a> Till, S. R., K. S. Lawrence, N.Z. Xiang, W.L. Groover, D.J. Dodge, D.R. Dyer, and M.R. Hall. 2017.  Cotton variety evaluation with and without Velum Total for root knot management in south Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N022. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.  <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N022.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N022.pdf</a> Hall, M., K. S. Lawrence, D. Dodge, D. Dyer, W. Groover, S. Till, and N. Xiang. 2017. Varietal and nematicidal application responses in central Alabama soils, 2016. Report No. 11:N024. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N024.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N024.pdf</a> Hall, M., K. S. Lawrence, D. Dodge, D. Dyer, W. Groover, S. Till, and N. Xiang. 2017. Varietal and nematicidal application responses in north Alabama soils, 2016. Report No. 11:N2025. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N025.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N025.pdf</a> Hall, M., K. S. Lawrence, D. Dodge, D. Dyer, W. Groover, S. Till, and N. Xiang. 2017. Velum Total and Vydate-L drip irrigation applications for southern root-knot nematode management in south Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N007. DOI:10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.   <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N007.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N007.pdf</a> Dodge, D., K. S. Lawrence, W. Groover, S. Till, D. Dyer, and M. Hall. 2017. Soybean variety yield comparison with and without Abamectin for management of Rotylenchulus reniformis in Belle Mina Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N017. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N017.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N017.pdf</a> Dodge, D., K. S. Lawrence, W. Groover, S. Till, D. Dyer, and M. Hall. 2017. Soybean variety yield comparison with and without Abamectin for management of root-knot nematode in Fairhope Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N018. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N018.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N018.pdf</a> Dodge, D., K. S. Lawrence, W. Groover, S. Till, D. Dyer, and M. Hall. 2017. Soybean variety yield comparison with and without Abamectin for management of root-knot nematode in Brewton Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N019. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N019.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N019.pdf</a> Dodge, D., K. S. Lawrence, W. Groover, S. Till, D. Dyer, and M. Hall. 2017. Soybean variety yield comparison with and without Abamectin for management of root-knot nematode in Tallassee Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N020. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.  <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N020.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N020.pdf</a> Hall, M., K. S. Lawrence, D. Dodge, D. Dyer, W. Groover, S. Till, and N. Xiang. 2017. Velum Total and Vydate-L drip irrigation applications for southern root-knot nematode management in south Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N008. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N008.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N008.pdf</a> Lawrence, K., A. Hagan, R. Norton, T. R. Faske, R. Hutmacker, J. Muller, D. L. Wright, I. Small, R. C. Kemerait, C. Overstreet, P. Price, G. Lawrence, T. Allen, S. Atwell, A. Jones, S. Thomas, N. Goldberg, R. Boman, J. Goodson, H. Kelly, J. Woodward and H. Mehl. 2017. 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Beltwide nematode research and education committee report on cotton cultivars and nematicides responses in nematode soils, 2016. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences; 4-6 January, 2017; Dallas, TX. National Cotton Council, Cordova, TN. Pp. 270-273. Lawrence, K., A. Hagan, R. Norton, T. Faske, R. Hutmacher, J. Mueller, D. Wright, I. Small, B. Kemerait, C. Overstreet, P. Price, G. Lawrence, T. Allen, S. Atwell, A. Jones, S. Thomas, N. Goldberg, R. Boman, J. Goodson, H. Kelly, J. Woodward, and H. Mehl. 2017. Cotton disease loss estimate committee report, 2016. Proceedings of the 2017 Beltwide Cotton Conference; 4-6 January, 2016; Dallas, TX. National Cotton Council, Cordova, TN. Pp. 150-152. Overstreet, C., E. C. McGawley, D. M. Xavier-Mis, and M. Kularathna. 2017. Developing management zones for nematodes in soybean. Proceedings of the Southern Soybean Disease Workers meeting, 8-9, March, 2017, Pensacola Beach, FL. P. 10. Xavier-Mis, D. M., C. Overstreet, E. C. McGawley, and M. Kularathna. 2017. Reniform nematode in the variable soil texture of a Commerce silt loam soil. Proceedings of the Southern Soybean Disease Workers meeting, 8-9, March, 2017, Pensacola Beach, FL. P. 16. Lawrence, K., A. Hagan, R. Norton, T. R. Faske, R. Hutmacker, J. Muller, D. L. Wright, I. Small, R. C. Kemerait, C. Overstreet, P. Price, G. Lawrence, T. Allen, S. Atwell, A. Jones, S. Thomas, N. Goldberg, R. Boman, J. Goodson, H. Kelly, J. Woodward and H. Mehl. 2017. Cotton Disease Loss Estimate Committee Reort, 2016. Proceedings of the 2017 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 150-151. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. <a href="http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm">http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm</a> Rothrock, C., S. Winters, T. W. Allen, J. D. Barham, W. Barnett, M. B. Bayles, P. D. Colyer, H. M. Kelly, R. Kemerait, G. W. Lawrence, K. Lawrence, H. L. Mehl, P. Price and J. Woodward. 2017. Report of the Cottonseed Treatment Committee for 2016. Proceedings of the 2017 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 153-160. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. <a href="http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm">http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm</a> Faske, T., Lonoke, T. W. Allen, Mississippi State University, G. W. Lawrence, Kathy S. Lawrence, H. L. Mehl, R. Norton, Charles Overstreet, and T. Wheeler. 2017. Beltwide Nematode Research and Education Committee Report on Cotton Cultivars and Nematicides Responses in Nematode Soils, 2016. Proceedings of the 2017 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 270-273.  National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. <a href="http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm">http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm</a> Grabau ZJ. Managing reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) in Florida cotton. FloridaPhytopathological Society Biennial Meeting, Quincy, FL, 2017. Oral. Grabau ZJ. Nitrogen fertilizer rate affects the nematode community in organic and conventionalcarrot production.  Society of Nematology Annual Meeting, Williamsburg, VA, 2017, Poster. Grabau ZJ, Wright, DL. Nematicides and crop rotation for management of plant-parasiticnematodes in Florida cotton. Society of Nematology Annual Meeting, Williamsburg, VA, 2017, Oral. Schumacher L (presenting author), Grabau ZJ, Liao HL, Wright DL, Small IM. Society ofNematology Annual Meeting, Williamsburg, VA, 2017, Oral. Wheeler, T. A., and J. E. Woodward. 2017. Response of new cotton varieties to Verticillium wilt, bacterial blight, and root-knot nematodes. In 2017 Beltwide Cotton Conferences, Dallas, TX, Jan. 4-6. Pp. 251-261. Plant Disease Management Reports Cogar, L., C.S. Johnson, and C.T. Clarke. 2017. Resistance to root-knot nematode in flue-cured tobacco cultivars in Virginia, 2016. Plant Disease Management Reports 11:N001. Cogar, L., and C. S. Johnson. 2017. Evaluation of nematicides for control of tobacco cyst nematodes in Virginia, 2016. Plant Disease Management Reports 11:N002. Hurd, K., Faske, T. R. and Emerson, M. 2017.  Efficacy of Velum Total to manage root-knot nematode on cotton in Arkansas, 2016.  PDMR 11:N031. Hurd, K., Faske, T. R. and Emerson, M. 2017.  Evaluation of Velum Total and COPeO to manage root-knot nematode on cotton in Arkansas, 2016.  PDMR 11:N032. Hurd, K., Faske, T. R. and Emerson, M. 2017.  Evaluation of COPeO to manage root-knot nematode on cotton in Arkansas, 2016.  PDMR 11:N033. Hurd, K., Faske, T. R. and Emerson, M. 2017.  Efficacy of ILeVO to suppress root-knot nematode on soybean in Arkansas, 2016.  PDMR 11:N034. Hurd, K., Faske, T. R. and Emerson, M. 2017.  Evaluation of ILeVO to suppress root-knot nematode on soybean in Arkansas, 2016.  PDMR 11:N035.  Extension Johnson, Charles, Chuck, Robert Christian, Stephen Barts, C, C. Taylor, C. Clarke, P.A. Edde, D.N. Edwards, Jonathan Eisenback, Roy Flanagan, Marion, Watson Lawrence, Mike, Michael Parrish, D.L. Ryman, D.G. Shatley and E.M. Thomas. 2017.  Fumigation of Soil and Agricultural Products: A Guide for Soil and Raw Commodity Fumigators in Virginia. Virginia Cooperative Extension Publication 456-212. 212 pp. Blog Article  Faske, T. R. 2017. Field performance of selected soybean varieties in a southern root-knot nematode infested field.  Arkansas Row Crops. University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Research and Extension.  Access date: 1 December 2017.  Available at:  <a href="http://www.arkansas-crops.com/2017/11/20/performance-varieties-southern/">http://www.arkansas-crops.com/2017/11/20/performance-varieties-southern/</a>

Impact Statements

Observations that Meloidogyne kikuyensis, a species of root-knot nematodes, produces galls that are very similar to the nodules caused by nitrogen-fixing bacteria, may reveal the origin and nature of galls caused by the root-knot nematodes give new insight in the development of tactics to control these economically important plant pathogens.

Date of Annual Report: 02/01/2018

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 11/14/2017 - 11/15/2017
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2016 - 09/30/2017

Participants

Lawrence, Kathy (AL);
Robbins, Robert (AK);
Grabau, Zane (FL);
Dickson, Donald (FL);
Hajihassani, Abolfazl (GA);
Overstreet, Charles (LA);
Davis, Rick (NC);
Agudelo, Paula (SC);
Lacewell, Ron (TX);
Eisenback, Jon (VA);
Johnson, Chuck (VA).
Groover, Will, (AL);
Klepadlo, Mariola, (MO);
Ye, Weimin (NC);
Thiessen, Lindsey (NC);
Ruark, Casey (NC);
Rutter, Will (ARS-USDA, SC);
Li, Wei & Wilkes, Juliet (SC).

Brief Summary of Minutes

Welcoming comments and meeting called to order by Rick Davis, chairperson and host. W. Dickson appointed secretary. Introductions of members and guests – S-1066 is comprised of 23 members representing 17 states. Administrator Ron Lacewell updated group on budgeting items from US Congress, and discussed information regarding future funding for grants especially related to sustainable agricultural and multidisciplinary projects.Reports presented by committee members from SC, VA, NC, and AL.

Tour of the NC Department of Agricultural Nematode Assay Laboratory by Weimin Ye. Approval of 2016 Minutes. Florida selected to host the 2018 S-1066 annual meeting. D. W. Dickson appointed chairperson and local arrangement host for 2018. In state location and date to be determined.

Accomplishments

Objective 1:   Advance the tools for identification of nematode species and characterization of intraspecific variability. Alabama (K. Lawrence). Species identification of Meloidogyne spp. (root-knot nematode, RKN) is an important tool to offer growers in the state of Alabama because it is beneficial for planning and implementing a crop rotation to reduce the impact of these yield-limiting nematodes. The goal of this project was to evaluate multiple species identification techniques and determine the best combination of methods for implementing a practical and efficient assay for RKN species identification. To do this, three different techniques were evaluated for their ability to quickly and accurately identify RKN species. The techniques used in this study were morphological measurements, differential-host test, and molecular analysis. Each of these techniques was used on multiple RKN populations, starting with a known M. incognita race 3 population. This greenhouse population was previously identified via the differential-host test. Initial results showed a confirmation of species with the differential-host test and PCR amplification, but morphological measurements of juveniles did not distinguish our test population from M. arenaria and M. javanica. Soil and root samples were then collected from throughout Alabama for RKN species identification. Overall, 75 samples from 14 counties in Alabama were collected from grower fields for species analysis. Crops sampled during collection included cotton, soybean, corn, peanut, sweet potato, squash, pepper, kiwi, turmeric, and turf. Both molecular analysis (PCR) and the differential-host test were used for species identification. Primers used for PCR include those that identify commonly found RKN species: M. incognita, M. arenaria, M. javanica, M. hapla, M. fallax, M. chitwoodi, and M. enterolobii. Of these samples, 73 were identified as M. incognita (97%), and two were identified as M. arenaria (3%). These species were identified through the differential-host test and PCR using primer sets IncK-14F/IncK-14R (M. incognita) and Far/Rar (M. arenaria). Overall, M. incognita is the most prevalent species of root-knot nematode that has been found on cropping systems in Alabama during this project. Arkansas (R. Robbins).  In working with soybean breeders from Missouri I tested 214 soybean Plant Introductions reported to have a high level of Soybean Cyst Nematode (SCN) resistance and 204 with reported moderate SCN for resistance to the reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis). These tests for reproduction were conducted in the greenhouse using our standard Arkansas reniform culture. In two tests, at different times, of those with a high level of resistance to SCN I found 44 PI’s of both tests (times) to have resistance to reniform nematodes and an additional 8 in the second test when compared to the resistant check “Hartwig.”  For 204 PI’s with reported moderate resistance I found 5 PI’s with reniform reproduction not different than “Hartwig.” Cooperators in Missouri are working to find correlation with my PI’s reproduction data with phenotypic data. Correlation of reproduction and phenotypes could be useful in identifying soybean lines with resistance to both SCN and reniform nematodes.  I tested 12 species of Oaks as hosts of the Pecan Root-Knot nematode (Meloidogyne partityla). Of the 12 two (Cork and Pin oak) produced galls and egg masses, while Holly, Tabor, and burr Oaks produced galls only. English Walnut (Juglans regia) also produced galls and egg masses. South Carolina (P. Agudelo).  We continued to collect and study intra- and interspecific variability of lance nematodes.  We described a new Hoplolaimus species from the Smoky Mountains.  We sequenced the mitochondrial genome of for two lance nematode species to provide references for comparative genomics, speciation, and phylogeography studies.  Virgina. (C. Johnson and J. Eisenback).  A new species of root-knot nematodes is currently being described parasitizing yellow and purple nut-sedge in New Mexico. The female is very small and the neck is offset from the tail terminus which protrudes from the posterior end. A complete description using light and scanning electron microscopes and molecular characteristics is currently underway. A re-description of Meloidogyne kikuyensis has shown that this nematode is a putative primitive species.  It has just 7 large chromosomes, unlike that majority of species in the genus that have numerous small chromosomes. Also, molecular characters support the idea that it is a basal species within the genus.  The plant-host parasite has shown that the nodule-like galls are of unique origin and are very similar to that of nodules produced by nitrogen fixing bacteria. Objective 2:  Elucidate molecular and physiological mechanisms of plant-nematode interactions to improve host resistance. Mississippi (G. Lawrence and V. Klink).  A harpin elicitor induces the expression of a coiled-coil nucleotide binding leucine rich repeat (CC-NB-LRR) defense signaling gene and others functioning during defense to parasitic nematodes. The bacterial effector harpin induces the transcription of the Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) NON-RACE SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE 1/HARPIN INDUCED1 (NDR1/HIN1) coiled-coil nucleotide binding leucine rich repeat (CC-NB-LRR) defense signaling gene. In Glycine max (soybean), Gm-NDR1-1 transcripts have been detected within root cells undergoing a natural resistant reaction to parasitism by the syncytium-forming nematode Heterodera glycines, (soybean cyst nematode [SCN]) functioning in the defense response. Expressing Gm-NDR1-1 in Gossypium hirsutum (cotton) leads to resistance to Meloidogyne incognita (root knot nematode [RKN]) parasitism. In experiments presented here, the heterologous expression of Gm-NDR1-1 in G. hirsutum impairs Rotylenchulus reniformis (reniform nematode) parasitism. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that Gm-NDR1-1 expression functions broadly in generating a defense response. To examine a possible relationship with harpin, G. max plants topically treated with harpin result in induction of the transcription of Gm-NDR1-1. The result indicates the topical treatment of plants with harpin, itself, may lead to impaired nematode parasitism. Topical harpin treatments are shown to impair G. max parasitism by H. glycines, M. incognita and R. reniformis and G. hirsutum parasitism by M. incognita and R. reniformis. How harpin could function in defense has been examined in experiments showing it also induces transcription of G. max homologs of the proven defense genes ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1), TGA2, galactinol synthase, reticuline oxidase, xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase, alpha soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (-SNAP) and serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT). In contrast, other defense genes are not directly transcriptionally activated by harpin. The results indicate harpin induces pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) defense processes in the root, activating defense to parasitic nematodes. RNA has been isolated from Glycine max (soybean) root cells undergoing the process of defense to Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode). The RNA has been used in gene expression analyses. The procedure has led to the identification of candidate resistance genes. A gene testing platform has been developed to functionally test these genes. The procedure has examined hundreds of genes with some functioning effectively in defense. The analysis has demonstrated the importance of various cellular processes to defense and has identified genes that previously had no known role in defense.  A functional developmental genomics screen is identifying genes functioning within cells that function in plant to a root pathogen.  RNA has been isolated from Glycine max (soybean) root cells undergoing the process of defense to a root pathogen. The RNA has been used in gene expression analyses, leading to the identification of candidate resistance genes. A gene testing platform has been developed to functionally test these genes with the aim of determining if the genes function during the process of defense. The procedure has examined hundreds of genes with some functioning effectively in defense. The analysis has demonstrated the importance of various cellular processes to defense and has identified genes that previously had no known role in defense. Missouri (H. Nguyen and M. Klepadlo).  Discovery of new resistance sources.  Since 2008, 584 soybean plant introductions (PIs) with maturity group (MG) 000-II were screened against SCN race 2 and 3, and 636 PIs with MG III-V were screened against SCN race 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 14. A subset of 76 PIs were selected and classified under Peking-type, PI 88788-type and potential new resistance subgroups, and proceeded with screening against SRKN and RN. Among 76 PIs, 56 and 12 of them were resistant to two and three nematode species.  Over 1,000 soybean germplasm, including exotic plant introductions (PIs), breeding lines, and varieties, were sequenced using the next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology and will provide a fundamental tool in genome mining. In addition, a new reference southern soybean genome ‘Lee’ will be available to public in the end of 2018. Genome-wide haplotype clustering and structural variation analysis are routinely used for identification of nematode resistance genes and corresponding molecular markers for diagnostic use. Genetic analysis of new sources. Two major QTL responsible for resistance to different SCN races were consistently mapped at the same genomic locations on Chrs. 10 (LG O) and 18 (LG G), as previously reported in PI 567516C and PI 567305.These PIs are also highly resistant to other nematode species: SRKN and RN. Genetic analyses were conducted in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations to identify and map genomic regions for multi-nematode resistance. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data and haplotype analysis indicated that these two PIs shared similar genome component in both QTL regions. PI 438489B was reported to be highly resistant to multi-SCN races, SRKN and RN. Genetic analysis confirmed two major loci, rhg1 (Peking-type) and Rhg4 for resistance to SCN and three QTL for resistance to RKN on Chrs. 8, 10, and 13. Identification of RN resistance was done in collaboration with Dr. Robbins. Two linkage maps were used using Universal Soybean Linkage Panel and Whole Genome Sequencing technology. Three QTL were detected on Chr. 18, 11 and 3. Candidate genes are going through extensive haplotype and phylogenetic analyses and final candidate genes will be tested with CRISPR-Cas9 system to confirm their functions.  Fine-mapping of novel QTL. Two novel SCN QTL, Chr. 10 (LG O, locus O) and Chr. 18 (LG G, Locus 2G), detected in PI 567516C are the target for fine-mapping and cloning. Backcrossing populations were developed to fine-map these QTL regions. For locus O, more than 1,000 BC4F2 plants were genotyped. Seven BC4F2:4 NILs were developed in the target region and are undergoing SCN phenotyping. The QTL on Chr. 18 was genetically distant from the known rhg1 locus and tentatively designated as the 2G QTL. For locus 2G, 12 BC4F2:4 NILs were developed and screened with multiple SCN races. Fine-mapping of these loci will continue in 2018. North Carolina (E. Davis).  Five viruses [ScNV, ScPV, ScRV, ScTV, and SbCNV-5] previously found to infect SCN greenhouse populations in Illinois were also detected by RT-PCR within SCN from 43 greenhouse cultures and 25 field populations from North Carolina (NC) and Missouri (MO). Viral titers within SCN greenhouse cultures were similar throughout juvenile development, and the presence of viral anti-genomic RNAs within egg, second-stage juvenile (J2), and pooled J3 and J4 stages suggests active viral replication within the nematode. Viruses were found at similar or lower levels within field populations of SCN compared to greenhouse cultures of NC populations. Five greenhouse cultures [LY1, LY2, MM2, TN7, and TN22] harbored all five known viruses whereas in most populations a mixture of fewer viruses was detected. In contrast, three greenhouse cultures [MM21, MM23, MM24] of similar descent to one another did not possess any detectable viruses and primarily differed in location of the cultures (NC versus MO). Viruses ScNV, ScPV, and ScTV were also detected in Heterodera trifolii (clover cyst) and viruses ScPV and ScRV were detected in a greenhouse population of Heterodera schachtii (beet cyst), but none of the five SCN viruses were detected in other cyst, root-knot, or reniform nematode populations tested. The viruses were not detected within soybean host plant tissue.  Constitutive expression of the Hs25A01 cDNA under the control of the 35S promoter in Arabidopsis plants caused a small increase in root length accompanied by a 35% increase in susceptibility to H. schachtii. A plant-expressed RNAi construct targeting Hs25A01 transcripts in invading nematodes significantly reduced host susceptibility to H. schachtii.  These data document that Hs25A01 has physiological functions in planta and is conducive to cyst nematode parasitism.  To broaden SCN resistance breeding resources and to mitigate nematode damage, we used Glycine soja, a wild soybean progenitor that shows much higher genetic diversity than cultivated soybean, to identify resistant accessions and to dissect the genetic basis of resistance to HG 2.5.7. A total of 235 G. soja accessions were evaluated; 43 were found to be resistant to SCN HG 2.5.7 (female index < 30) and could be considered exotic and novel SCN-resistant resources. We further conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of HG 2.5.7 resistance with an association panel containing 235 wild soybean accessions using 41,087 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A total of 10 SNPs distributed on chromosome 18 and chromosome 19 were found to be significantly associated with SCN HG 2.5.7 resistance. South Carolina (P. Agudelo).  We have focused on reniform nematode infection in cotton and soybean roots.  To document plant responses, we set up a split-root growth system to collect tissues from infected and uninfected portions of the same root system.  A 12-day time course of histology and gene expression of infected roots were generated.  Histological observations recorded the developmental process of the permanent feeding structure, and we investigated the effect of reniform nematode parasitism on lateral root formation.  Nematode infection resulted in significantly higher branching complexity in cotton roots and alters hormone-associated gene expression.  Monoclonal antibodies were used to investigate potential modifications of cell wall components in infected cotton roots. Tennessee (Tarek Hewezi, Feng Chen and Reza Hajimorad).  Recent studies report on key regulatory role of microRNA (miRNA) genes in regulating plant responses to cyst nematode infection. We generated whole-genome DNA methylation map at single-base resolution during the compatible interaction between soybean (Williams 82) and the soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines). We investigated DNA methylation changes occurring in the promoter (2 kb upstream of the primary miRNA sequence) of all known soybean miRNA genes. We identified 28 miRNAs that are significantly (q value < 0.01) differentially methylated (methylation difference ≥ 25%). Differential DNA methylation was found mainly in the CG and CHG sequence contexts. Also we found that DNA hypomethylation (loss of methylation) in miRNA promoters occurs to a much higher level than hypermethylation (gain of methylation). We predicted target genes of these differentially methylated miRNAs using computational tools. Many of the predicted targets are among the confirmed miRNA targets in publically available degradome datasets. Interestingly, several of these target genes have been previously identified as syncytium differentially expressed genes, pointing into a role of DNA methylation, as a key epigenetic mark, in controlling the regulatory function of miRNAs during soybean response to SCN infection. We further investigated the function of one of these miRNAs using soybean transgenic hairy root system.  The primary transcript sequence of this miRNA was cloned in a binary vector and overexpressed in soybean cultivar Williams 82. The transgenic hairy roots were selected using GFP reporter. Transgenic hairy roots expressing only GFP were used as negative control. qPCR analysis confirmed the increased expression of the mature miRNA. The transgenic hairy root plants were arranged in three replicates each with 5 plants to determine plant susceptibility to SCN (race 3) in a greenhouse experiment. SCN infection assay showed a significant (P value < 0.001) increase (~200%) in nematode susceptibility of the hairy roots overexpressing the miRNA gene relative to the control plants expressing GFP only. Together, these data indicate that DNA methylation contribute to the regulatory function of miRNA genes during soybean × SCN interaction.  A number of putative soybean defense genes against SCN, including a salicylate acid methyltransferase gene (SAMT), a jasmonic acid methyltransferase gene (JAMT) and several terpene synthase genes (TPS), have been identified. The role of SAMT and a TPS gene in SCN resistance have been evaluated and validated using molecular biology, biochemistry and transgenic approaches. Some TPS genes of other biological sources have been characterized, which may be used as molecular tools for improving SCN-resistance of soybean. Virgina. (C. Johnson and J. Eisenback).  Next generation sequencing datasets of Pratylenchus penetrans were combined spatially and temporally to resolve candidate genes selected for the discovery of a panel of effector genes for this species. The spatial expression of the transcripts of 22 candidate effector genes within the esophageal glands were revealed by in situ hybridization. They were chosen from more than 100 genes identified from the nematode. These comprised homologues of known effectors of other plant-parasitic nematodes with diverse putative functions, as well as eight novel pioneer effectors specific to this nematode. They were combined in situ for localization of effectors with available genomic data to identify a non-coding motif that are enriched promoter regions of a subset of P. penetrans effectors. Using RT-qPCR analyses, a select subset of candidate effectors was shown to be actively expressed during the early steps of plant infection These results provide the most comprehensive panel of effector genes found for P. penetrans. Considering the damage caused by this nematode, valuable data to elucidate the basis of pathogenicity offers useful tactic to provide potential specific target effector genes to control this important pathogen. Objective 3:  Integrate nematode management agents (NMAs) and cultural tactics with the use of resistant cultivars to develop sustainable crop production systems. Alabama (K. Lawrence).  An increased attention has been placed on biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes using various fungi and bacteria. In our study we evaluated the potential of 662 plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains for mortality to Meloidogyne incognita J2 in vitro.  Results indicated that the mortality of M. incognita J2 by the PGPR strains ranged from 0 to 100% with an average of 39%. Among the PGPR strains examined, 212 of 662 strains (or 33%) caused significantly greater mortality percent of M. incognita J2 than the untreated control. Bacillus was the bacterial genus most often inducing mortality when compared with the other genera. In subsequent greenhouse trials trials, B. velezensis strain Bve2 reduced M. incognita eggs per gram of cotton root in similarly to the commercial standards Abamectin and Clothianidin plus B. firmus I-1582. Bacillus mojavensis strain Bmo3, B. velezensis strain Bve2, B. subtilis subsp. subtilis strain Bsssu3, and the Mixture 2 (Abamectin + Bve2 + B. altitudinis strain Bal13) suppressed M. incognita eggs per gram of root in the microplot trials. Bacillus velezensis strains Bve2 and Bve12 also increased seed-cotton yield in the microplot and field trials. Overall, results indicate that B. velezensis strains Bve2 and Bve12, B. mojavensis strain Bmo3, and Mixture 2 (Abamectin + Bve2 + B. altitudinis strain Bal13) have potential to reduce M. incognita population density and to enhance growth of cotton when applied as in-furrow sprays at planting. Common turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), a spice crop native to India, used for the yellow color in products ranging from foods to pharmaceuticals. The medicinal plant is in early stages of evaluation as niche crop for Alabama and afresh market demand of turmeric is rising in local farmers markets. IN 2015, turmeric plants grown on the campus of Auburn University, exhibited small galls on root systems. Symptoms appeared throughout all eight selections of Curcuma longa grown at Auburn University. Plants in early summer exhibited symptoms including chlorosis, stunting, and marginal leaf necrosis. Symptomatic plants were collected and root systems exhibited numerous galls, typical of Meloidogyne infection. Nematode eggs were extracted from root systems and enumerated. Eggs were hatched to the second juvenile stage (J2) for species identification. Individual juveniles (1-10 per sample) were picked out of the population.  Each juvenile was then smashed into several pieces by a 100 µL pipette tip via the smashing method and immediately used for PCR (Harris and Powers, 1993).  The J2 DNA was amplified via PCR using primers IncK-14F and IncK-14R that are specific for amplification of M. incognita (Randig et al., 2002).  Primers specific for M. arenaria (Far/Rar), M. javanica (Fjav/Rjav), M. hapla (JMV1/JMV hapla), and M. enterolobi (Me-F/Me-R) were also used, but failed to amplify any of the unknown nematode DNA (Randig et. al. 2002; Zijlstra et. al. 2000).  PCR was run on unknown samples as well as a positive control sample of M. incognita DNA obtained from the greenhouse stock cultures that have previously been identified as M. incognita by this research group (Groover and Lawrence, 2016).  Approximately 45-50 J2’s were tested with each primer set, and the IncK-14F/IncK-14R primer set amplified about 30 as M. incognita, giving an amplification rate around 65%.  The amplified PCR product was then run on a 1% agarose gel and a 400 base pair fragment was observed under a UV light, confirming the population to be M. incognita (Randig et. al. 2002).  M. incognita-inoculated turmeric selections exhibited reduced average plant height, shoot fresh weight, and root fresh weight with the measurements being 26% to 50%of those of the control. Final nematode population densities on ranged from 19 to 4703 eggs per gram of root of the turmeric selections. Reproductive factor (RF), defined as the final nematode population density divided by the initial inoculum density, was calculated to be as low as 0.6 up to 4.1. Most turmeric selections were susceptible to M. incognita, however selection CL2, was somewhat resistant to the nematode as its RF value was less than 1. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. incognita infecting Curcuma longa in the United States. Because M. incognita has been recorded in 46 out of Alabama’s 67 counties, potential growers of turmeric should consider nematode management and variety selection as an important step to successful turmeric production in the state of Alabama. Arkansas (T. Faske).  During the 2017 cropping season my program evaluated 48 soybean cultivars for susceptibility to the southern root-knot nematode, which is the most important plant-parasitic nematode that affects soybean production in the mid-South, including Arkansas.  This provides some information on cultivar selection in fields with a high population density of root-knot nematodes.  My program also evaluated several of the new seed-applied nematicides such as AVEO, Nemastrike, BioST, and ILeVO, and in-furrow applied nematicides like AgLogic, and Salibro in soybean.  Similarly in cotton we evaluated seed-applied nematicides like Nemastrike, COPeO, and BioST and in-furrow applied nematicides like Velum Total and AgLogic. Summary of these trials will be reported as plant disease management reports or used to at winter extension meetings and in-service trainings. Arkansas (R. Robbins).  I tested 66 soybean breeder’s lines for reniform nematode resistance; 10 lines from Arkansas, 10 form Clemson, 16 form Georgia, and 20 from Missouri. Of these 66 lines two each from Clemson and Georgia, ten of Missouri, and none from Arkansas did not reproduce more than the resistant check “Hartwig” and may be useful in breeding for reniform nematode resistance in commercial lines. Florida (D. Dickson).  Tifguard, which was released as a peanut cultivar resistant to root-knot nematode and tomato spotted wilt virus in 2007, was found to be heavily infected by Meloidogyne arenaria in several production fields in Florida in 2012. The goal of this project was to determine why the cultivar that was reported to be highly resistant succumbed to root-knot nematode infection. The objectives were to assess the resistance of three different sources of Tifguard seeds; to determine the vertical population densities and seasonal population changes of M. arenaria on resistant and susceptible peanut; to determine the effects of high soil temperature on the resistance in Tifguard, and to evaluate the yield of Tifguard, isogenic Tifguard and Georgia-06G treated vs. nontreated with 1,3-dichloropropene. In three M. arenaria infested field sites a comparison of Tifguard seed obtained from three sources showed that 3, 30, and 40% of plants that were infected by the nematode were negative for the nematode resistance gene. Comparison of vertical population densities of M. arenaria on Georgia-06G in two different soil types showed that greater numbers occurred in the upper 60 cm of soil during the growing season in a Candler sand, whereas in a Norfolk loamy sand greater densities were found only in the top 45 cm. The seasonal distribution of J2 in the soil followed similar trends in the two locations, with a peak occurring during late summer and early fall at harvest. Number of J2 dropped following harvest and reached a density less than 10 J2/200 cm3 of soil in February. The population densities of M. arenaria on Georgia-06G at all depths were much greater in Norfolk loamy sand than that in the Candler sand. Tifguard reduced the nematode population to less than 20 and 70 in the Candler sand and the Norfolk loamy sand, respectively over the experimental periods. Comparison of nematode numbers from different developmental stages at different temperatures demonstrated that the high soil temperature increased nematode infection rate and accelerated nematode development in Georgia-06G. No further development of J2 occurred in Tifguard roots at 28 or 31 ℃, however at 34 ℃ a few J3-J4, females, egg laying females, and males of M. arenaria were observed. Florida (Z. Grabau).  Investigated use of conventional and alternative crop rotations for reniform nematode management.  Investigated integration of nematicide application with crop rotation for nematode management.  Investigated impacts on agricultural management practices on soil ecology based on free-living nematodes  Louisiana (C. Overstreet and E. McGawley).  Experiments were conducted at the Northeast Research Station to evaluate the effectiveness of site-specific application of nematicides on soybean in a field that had variable soil texture and was infested with both Southern root-knot and reniform nematodes. The field was divided into soil zones based on apparent electrical conductivity (ECa). Zones 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 had ranges of ECa-deep values of 20.2-33.7, 33.7-49.4, 49.4-67.0, 67.0-84.6, and 84.6-118.0 mS/m, respectively. Treatments included the nematicide Telone at 3 gallons/acre, Avicta Complete Bean as a seed treatment, the combination of the two nematicides together, and an untreated control. Each treatment was replicated 40 times to ensure occurrence in all the soil zones.  The fumigant significantly reduced population levels of reniform nematode in zone 1 and numerically in zones 2 and 3 at planting. Root-knot populations were very low in all plots at the time of planting. The Avicta Complete Bean did not significantly impact populations of the nematode or yield and data was combined between Telone treated or not treated. Reniform populations at harvest were 38,462 and 26,697 per 500 cc of soil for the untreated in zones 1 and 2, respectively which was significantly less than the Telone treatments of 11,590 and 14,053. Southern root-knot populations in the untreated were significantly higher in zones 2, 3, 4, and 5 than the Telone treatment. Soybean yield was significantly higher in zones 1 and 3 with the application of Telone and numerically in all the others. However, the differences in yield were insignificant (2 bushels per acre) in zones 4 and 5. This test indicated that management zones could be established in soybean that reflected more of the soil influence on nematicide response than simply populations of the nematode. A second experiment was conducted that was similar to the first one that used two different varieties that were treated or not treated with the fumigant Telone at 3 gallons/acre preplant. Asgrow 54X6 variety is susceptible to both Southern root-knot and reniform nematode and Armor 53D04 has some resistance against Southern root-knot and none against reniform nematode. This site was divided into three zones based on ECa-deep values that ranged from 18.2-42.8, 42.8-71.8, and 71.8-118.0 mS/m, respectively for zones 1, 2, and 3. Populations of reniform nematode were significantly reduced in 53D04 untreated from treated averaging 5111 and 690 vermiform life stages of reniform nematode per 500 cc of soil, respectively. Telone numerically reduced populations of reniform nematode of both varieties in all zones. Populations of reniform nematode were significantly higher on the untreated on AG54X6 in zone 2 and 53D04 had higher population in the untreated in zones 1 and 2. No differences were observed with treated or untreated with either variety in zone 3. Root-knot nematode populations were significantly higher compared to the treated with AG54X6 in zones 1 and 2. Populations of root-knot remained low across soil zones and treatments with 53D04. Soybean yield of AG54X6 was not impacted by fumigation across soil zones. The variety 52D04 did show a significant response to the fumigant in zone 1 of 4.2 bushels per acre but not in the other two zones. This study indicates that variety selection may also be important in development of management zones for nematodes in soybean.  Grain sorghum is considered to be an acceptable rotation crop to manage Southern root-knot nematode in many states. Experiments were established to determine if grain sorghum varieties would be impacted by Southern root-knot nematode and the impact on population development of the nematode for succeeding crops. In test one, three sorghum varieties (83P17, NK6638, and REV9782) were selected that had various levels of resistance against Southern root-knot nematode and determined to be very susceptible, moderately susceptible, and moderately resistant, respectively. Each of these varieties was treated with or without Telone II at 3 gallons per acre preplant. Although populations of Southern root-knot nematode were low at the time of planting, Telone significantly reduced the nematode in NK6638. Final populations of Southern root-knot nematode were much higher after harvest and averaged 512, 352, and 256 juveniles per 500 cc of soil for 83P17, NK6638, and REV9782, respectively. The fumigant was very effective and resulted in no root-knot juveniles in the soil in any of the varieties. The fumigant did not significantly improve yield in any of the varieties. Sorghum yields were low and averaged 80, 88, and 76 bushels per acre for 83P17, NK6638, and REV9782, respectively. A second sorghum trial evaluated five varieties that were very susceptible or moderately susceptible to Southern root-knot nematode for the influence of the fumigant Telone and impact of population development at harvest. The fumigant either significantly reduced or numerically decreased populations on all varieties. Two varieties had very high populations of root-knot nematode at harvest in the untreated averaging 2560 and 1568 juveniles per 500 cc of soil for 83P99 (very susceptible) and DkS51-01 (moderately susceptible). These population levels would be considered to be very damaging to susceptible crops that would be planted in rotation with sorghum. Yields were similar between treated and untreated for each variety. Yields were also high for 83P99 which would make it a variety more likely to be planted by producers and more likely to cause problems to the next crop. Differences in population development and pathogenicity in isolates of reniform nematode have been reported from different states. Experiments were conducted to evaluate soybean responses to indigenous isolates of the reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) in Louisiana. Microplot and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the comparative reproduction and pathogenicity of single egg-mass populations of R. reniformis isolated from West Carroll (WC), Rapides, Tensas and Morehouse (MOR) parishes of Louisiana. Data from full-season microplot trials displayed significant differences in reproduction and pathogenicity of the nematode with the commercial soybean cultivars REV 56R63, Pioneer P54T94R, and Dyna-Gro 39RY57. Significantly low population density was observed in the isolate from the MOR parish compared to that of the least reproducing WC isolate. The MOR isolate was also the most pathogenic and resulted in significantly less soybean plant and pod weights compared to the control. In 60 day greenhouse trials, susceptible cultivar Progeny P4930LL and the resistant germplasm lines PI 90763 and PI 548316 were added together with the same cultivars used in the microplot trials.  Similar to the microplot trials, the MOR isolate had the least level of reproduction compared to that of WC and presented the greatest level of pathogenicity. In both microplot and greenhouse trials, the soybean cultivar REV 56R63 had a significant reduction in reniform numbers compared to cultivars Pioneer P54T94R and Dyna-Gro 39RY57. A similar study was conducted to evaluate indigenous populations of reniform nematode on cotton. Comparative reproduction and pathogenicity of reniform nematode populations derived from single-egg mass and collected form West Carroll (WC), Rapides (RAP), Morehouse (MOR), and Tensas (TEN) parishes were evaluated on cotton in full-season (150 days) microplot, and 60-day greenhouse trials. Data from microplot trials showed significant differences among isolates of reniform nematode in both reproduction and pathogenicity on upland cotton cultivars Phytogen 499 WRF, Deltapine 1133 B2RF, and Phytogen 333 WRF. Across all cotton cultivars, MOR and RAP isolate had the greatest and the least reproduction value of 331.8 and 230.2, respectively. Reduction in plant dry weight, number of bolls, seed cotton weight, and lint weight was the greatest and the least for MOR and RAP isolate, respectively. The reproduction and pathogenicity of WC and TEN isolate was intermediate. In the greenhouse experiment, reproduction of MOR and RAP isolate across all cotton genotypes (three cultivars used in microplot experiment, one susceptible cultivar Stoneville 4947, and two germplasm lines MT2468 Ren3, and M713 Ren5) was the greatest (reproduction value 10.7) and the least (reproduction value 7.9), respectively. Although reproductions of reniform nematode were lower in the germplasm lines than the cultivars, the germplasm lines sustained greater plant weight loss. The variability in reproduction and pathogenicity among endemic populations of reniform nematode in both the microplot and greenhouse experiments adds further support to the hypothesis that virulence phenotypes of R. reniformis exist. Experiments were established to develop a short during test to detect variability among isolates of cotton and soybean using root-associated life stages. Isolates of the nematode from eight cotton-producing parishes focused solely on reproduction of the root-associated infective and swollen female life stages with and without attached egg masses on the cotton genotypes MT2468 Ren 3, M713 Ren 5, and Stoneville 4946 and the soybean genotypes PI 548316, PI 90763, and Progeny 4930LL.  Data from greenhouse-based, 30-d-duration tests showed significant differences in life stage totals per root system among the eight isolates. Data from subsequent greenhouse studies with isolates of the nematode from West Carroll (WC), Morehouse (MOR), Rapides (RAP), and East Carroll (EC) parishes showed that on cotton there were significantly greater numbers of females with egg masses and total life stages on roots for the isolate from WC than for the other 3 isolates. Subsequent laboratory tests with durations of 14-21 days employed the same isolates previously described. Soybean and cotton plants were grown either in steam-sterilized soil or in soilless Cyg germination pouches. Overall, genotypes of cotton were better able to distinguish populations of the nematode on roots than were the genotypes of soybean. After 14 days for both cotton and soybean, the greatest numbers of infective and swollen females and root totals were observed with the WC isolate of the nematode. After 21 days, numbers of swollen females with egg masses and root totals for cotton were significantly greater for the WC isolate than for the other isolates. Germination pouches showed that, on tomato, the WC and RAP isolates had greater numbers of swollen females and total root stages than the other two isolates. Total egg mass contents, the sum of the numbers of eggs and hatched juveniles, were greatest for the WC isolate of the nematode and averaged 30 per egg mass. White tip disease of rice caused by Aphelenchoides besseyi has been considered a minor pest of rice during the past 50 years in the United States. Recently this nematode has been found in a number of quarantine samples in Louisiana and Arkansas. Objectives of this research were to determine incidence of this nematode in commercial seed sold to producers in Louisiana and to determine the host status of major cultivars currently produced in the state. During 2015-2016, a total of 286 seed samples representing 3 medium grain, 18 long grain, and 4 long grain hybrid cultivars were examined for A. besseyi. The nematode was detected in 12% of the samples and the highest incidence occurred on long grain hybrids with 30% of the 63 samples infested. Nineteen-week-duration greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate reproduction of the nematode and pathogenicity to three medium, three long grains, and three long grain hybrid rice cultivars currently popular in Louisiana. Reproductive values of 11.9 and 2.9 were obtained for medium grain cultivar Jupiter and long hybrid XL 753, respectively. Grain weights of Jupiter, CL 111 and XL 753 plants inoculated with A. besseyi were significantly reduced below those of non-inoculated controls. There were significant reductions in plant height for all cultivars, except the long grain cultivar CL 152. Weights of Jupiter, CL 111, CL 152, XL 745 and XL 753 plants were reduced significantly when inoculated with A. besseyi. Germination and seedling growth studies conducted in the laboratory and greenhouse indicated that A. besseyi had a negative effect of 27% on percentage of seeds germinating of medium grain Jupiter. However, the nematode had a significant negative impact of 0.64 in average on the rate of germination for all cultivars except the medium grain Caffey. Minnesota (S. Chen).  In 2017, a total of 93 private and public soybean cultivars were assayed for their resistance to SCN HG Type 7 (race 3) in the greenhouse. A number of soybean germplasm lines, most of which were in MG 000-II, were retested for their resistance to SCN race 1 and/or race 14.  Soybean breeding lines with PI 567615C source of resistance were evaluated for their resistance to SCN populations in the greenhouse, and a few of them were tested for yield in fields.  A total of 119 pennycress germplasm lines in the UMN breeding program were evaluated for their resistance to SCN.  None of the pennycress lines are highly resistant to the nematode. Biological seed treatments for Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines) management. One strategy for H. glycines management is with biological control. A test was conducted in the greenhouse at Mississippi State University to determine the efficacy of selected biological products. Treatments included seeds treated with ALB EXP Bacteria 1, 2, & 3, Burkholderia sp. alone and in combination with Bacterial metabolite, Saponin, and Harpin, a standard Abamectin and an untreated control. All seeds were treated by Albaugh, LLC. The study included effects on plant growth and nematode life stage development. Seeds were placed in 2.54 cm depressions in a steam sterilized sand: soil mix in 10 cm dia clay pots. H. glycines, 2500 eggs, was added on top of the seed for each treatment. The test was arranged in a RCB with 5 replications and ran for 60 days. At harvest, no negative effects were recorded from any treatment on soybean growth.  Seed treatments significantly reduced eggs and cysts of H. glycines compared with the untreated control. Seed treatments were similar in efficacy to the standard, Abamectin. H. glycines J2 numbers were significantly lower in the seed treatments compared with the control except in treatments ALB EXP Bacteria 1 and 2.  When two systemic acquired resistant products were added to Burkholderia sp., both cyst and egg numbers were lower compared to Burkholderia alone. Future research will focus on stacking different modes of action to enhance nematicidal activity. Mississippi (G. Lawrence and V. Klink).  Agricultural chemical companies and developmental products currently designed for nematode control in row and vegetable crops. Efficacy studies have been conducted in 2017 with the products listed in Table 1 to determine their effect on nematode infestations of field crops. Many are still in their early developmental stages therefore only numbers or codes are available for some of the listed products. Table 1. Experimental and Existing Nematicide Products examined in Mississippi by Company, Product and Application Method. <table width="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="97"> Company </td> <td width="243"> Product </td> <td width="184"> Application </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97">   </td> <td width="243">   </td> <td width="184">   </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> Adama </td> <td width="243"> EW, BR2 , 250CS </td> <td width="184"> Seed treatments </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> Albaugh </td> <td width="243"> ALB-304, Chromobacterium sp. ALB-305 Burkholderia sp. </td> <td width="184"> Seed treatment Seed treatment </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97">  Bayer </td> <td width="243"> Velum Total (Fluopyram + Imidacloprid) </td> <td width="184"> In-furrow spray </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97">   </td> <td width="243"> Aeris seed applied system (Thiodicarb) </td> <td width="184"> Seed treatment </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97">   </td> <td width="243"> Votivo (Bacillis firmis) </td> <td width="184"> Seed treatment </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> DuPont </td> <td width="243"> Vydate L (Oxamyl) </td> <td width="184"> In-furrow spray </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97">   </td> <td width="243"> Vydate C-LV (Oxamyl) </td> <td width="184"> Foliar spray </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97">   </td> <td width="243"> Q8U80 -Salibro </td> <td width="184"> In-furrow spray or drip </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> Helena </td> <td width="243"> HM-1798, 1799, 17100 </td> <td width="184"> Seed treatment </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> Monsanto </td> <td width="243"> Numbers only (1-6) </td> <td width="184"> Seed treatment </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> Marrone </td> <td width="243"> Majestene </td> <td width="184"> In-furrow spray </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> NuFarm </td> <td width="243"> Azadirachtin, Nematox, Senator </td> <td width="184"> Seed treatment </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> </td> <td width="243"> Neem Oil, albendazole, Imidacloprid </td> <td width="184"> Seed treatment </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97">   </td> <td width="243">   </td> <td width="184">   </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="97"> </td> <td width="243"> </td> <td width="184"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   Missouri (H. Nguyen and M. Klepadlo).  Development of markers and genotyping assays.  For diagnostic purposes we use rhg1-2 and rhg1-5 SNP markers for detection Peking-type vs. PI 88788-type of rhg1, Rhg4-3 and Rhg4-5 for Rhg4, and O-8 and B1-7 for detection of SCN QTL on Chr. 10 and 11, respectively. We are advancing in development of SNP markers and KASP assay for detection RN resistance QTL on Chrs. 11 and 18.  Breeding and germplasm development.  Breeding and germplasm development is done in collaboration with soybean breeder in Southern MO breeding station at Fisher Delta Center in Portageville MO. We use genotyping methods to confirm source of known resistance in experimental breeding lines before commercial release. Nguyen lab developed experimental lines with pyramided genes in various combinations to test impact of each gene to resistance to different SCN races. Moreover, we extensively work on introducing novel SCN resistance QTL from PI 567516C into high yielding backgrounds. Tennessee (Tarek Hewezi, Feng Chen and Reza Hajimorad).  We have hypothesized that nematodes, similar to other organisms, are hosts to viruses. The pathogenic viruses of nematodes can be used directly as bionematicide while those non-pathogenic can be modified genetically for application as bionematicide. As reported in “Annual Progress Report 2016”, for the sake of evaluating any potential pathogenic virus of SCN, a virus-free nematode population is needed. However, according to the literature, all SCN laboratory races or naturally occurring field populations harbor at least one or more persistent viruses. In search of a virus-free nematode population serving as an experimental nematode, we have focused on sugar beet cyst nematode (BCN) and have examined, via Illumina sequencing combined with bioinformatics, its transcriptomes derived from eggs and J2s for absence of viruses. It should be noted that BCN (Heterodera schachtii) is a close relative of, and can intermate with, SCN (Heterodera glycines). The two species of nematodes differ primarily in their preferred hosts. BCN feeds preferentially on cruciferous plants, while SCN feeds primarily on soybean. Following transcriptome sequencing, they were trimmed and the non-nematode-like sequence reads were assembled into a total of 35,232 and 26,196 contigs for eggs and J2, respectively. These contigs were searched for the presence of known SCN viruses. The known viruses of SCN are SCN nyavirus (ScNV) (family: Nyamiviridae), SCN rhabdovirus (ScRV) (Family: Rhabdoviridae), SCN phlebovirus (ScPV) (Family: Bunyaviridae), SCN tenuivirus (ScTV) (Family: Bunyaviridae) and SCNV 5 pestivirus (SbCNV-5) (Family: Flaviviridae). The genomes of all these viruses, except that of SbCNV-5, consist of single-stranded negative-sense RNA. SbCNV-5 is currently the only known virus from SCN with single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome. The contigs derived from BCN transcriptome data for both eggs and J2s were screened against respective sequences of the above viruses available in GenBank using TBLASTX. Out of 35,232 contigs that assembled from SBCN eggs transcriptome sequence data, a total of 250 contigs were significantly (e-value <0.01) similar to the partial genomic sequences of the L segment of the ScTV with the longest being 6430 nucleotide long (e-value 9.40e-79). Out of 25,196 contigs assembled from the transcriptome sequence data derived from J2s, a total of 218 of contigs were significantly (e-value <0.01) similar to the partial genomic sequence of the ScTV with the longest being 6418 nucleotide long (e-value 8.24e-79). This virus was provisionally named Sugar beet cyst nematode virus 1 (SBCNV-1). The result of a BLASTP search against the GenBank database using the deduced amino acid sequence of SBCNV-2 showed 28% identity with the L-segment of Uukuniemi virus encoding RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase (RdRp) (e-value =7e-145). Hence, SBCNV-1 likely belongs to the genus Phlebovirus in the family Bunyaviridae. Based on pair-wise comparison of the deduced amino acids of its putative RdRp, it showed 27% identity (e-value = 1e-117) with ScTV and 25% with ScPV (e-value 1e-112). As far as any other known SCN viruses is concerned, none of the virus-like contigs in our study showed high similarity (e-value ranging e-08 to e-05) to their respective genomic sequences. Thus, our BCN culture likely lacked transcriptome sequences corresponding to all of the known SCN viruses. However, perhaps transcriptome data from a much diverse laboratory cultures along with naturally occurring populations of BCN are needed to fully identify its RNA viromes.  Interestingly, we have also identified in the sequence pools derived from both eggs and J2s a novel positive-sense RNA virus that provisionally named beet cyst nematode virus-2 (BCNV-2). This novel RNA virus was present in BCN populations from Iowa and Missouri as confirmed by RT-PCR reactions.  We have almost completed its full-length genomic sequence that is ~9503 nucleotides long. Determination of its precise 5' end sequences by RACE as well as its phylogenetic relationships with related viruses affecting other organisms is underway. Texas (T. Wheeler).  Combination of crop rotationiIrrigation rate/Variety:  With declining irrigation pumping capacity in the Southern High Plains, many producers are choosing to plant wheat in the fall after cotton harvest, and then fallow the land the following year after the wheat is harvested.  The effects of this rotation were compared with continuous cotton, when root-knot nematode resistant cultivars and three irrigation rates were also incorporated into the management program.  The varieties included in this 3-year study were: DP 1454NRB2RF (2 gene resistance, possibly on chromosome 11 and 7); FM 2011GT (no known genes for resistance, possibly some tolerance); NG 1511B2RF (root-knot susceptible variety with good yield potential in this region); PHY 417WRF (2-genes for resistance on chromosome 11 and 14); ST 4946GLB2 (1-gene for resistance).  The root galling early in the season was higher in continuous cotton than the wheat/cotton rotation.  The highly resistant PHY 417WRF had fewer root galls than any other variety (Table 1).  FM 2011GT had the highest number of galls.  There were no differences in the number of galls between the varieties in the wheat/cotton rotation (Table 1).  Root-knot nematode density was lower for PHY 417WRF in both cropping systems compared to all other varieties.  There were no differences in nematode density for the continuous cotton system, but in the wheat/cotton rotation, DP 1454NRB2RF and ST 4946GLB2 had lower root-knot nematode densities than FM 2011GT (Table 1). Table 1. Influence of cotton/winter wheat/summer fallow (WC) cropping system compared to continuous cotton (CC) with a wheat or rye cover crop, on root-knot nematodes, 2014 to 2016. <table> <tbody> <tr> <td rowspan="2"> Variety </td> <td colspan="2"> Galls/plant </td> <td colspan="2"> Root-knot nematode/500 cm3 soil </td> </tr> <tr> <td> CC </td> <td> WC </td> <td> CC </td> <td> WC </td> </tr> <tr> <td> DP 1454NRB2RF </td> <td> 3.4 ab </td> <td> 0.9 </td> <td> 3,744 a1 </td> <td> 1,036 b </td> </tr> <tr> <td> FM 2011GT </td> <td> 4.5 a </td> <td> 0.9 </td> <td> 5,749 a </td> <td> 1,721 a </td> </tr> <tr> <td> NG 1511B2RF </td> <td> 3.7 ab </td> <td> 1.2 </td> <td> 3,692 a </td> <td> 1,859 ab </td> </tr> <tr> <td> PHY 417WRF </td> <td> 1.4 c </td> <td> 0.6 </td> <td>    687 b </td> <td>      24 c </td> </tr> <tr> <td> ST 4946GLB2 </td> <td> 3.0 b </td> <td> 1.1 </td> <td> 5,323 a </td> <td>    701 b </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Prob. > F </td> <td> 0.001 </td> <td> 0.214 </td> <td> 0.001 </td> <td> 0.001 </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 1Means followed by a different letter indicate that the varieties were significantly different at P=0.05.  The root-knot nematode densities were LOG10(x+1) transformed before analyzing. Cotton yields in these two cropping systems and three irrigation rates, were analyzed for variety and variety x irrigation rate effects for 2014 - 2016.  There was no variety x irrigation rate interaction, so the main effects of variety are presented. The wheat/cotton rotation yielded more (1,003 lbs of lint/acre) than the continuous cotton system (713 lbs of lint/acre, P < 0.001).  In the continuous cotton system, ST 4946GLB2 had higher yields than all varieties except for PHY 417WRF (Table 2).  In the wheat/cotton rotation, ST 4946GLB2 and NG 1511B2RF had higher yields than DP 1454NRB2RF and PHY 417WRF.  There did not appear to be any advantage to nematode resistant genes in the wheat/cotton cropping system, but there did appear to be one in the continuous cotton system.  The root-knot nematode susceptible varieties yielded as well or better than the root-knot nematode resistant varieties.  DP 1454NRB2RF did not yield well in either system, but this is a long season variety which is a poor fit for the southern High Plains of Texas. There were probably other benefits besides a reduction in root-knot nematode density to the wheat/cotton cropping system, particularly with storage of moisture in the soil profile. There was a 290 lb/acre lint increase on average in the wheat/cotton system, and even highly resistant PHY 417WRF had a 188 lb/acre lint increase.  Root-knot nematode was almost eliminated in the PHY 417WRF plots in the wheat/cotton system. This rotation system was not as successful when examined 20 years ago, when pumping capacities were higher. However, with declining water (the irrigation rates in this study averaged 3.1, 4.6, and 6.2 inches/growing season), the advantages of taking part of the land out of cotton production each year and planting a winter crop like wheat and then fallowing the land can be profitable.  Leaving the land bare (only fallow), will allow more runoff of rain, and probably promote more weed issues.  Planting dryland cotton on half of the circle to conserve water will not result in storage of moisture in the soil profile. This wheat/fallow/cotton system appears to offer advantages to this region, especially when combined with several years of root-knot nematode resistant varieties. The cropping system/irrigation rate studied started a new cycle of varieties in 2017, that included four root-knot nematode susceptible varieties and ST 4946GLB2. Table 2. Effect of cotton/winter wheat/summer fallow (WC) cropping system compared to continuous cotton (CC) with a wheat or rye cover crop, on cotton lint yield, 2014 to 2016. <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> Variety </td> <td> CC </td> <td> WC </td> </tr> <tr> <td> DP 1454NRB2RF </td> <td> 682 b </td> <td>    951 bc </td> </tr> <tr> <td> FM 2011GT </td> <td> 704 b </td> <td> 1,030 ab </td> </tr> <tr> <td> NG 1511B2RF </td> <td> 682 b </td> <td> 1,058 a </td> </tr> <tr> <td> PHY 417WRF </td> <td> 722 ab </td> <td>    910 c </td> </tr> <tr> <td> ST 4946GLB2 </td> <td> 768 a </td> <td> 1,077 a </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Prob. > F </td> <td> 0.043 </td> <td> 0.002 </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 1Means followed by a different letter indicate that the varieties were significantly different at P=0.05.  Field testing varieties for nematode resistance:  Small plot variety/advanced commercial line trials were conducted in several commercial cotton fields.  Plots were 2 to 4-rows wide, 36 feet long, on 40-inch centers.  All trials were irrigated by the producers.  Varieties with either 2-gene resistance (DP 1558NRB2RF, PHY 417WRF) or 1-gene resistance (ST 4946GLB2) were included in the trials.  Several susceptible varieties were also included. There appears to be more interest by producers in planting susceptible varieties in root-knot nematode fields, than using varieties with some resistance/tolerance to root-knot nematodes. Of the new experimental lines tested in 2017, Monsanto 16R246NRB2XF and 17R942NRB3XF appear to reduce root-knot nematode densities (Table 3). Phytogen experimentals with good root-knot nematode resistance include PX2AX4W3FE, PX3A82W3FE, and PX4A52W3FE.  Table 3. Root-knot nematode (RK) densities on cultivars for trials in 2017. <table> <tbody> <tr> <td rowspan="2" width="211">     Cultivar </td> <td colspan="2" width="139"> Lamesa </td> <td colspan="2" width="144"> Seminole </td> <td colspan="2" width="146"> Locketville </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="67"> RK/500 cm3 soil </td> <td width="72"> LOG10 (RK+1) </td> <td width="72"> RK/500 cm3 soil </td> <td width="72"> LOG10 (RK+1) </td> <td width="67"> RK/500 cm3 soil </td> <td width="79"> LOG10 (RK+1) </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="211"> BX 1832GLT </td> <td width="67">   </td> <td width="72">   </td> <td width="72"> 13,590 </td> <td width="72"> 3.91 a </td> <td width="67"> 3,240 </td> <td width="79"> 3.04 abc </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="211"> Deltapine DP 1558NR B2RF </td> <td width="67"> 2,670 </td> <td width="72"> 2.43 de </td> <td width="72"> 2,880 </td> <td width="72"> 3.43 a-d </td> <td width="67"> 605 </td> <td width="79"> 2.18 a-d </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="211"> Deltapine DP 1646 B2XF </td> <td width="67">   </td> <td width="72">   </td> <td width="72"> 10,740 </td> <td width="72"> 3.97 a </td> <td width="67"> 1,270 </td> <td width="79"> 2.93 abc </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="211"> Deltapine DP 1747NR B2XF </td> <td width="67"> 4,170 </td> <td width="72"> 3.31 a-e </td> <td width="72"> 2,820 </td> <td width="72"> 3.39 a-d </td> <td width="67"> 520 </td> <td width="79"> 2.11 a-d </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="211"> FiberMax FM 1888GL </td> <td width="67"> 21,150 </td> <td width="72"> 4.21 abc </td> <td width="72"> 12,600 </td> <td width="72"> 4.09 a </td> <td width="67"> 1,400 </td> <td width="79"> 2.24 a-d </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="211"> FiberMax FM 1911GLT </td> <td width="67"> 3,390 </td> <td width="72"> 3.50 a-d </td> <td width="72"> 5,670 </td> <td width="72"> 3.51 a-d </td> <td width="67"> 2,790 </td> <td width="79"> 2.37 a-d </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="211"> FiberMax FM 2011GL </td> <td width="67"> 13,200 </td> <td width="72"> 3.65 a-d </td> <td width="72"> 7,950 </td> <td width="72"> 3.82 a </td> <td width="67"> 825 </td> <td width="79"> 2.80 abc </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="211"> Monsanto 16R245NR B2XF </td> <td width="67"> 10,290 </td> <td width="72"> 3.45 a-d </td> <td width="72"> 3,600 </td> <td width="72"> 3.30 a-d </td> <td width="67"> 700 </td> <td width="79"> 2.79 abc </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="211"> Monsanto 16R246NR B2XF </td> <td width="67"> 2,210 </td> <td width="72"> 2.39 de </td> <td width="72"> 1,560 </td> <td width="72"> 2.98 b-e </td> <td width="67"> 425 </td> <td width="79"> 1.41 a-d </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="211"> Monsanto 17R931NRB3XF </td> <td width="67">   </td> <td width="72">   </td> <td width="72"> 3,780 </td> <td width="72"> 3.43 a-d </td> <td width="67"> 850 </t

Publications

Books: Allersma, Ton, Bergschenhoek, Viviana Barrera, Supannee Cheewawiriyakul, Li-Fang Chen, Kevin Conn, Christina Dennehy, Brad Gabor, Laura Gallegos, Olivia Garda, Susana Garda, Maurine van Haesendonck, Bergschenhoek, Charles Hagan, Jorge Hasegawa, Chad Herrmann, Harmen Hummelen, Yimin Jin (Retired), Nutchanart Koomankas, Chad Kramer, Chet Kurowski, Nancy Kurtzweil, Jeff Lutton, Stephanie Pedroni, Saowalak Ph loa, Staci Rosenberger, Rafael Lacaz Ruiz, Tony Sandoval, Nada Seehawong, Luciana M. Takahashi, Jeremey Taylor, Susan Wang, Scott Adkins, Brenna Aegerter, Max E. Badgley, Thomas H. Barksdale, Ozgur Batuman, Scott Bauer, Enrico Biondi, Lowell L. Black (Retired), Dominique Blancard, William M. Brown Jr., Judy Brown, Gerald Brust, John Cho, Whitney Cranshaw, Pat Crill, Dan Egel, Jonathan Eisenback, Fernando Escriu, Bryce Falk, James D. Farley, Gillian Ferguson, Rafael Fernandez-Munoz, Don Ferrin, Joshua Freeman, David Gilchrist, Davide Giovanardi, Ray G. Grogan, Mary Ann Hanson, Dennis H. Hall, Jeff Hall, John R. Hartman, Timothy Hartz, Lynn Hilliard, Phyllis Himmel, Gerald Holmes, Maja lgnatov, Barry Jacobsen, Kenneth A. Kimble, Rakesh Kumar, David Langston, Moshe Lapidot, David Levy, Kai-Shu Ling, Jeffrey W. Lotz, Marisol LuisLaixin Luo, Alan A. MacNab, Margaret McGrath, Rebecca A. Melanson, Zelalem Mersha, Eugene Miyao, Joe Nunez, Lance Osborne, A. C. Magyarosy, Mathews Paret, Albert 0. Paulus (Emeritus), Kanungnit Reanwarakorn, David Riley, Flavia Ruiz, lnmaculada Ferriol Safont, Craig Sandlin, Yuan-Min Shen, Ed Sikora, L. Emilio Stefani, L. M. Suresh, Testi Valentino, Gary Vallad, Bruce Watt, Jon Watterson, Bill Wintermantel, Tom Zitter. 2017. Tomato Disease Field Guide. DeRuiter and Seminis: Monsanto. St. Louis, MO.   Journal Articles: Aljaafri WAR, McNeece BT, Lawaju BR, Sharma K, Niruala PM, Pant SR, Long DH, Lawrence KS, Lawrence GW, Klink VP. 2017. A harpin elicitor induces the expression of a coiled-coil nucleotide binding leucine rich repeat (CC-NB-LRR) defense signaling gene and others functioning during defense to parasitic nematodes. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 121 (2017) 161-175. Aljaafri, W.A.R., McNeece, B.T., Lawaju, B.R., Sharma, K., Niruala, P.M., Pant, S.R., Long, D.H., Lawrence, K.S., Lawrence, G.W., Klink, V.P. 2017. A harpin elicitor induces the expression of a coiled-coil nucleotide binding leucine rich repeat (CC-NB-LRR) defense signaling gene and others functioning during defense to parasitic nematodes. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 121(2017) 161-175. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.10.004">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.10.004</a> Allen, T. W., C. A. Bradley, A. J. Sisson, E. Byamukama, M. I. Chilvers, C. M. Coker, A. A. Collins, J. P. Damicone, A. E. Dorrance, N. S. Dufault, T. R. Faske, L. J. Giesler, A. P. Grybauskas, D. E. Hershman, C. A. Hollier, T. Isakeit, D. J. Jardine, H. M. Kelly, R. C. Kemerait, N. M. Kleczewski, S. R. Koenning, J. E. Kurle, D. K. Malvick, H. L. Mehl, D. S. Mueller, J. D. Mueller, R. P. Mulrooney, B. D. Nelson, M. A. Newman, L. Osborne, C. Overstreet, G. B. Padgett, P. M. Phipps, P. P. Price, E. J. Silora, D. L. Smith, T. N. Spurlock, C. A. Tande, A. U. Tenuta, K. A. Wise and J. A. Wrather. 2017. Soybean yield loss estimates due to diseases in the United States and Ontario, Canada, from 2010 to 2014. Plant Health Progress 18:19-27. Baidoo, R., Yan, G. P., Nelson, B., Skantar, A. M., and Chen, S. Y. 2017.  Use of chemical flocculation and nested PCR for Heterodera glycines detection in DNA extracts from field soils with low population densities.  Plant Disease 101:1153-1161. Desaeger, Johan, D. W. Dickson, and S. J. Locascio. 2017. Methyl bromide alternatives for control of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in tomato production in Florida.  Journal of Nematology 49:140-149.         Crutcher, F. K., L. S. Puckhaber, R. K. Stipanovic, A. A. Bell, R. L. Nichols, K. S. Lawrence, J. Liu. 2017 Microbial resistance mechanisms to the antibiotic and phytotoxin Fusaric acid. Journal of chemical Ecology October 6, 2017. DOI 10.1007/s10886-017-0889-x Filgueiras, Camila Cramer, Denis S. Willett, Alcides Moino Junior, Martin Pareja, Fahiem El Borai, Donald W. Dickson, Lukasz L. Stelinski, and Larry W. Duncan. 2016.  Stimulation of the salicylic acid pathway aboveground recruits entomopathogenic nematodes belowground. Plos One: 11:1-9. Gosse, H. N., K. S. Lawrence, and Sang-Wook Park. 2017. Underground mystery: the role of chemotactic attractants in plant root and phytonematode interactins. Scientia Ricerca 1(2): 83-87.Hall, M., K. Lawrence, W. Groover, D. Shannon, and T. Gonzalez. 2017. First Report of the Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) on Curcuma longa in the United States. Plant Disease 101 (10):1826. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-17-0409-PDN">https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-17-0409-PDN</a>. Grabau, Z., Vetsch, J., and Chen, S. 2017.  Effects of fertilizer, nematicide, and tillage on plant-parasitic nematodes and yield in corn and soybean.  Agronomy Journal 109:1651-1662. doi:10.2134/agronj2016.09.0548. Grabau ZJ, Maung ZTZ, Noyes DC, Baas DG; Werling BP; Brainard DC, Melakeberhan, H.  2017. Effects of cover crops on Pratylenchus penetrans and the nematode community in carrot production. Journal of Nematology 49:114-123. Grabau ZJ, Chen S, Vetsch J. 2017. Effects of fertilizer, nematicide, and tillage on plant-parasiticnematodes and yield in corn and soybean. Agronomy Journal 109:1-12. doi: 10.2134/agronj2016.09.0548 Hewezi T, Baum TJ (2017) Communication of sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes with their host plants. In: How plants communicate with their biotic environment. Guillaume Becard (Ed), Advances in Botanical Research Series, Volume 82, page 305-324, Academic Press. Hewezi T, Pantalone V, Bennett M, Neal Stewart C Jr, Burch-Smith TM (2017) Phytopathogen-induced changes to plant methylomes. Plant Cell Reports. doi: 10.1007/s00299-017-2188-y. Hurd, K. and Faske, T. R. 2017. Reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita and M. graminis on several grain sorghum hybrids.  Journal of Nematology 49:156-161. Kim, Ki-Seung, Dan Qiu, Tri D. Vuong, Robert T. Robbins, J. Grover Shannon, Zenglu Li, and Henry T. Nguyen. 2016. Advancements in breeding, genetics, and genomics for resistance to three nematode species in soybean. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 2295-2311. Kelly A. Morris, David B. Langston, Richard F. Davis, James P. Noe, Donald W. Dickson and Patricia Timper. 2016.  Efficacy of various application methods of fluensulfone for managing root-knot nematodes in vegetables. Journal of Nematology 48:65-71. Kelly A. Morris, David B. Langston, Bhabesh Dutta, Richard F. Davis, Patricia Timper, James P. Noe, and Donald W. Dickson. 2016. Evidence for a disease complex between Pythium aphanidermatum and root-knot nematodes in cucumber. Plant Health Progress 17:200-201. Khanal, Churamani, Robert T. Robbins, Travis Faske, Allen L. Szalanski, Edward C. McGawley, and Charles Oversteet. 2016. Identification and haplotype designation of Meloidogyne spp. of Arkansas using molecular diagnostics. 2016. Nematropica 46:261-270. Khanal, Churamani, Robert T. Robbins, Travis Faske, Allen L. Szalanski, Edward C. McGawley, and Charles Oversteet. 2016. Identification and haplotype designation of Meloidogyne spp. of Arkansas using molecular diagnostics. 2016. Nematropica 46:261-270. Khanal, C., E. C. McGawley, C. Overstreet, and S. R. Stetina. 2017. The elusive search for reniform nematode resistance in cotton. Phytopathology First Look: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-09-17-0320-RVW">https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-09-17-0320-RVW</a> Kim, Ki-Seung, Dan Qiu, Tri D. Vuong, Robert T. Robbins, J. Grover Shannon, Zenglu Li, and Henry T. Nguyen. 2016. Advancements in breeding, genetics, and genomics for resistance to three nematode species in soybean. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 2295-2311. Klink VP, McNeece BT, Pant SR, Sharma K, Nirula PM, Lawrence GW. 2017. Components of the SNARE-containing regulon are co-regulated in root cells undergoing defense. Plant Signalling and Behavior Feb; 12(2):e1274481. Land, C. J., K. S. Lawrence, C. H. Burmester, and B. Meyer. 2017. Cultivar, irrigation, and soil contribution to the enhancement of Verticillium wilt disease in cotton. Crop Protection 96:1-6. Lin, J., Wang, D., Chen, X., Köllner, T.G., Mazarei, M., Guo, H., Pantalone, V.R., Arelli, P., Stewart, C.N., Wang, N., and Chen, F. (2017). An (E,E)-α-farnesene synthase gene of soybean has a role in defense against nematodes and is involved in synthesizing insect-induced volatiles. Plant Biotech J. 15: 510-519. McNeece BT, Pant SR, Sharma K, Nirula PM, Lawrence GW, Klink VP. 2017. A Glycine max homolog of NON-RACE SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE 1 (NDR1) alters defense gene expression while functioning during a resistance response to different root pathogens in different genetic backgrounds. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 114:60-71. Min Woo Lee, Alisa Huffaker, Devany Crippen, Robert T. Robbins, and Fiona Goggin. 2017. Plant Elicitor Peptides Promote Plant Defenses against Nematodes in Soybean. Molecular Plant Pathology. Date: 27-June-2017, pp. 1 – 12, DOI : 10.1111/mpp.12570. Moye, Hugh. H. Jr., N. Xiang, K. Lawrence, and E. van Santen. 2017. First Report of Macrophomina phaseolina on Birdsfoot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) in Alabama. Plant Disease 101 (5): 842. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-16-1750-PDN">https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-16-1750-PDN</a>. Plaisance, A. R., E. C. McGawley, C. Overstreet, and D. M. Xavier-Mis. 2017. Evaluation of damage potential of urban turf-associated nematode communities under microplot conditions and influence of soil type on nematode reproduction. Nematropica 47:8-17. Pogorelko, G., Juvale, P.S., Rutter, W.B., Hewezi, T., Hussey, R., Davis, E.L., Mitchum, M.G., Baum,    T.J. 2016. A cyst nematode effector binds to diverse plant proteins, increases nematode susceptibility and affects root morphology. Molecular Plant Pathology 17:832-844. Ruark, C.L., Koenning, S.R., Davis, E.L., Opperman, C.H., Lommel, S.A., Mitchum, M.G., Sit, T.L. 2017. Soybean cyst nematode culture collections and field populations from North Carolina and Missouri reveal high incidences of infection by viruses. PLoS One 12(1): e0171514. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171514 Vieira, Paulo, Joseph Mowery, James Kilcrease, Jonathan Eisenback and Kathyrn Kamo. 2017. Histological characterization of Lilium longiflorum cv. 'Nellie White' infection with root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans. Journal of Nematology 49:2-11. Vieira, Paulo, Kathryn Kamo, and J. D. Eisenback. 2017. Characterization and silencing of a fatty acid- and retinoid-binding Pp-far-1 gene in Pratylenchus penetrans. Plant Pathology 66: 1214-1224. Xiang, Ni, K.S. Lawrence, J.W. Kloepper, P.A. Donald, and J.A. McInroy. 2017. Biological control of Heterodera glycines by spore-forming plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on soybean. PLOS ONE 12(7): e0181201.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181201. Dyer, D., N. Xiang, and K. S. Lawrence. 2017. First report of Catenaria anguillulae infecting Rotylenchulus reniformis and Heterodera glycines in Alabama. Plant Disease. 101(8):1547. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-17-0366-PDN. Xiang, Ni, K.S. Lawrence, J.W. Kloepper, P.A. Donald, J.A. McInroy, and G.W. Lawrence. 2017. Biological control of Meloidogyne incognita by spore-forming plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on cotton. Plant Disease 101(5): 774-784. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS-09-16-1369-RE. Xiang, Ni, K.S. Lawrence, J.W. Kloepper, P.A. Donald, J.A. McInroy, and G.W. Lawrence. 2017. Biological control of Meloidogyne incognita by spore-forming plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on cotton. Plant Disease 101(5): 774-784. <a href="http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS-09-16-1369-RE">http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS-09-16-1369-RE</a> Yan, G. P., Plaisance, A., Chowdhury, I., Baidoo, R., Upadhaya, A., Pasche, J., Markell, S., Nelson, B., and Chen, S. 2017.  First report of the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines infecting dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in a commercial field in Minnesota.  Plant Disease 101:391. Yi-Chen Lee, Robert T. Robbins, M. Humberto Reyes-Valdes, Stella K. Kantartzi, David A. Lightfoot. 2016. QTL Underlying Reniform Nematode Resistance in Soybean Cultivar Hartwig.  Atlas Journal of Biology 2016, pp. 308–312 doi: 10.5147/ajb.2016.0147. Zhang, H., Li, C., Davis, E.L., Wang, J., Griffin, J.D., Kofsky, J., Song, B.H. 2016. Genome-wide association study of resistance to soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) HG Type 2.5.7 in wild soybean (Glycine soja).  Frontiers in Plant Science. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01214.   Published Abstracts: Eisenback, J.D. 2017. High Resolution Mosaic Light Micrograph of Caenorhabditis elegans, the Most Intensively Studied Animal on the Earth. Researchgate.net   DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25104.92166 Eisenback, J. D. 2017. High-resolution mosaic light micrograph of Xiphinema chambersi - Chamber's dagger nematode. Researchgate.net   DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.35477.63209 Eisenback, J. D. 2017. A resource for teaching plant-parasitic nematology includes a high-resolution mosaic micrograph of a family of lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans adult female, male, second-stage juvenile and egg. Researchgate.net DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.11442.30407  Eisenback, J. D. 2017. High-resolution mosaic light micrograph of Ditylenchus dipsaci, stem and bulb nematode, female. Researchgate.net   DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25447.75688 Faske, T. R., Sullivan, K. A., Emerson, M., Hurd, K. and Kirkpatrick, T. L. 2017 Update on the distribution and management of root-knot nematodes in Arkansas.  Proceedings of the Southern Soybean Disease Workers 44th Annual Meeting; March 8-9; Pensacola Beach, FL. Pp. 14. Godoy, F. M. C., C. Overstreet, E. C. McGawley, D. M. Xavier and M. T. Kularathna. 2016. A survey of Aphelenchoides besseyi on rice in Louisiana. Journal of Nematology 48:324. Khanal, C., E. C. McGawley and C. Overstreet. 2016. Assessment of geographic isolates of endemic populations of Rotylenchulus reniformis against selected cotton germplasm lines. Journal of Nematology 48:337. Kularathna, M., C. Overstreet, E. C. McGawley, D. M. Xavier and F. M. C. Godoy. 2016. Impact of fumigation on soybean varieties against Rotylenchulus reniformis. Journal of Nematology 48:340-341. McGawley, E. C., C. Overstreet, and A. M. Skantar. 2016. Enhanced awareness of nematology: educational materials, extension activities and social media. Journal of Nematology 48:349. McInnes, B., M. Kularathna, E. C. McGawley, and C. Overstreet. 2016. Evaluation of endemic populations of Rotylenchulus reniformis within Louisiana on soybean genotypes with known levels of resistance to soybean cyst nematode. Journal of Nematology 48:350. Sullivan, K., D. M. Xavier-Mis, R. J. Bateman, C. Overstreet, and T. L. Kirkpatrick. 2016. White tip nematode findings in Arkansas and Louisiana Rice. Journal of Nematology 48:374. Xavier-Mis, D. M., F. M. C. Godoy, C. Overstreet, and E. C. McGawley.  2016. Susceptibility of grain sorghum cultivars to Meloidogyne incognita isolates from Louisiana. Journal of Nematology 48:384. Chen, S.  2016.  Increase in virulence of Heterodera glycines on soybean over time in the past two decades in Minnesota.   Journal of Nematology 48:309-310. Yan, G. P., Pasche, J., Markell, S. G., Nelson, B. D., and Chen, S. Y. 2017.  First detection of soybean cyst nematode on dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in a commercial field in Minnesota.  Phytopathology 107:9. Li, Wei, P. Agudelo, R. Nichols, and C. E. Wells.  Plant hormone manipulation during reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) parasitism and effects on upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) root architecture.  Society of Nematologists 56th Annual Meeting.  July 2017.  Williamsburg, VA. Ma, Xinyuan, V. Richards, J. Mueller, and P. Agudelo. Comparative genomics of two lance nematodes: Hoplolaimus columbus and H. galeatus. Society of Nematologists 56th Annual Meeting.  July 2017.  Williamsburg, VA. Oliveira, Samara Azevedo, H., Boatwright, P.M., Agudelo, and S.J., DeWalt.  Ditylenchus gallaeformans: A potential biological control agent for invasive plant Clidemia hirta. Society of Nematologists 56th Annual Meeting.  July 2017.  Williamsburg, VA. Redding, Nathan, P. Agudelo, and C.E. Wells.  Exploring overlap between lateral root organogenesis and reniform nematode feeding site formation in soybean. Society of Nematologists 56th Annual Meeting.  July 2017.  Williamsburg, VA. Wilkes, Juliet, P. Agudelo, B. Fallen, C. Saski and J. Mueller.  Identification of molecular biomarkers associated with reniform nematode resistance in soybean.         Society of Nematologists 56th Annual Meeting.  July 2017.  Williamsburg, VA. Hoerning, C., Frels, K., Chen, S., Wyse, D. L., and Wells, M. S.  2017.  Evaluating the cash cover crop pennycress for resistance to soybean cyst nematode.   ASA CSSA, SSSA 2017 Annual Meeting Abstracts. https://scisoc.confex.com/crops/2017am/webprogram/Paper108920.html. (Abstr.). Qin, J., Shi, A., Chen, S., Michaels, T., and Weng, Y.  2017.  Whole genome sequencing and resequencing for genome-wide study in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).   ASA CSSA, SSSA 2017 Annual Meeting Abstracts. https://scisoc.confex.com/crops/2017am/webprogram/Paper109315.html. (Abstr.). Shi, A., Qin, J., Weng, W., Mou, B., Chen, S., Ravelombola, W., Motes, D., Xiong, H., Dong, L., Yang, W., and Bhattarai, G.  2017.  Genome-wide association study (GWAS) in cowpea.   ASA CSSA, SSSA 2017 Annual Meeting Abstracts. <a href="https://scisoc.confex.com/crops/2017am/webprogram/Paper108360.html">https://scisoc.confex.com/crops/2017am/webprogram/Paper108360.html</a>. Grabau, ZJ and Wright, DL. 2017. Nematicide and cultivar selection for management of plant-parasitic nematodes on irrigated cotton in northern Florida, 2016. Plant Disease Management Reports 11:N003. Grabau, ZJ and Wright, DL. 2017. Nematicide rates and delivery methods for management ofplant-parasitic nematodes in northern Florida irrigated cotton, 2016. Plant Disease Management Reports 11:N005. Branco, J., Vicente, C., Mota, M. Eisenback, J.D., Kamo, K. and Vieira, P. Characterization of a set of cell wall-degrading enzymes of the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans. 2 Simpósio SCAP de Protecção de Plantas; 8 Congresso da Sociedade Portuguesa de Fitopatologia, and 11 Encontro Nacional de Protecção Integrada. 26-27 October, Santarém, Portugal. Vieira, Paulo, T. Maier, S. Eves-van den Akker, I. A. Zasada, T. Baum, J. D. Eisenback and K. Kamo. 2017. Identification of a panel of effector genes for Pratylenchus penetrans. Society of Nematologists, Aug. 13-16, Colonial Williamsburg, VA. Eisenback, J. D. 2017. Project Nematoda, a collection of every species of nematode. 717th Meeting of the Helminthological Society of Washington, Apr. 8, Salisbury, MD. Proceedings: Till, S. R., K.S. Lawrence, N. Z. Xiang, W. L. Groover, D. J. Dodge, D. R. Dyer, and M. R. Hall. 2017. Yield loss of five corn hybrids due to the root-knot nematode and nematicide evaluation in Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N021. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.  <a href="https://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N021.pdf">https://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N021.pdf</a> Till, S. R., K. S. Lawrence, N. Z. Xiang, W. L. Groover, D. J. Dodge, D. R. Dyer, and M. R. Hall. 2017. Corn hybrid and nematicide evaluation in root-knot nematode infested soil in Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:NO23. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N023.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N023.pdf</a> Lawrence, K. S., N. Xiang, W. Groover, S. Till, D. Dodge, D. Dyer, and M. Hall. 2017. Evaluation of commercial cotton cultivars for resistance to Fusarium wilt and Root-knot nematode, 2016. Report No. 11:N006. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N006.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N006.pdf</a> Groover, W. K. S. Lawrence, N. Xiang, S. Till, D. Dodge, D. Dyer, and M. Hall. 2017. Nematicide combinations for Rotylenchulus reniformis management in north Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N009. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N009.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N009.pdf</a> Xiang, N., K. S. Lawrence, W. Groover, D. Dodge, D. Dyer, and S. Till. 2017. Evaluation of Velum Total on cotton for reniform nematode management in North Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N010. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N010.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N010.pdf</a> Xiang, N., K.S. Lawrence, W. Groover, D. Dodge, D. Dyer, and S. Till. 2017. Evaluation of Velum Total on cotton for root-knot management in central Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N011. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N011.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N011.pdf</a> Dyer, D., K. S. Lawrence, S. Till, D. Dodge, W. Groover, N. Xiang, and M. Hall. 2017. A potential new biological nematicide for reniform management in north Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N012. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N012.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N012.pdf</a> Dyer, D., K. S. Lawrence, S. Till, D. Dodge, W. Groover, N. Xiang, and M. Hall. 2017. A potential new biological nematicide for root-knot management in Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N013. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11.  The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N013.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N013.pdf</a> Groover, W., K.S. Lawrence, N. Xiang, S. Till, D. Dodge, D. Dyer, and M. Hall. 2017. Cotton variety selection with and without Velum Total for root-knot nematode management in central Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N014. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N014.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N014.pdf</a> Groover, W., K. S. Lawrence, N. Xiang, S. Till, D. Dodge, D. Dyer, and M. Hall. 2017. Cotton variety selection with and without Velum Total for reniform management in north Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N015. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N015.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N015.pdf</a> Groover, W., K. S. Lawrence, N. Xiang, S. Till, D. Dodge, D. Dyer, and M. Hall. 2017. Cotton seed treatment combinations for Rotylenchulus reniformis control and maximization of yield in north Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N016. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.  <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N016.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N016.pdf</a> Till, S. R., K. S. Lawrence, N.Z. Xiang, W.L. Groover, D.J. Dodge, D.R. Dyer, and M.R. Hall. 2017.  Cotton variety evaluation with and without Velum Total for root knot management in south Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N022. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.  <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N022.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N022.pdf</a> Hall, M., K. S. Lawrence, D. Dodge, D. Dyer, W. Groover, S. Till, and N. Xiang. 2017. Varietal and nematicidal application responses in central Alabama soils, 2016. Report No. 11:N024. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N024.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N024.pdf</a> Hall, M., K. S. Lawrence, D. Dodge, D. Dyer, W. Groover, S. Till, and N. Xiang. 2017. Varietal and nematicidal application responses in north Alabama soils, 2016. Report No. 11:N2025. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N025.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N025.pdf</a> Hall, M., K. S. Lawrence, D. Dodge, D. Dyer, W. Groover, S. Till, and N. Xiang. 2017. Velum Total and Vydate-L drip irrigation applications for southern root-knot nematode management in south Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N007. DOI:10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.   <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N007.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N007.pdf</a> Dodge, D., K. S. Lawrence, W. Groover, S. Till, D. Dyer, and M. Hall. 2017. Soybean variety yield comparison with and without Abamectin for management of Rotylenchulus reniformis in Belle Mina Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N017. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N017.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N017.pdf</a> Dodge, D., K. S. Lawrence, W. Groover, S. Till, D. Dyer, and M. Hall. 2017. Soybean variety yield comparison with and without Abamectin for management of root-knot nematode in Fairhope Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N018. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N018.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N018.pdf</a> Dodge, D., K. S. Lawrence, W. Groover, S. Till, D. Dyer, and M. Hall. 2017. Soybean variety yield comparison with and without Abamectin for management of root-knot nematode in Brewton Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N019. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N019.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N019.pdf</a> Dodge, D., K. S. Lawrence, W. Groover, S. Till, D. Dyer, and M. Hall. 2017. Soybean variety yield comparison with and without Abamectin for management of root-knot nematode in Tallassee Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N020. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.  <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N020.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N020.pdf</a> Hall, M., K. S. Lawrence, D. Dodge, D. Dyer, W. Groover, S. Till, and N. Xiang. 2017. Velum Total and Vydate-L drip irrigation applications for southern root-knot nematode management in south Alabama, 2016. Report No. 11:N008. DOI: 10.1094/PDMR11. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N008.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/PDMR/reports/2017/N008.pdf</a> Lawrence, K., A. Hagan, R. Norton, T. R. Faske, R. Hutmacker, J. Muller, D. L. Wright, I. Small, R. C. Kemerait, C. Overstreet, P. Price, G. Lawrence, T. Allen, S. Atwell, A. Jones, S. Thomas, N. Goldberg, R. Boman, J. Goodson, H. Kelly, J. Woodward and H. Mehl. 2017. Cotton Disease Loss Estimate Committee Report, 2016. Proceedings of the 2017 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 150-151. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. <a href="http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm">http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm</a> Xiang, N., M. S. Foshee, K. Lawrence, J. W. Kloepper and J. A. McInroy. 2017. Field Studies of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria for Biological Control of Rotylenchulus Reniformis on Soybean. Proceedings of the 2017 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 201-204. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. <a href="http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm">http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm</a> Rothrock, C., S. Winters, T. W. Allen, J. D. Barham, W. Barnett, M. B. Bayles, P. D. Colyer, H. M. Kelly, R. Kemerait, G. W. Lawrence, K. Lawrence, H. L. Mehl, P. Price and J. Woodward. 2017. Report of the Cottonseed Treatment Committee for 2016. Proceedings of the 2017 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 153-160. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. <a href="http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm">http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm</a> Dodge, D., K. S. Lawrence, E. Sikora and D. P. Delaney. 2017. Evaluation of Soybean Varieties with Avicta for Control of Rotylenchulus Reniformis. Proceedings of the 2017 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 198-200. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. <a href="http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm">http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm</a> Till, S., K. S. Lawrence, D. Schrimsher and J. R. Jones. 2017. Yield Loss of Ten Cotton Cultivars Due to the Root-Knot Nematode and the Added Benefit of Velum Total. Proceedings of the 2017 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 205-207. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. <a href="http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm">http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm</a> Dyer, D., K. S. Lawrence and D. Long. 2017. A Potential New Biological Nematicide for Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis Management on Cotton in Alabama. Proceedings of the 2017 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 208-210. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. <a href="http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm">http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm</a> Hall, M., K. S. Lawrence, D. Dodge, D. R. Dyer, W. Groover, S. R. Till and N. Xiang. 2017. Varietal and Nematicidal Responses of Cotton in Nematode-Infested Soils. Proceedings of the 2017 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 211-215. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. <a href="http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm">http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm</a> Groover, W.,  K. Lawrence, N. Xiang, S. R. Till, D. Dodge, D. R. Dyer and M. Hall. 2017. Yield Loss of Cotton Cultivars Due to the Reniform Nematode and the Added Benefit of Velum Total. Proceedings of the 2017 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 216-219. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. <a href="http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm">http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm</a> Faske, T., Lonoke, T. W. Allen, Mississippi State University, G. W. Lawrence, Kathy S. Lawrence, H. L. Mehl, R. Norton, Charles Overstreet, and T. Wheeler. 2017. Beltwide Nematode Research and Education Committee Report on Cotton Cultivars and Nematicides Responses in Nematode Soils, 2016. Proceedings of the 2017 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 270-273.  National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. <a href="http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm">http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm</a> Allen, T. W., Bradley, C. A., Damicone, J. P., Dufault, N. S., Faske, T. R., Hollier, C. A., Isakeit, T., Kemerait, R. C., Kleczewski, N. M., Kratochvil, R. J. , Mehl, H. L., Mueller, J. D., Overstreet, C., Price, P. P., Sikora, E. J., Spurlock, T.N., Thiessen, L., Wiebold, W. J., and Young, H. 2017.  Southern United States Soybean Disease Loss Estimates for 2016.  Proceedings of the Southern Soybean Disease Workers Annual Meeting; March 8-9; Pensacola Beach, FL. Pp. 3-8. Faske, T. R., Allen, T. W., Lawrence, G. W., Lawrence, K. S., Mehl, H. L., Norton, R., Overstreet, C., Wheeler, T. A. 2017. Beltwide nematode research and education committee report on cotton cultivars and nematicides responses in nematode soils, 2016.  Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences; January 4-6; Dallas, TX.   National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN. Pp 270 -273. Lawrence, K. S., Hagan, A., Norton, R., Faske, T. R., Hutmacher, R. B., Mueller, J., Wright, D., Kemerait, B., Overstreet, C., Price, P., Lawrence, G. W., Allen, T. Atwell, S., Jones, A., Thomas, S., Glodberg, N, Kelly, H., Woodard, J. E., Mehl, H. L. 2017. Cotton Disease Loss Estimates Committee Report, 2016.  Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences; January 4-6; Dallas, TX.  National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN. Pp 150-152. Robbins, R. T., Arelli, P., Shannon, G., Kantartza, S. K., Li, Z., Faske, T. R., Vielie, J., Gbur, E., Dombek, D. G., Crippen, D. 2017. Reniform nematode reproduction on soybean cultivars and breeding lines in 2016. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences; January 4-6; Dallas, TX.  National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN. Pp 184-197. Teague, T. G., Mann, A., Barnes, B., Faske, T. R. 2017.  Cotton and pest response to nematicide-insecticide combinations applied at-planting across different soil textures in a spatially variable field.  Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences; January 4-6; Dallas, TX. National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.  Pp 168-179. Robbins, R. T., P. Arelli, P. Chen, G. Shannon, S. Kantartzi, Z. Li, T. Faske, J. Vellie, E. Gbur, D. Dombek, and D. Crippen. 2017. <a href="http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2017/data/conferences/2017/papers/17360.pdf#page=1">Reniform Nematode Reproduction on Soybean Cultivars and Breeding Lines in 2016</a>. Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, Dallas, TX, January 4-6, 2017, pp 184-197. Faske, T. R., T. M. Allen, G. W. Lawrence, K. S. Lawrence, H. L. Mehl, R. Norton, C. Overstreet, and T. A. Wheeler. 2017. Beltwide nematode research and education committee report on cotton cultivars and nematicides responses in nematode soils, 2016. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences; 4-6 January, 2017; Dallas, TX. National Cotton Council, Cordova, TN. Pp. 270-273. Lawrence, K., A. Hagan, R. Norton, T. Faske, R. Hutmacher, J. Mueller, D. Wright, I. Small, B. Kemerait, C. Overstreet, P. Price, G. Lawrence, T. Allen, S. Atwell, A. Jones, S. Thomas, N. Goldberg, R. Boman, J. Goodson, H. Kelly, J. Woodward, and H. Mehl. 2017. Cotton disease loss estimate committee report, 2016. Proceedings of the 2017 Beltwide Cotton Conference; 4-6 January, 2016; Dallas, TX. National Cotton Council, Cordova, TN. Pp. 150-152. Overstreet, C., E. C. McGawley, D. M. Xavier-Mis, and M. Kularathna. 2017. Developing management zones for nematodes in soybean. Proceedings of the Southern Soybean Disease Workers meeting, 8-9, March, 2017, Pensacola Beach, FL. P. 10. Xavier-Mis, D. M., C. Overstreet, E. C. McGawley, and M. Kularathna. 2017. Reniform nematode in the variable soil texture of a Commerce silt loam soil. Proceedings of the Southern Soybean Disease Workers meeting, 8-9, March, 2017, Pensacola Beach, FL. P. 16. Lawrence, K., A. Hagan, R. Norton, T. R. Faske, R. Hutmacker, J. Muller, D. L. Wright, I. Small, R. C. Kemerait, C. Overstreet, P. Price, G. Lawrence, T. Allen, S. Atwell, A. Jones, S. Thomas, N. Goldberg, R. Boman, J. Goodson, H. Kelly, J. Woodward and H. Mehl. 2017. Cotton Disease Loss Estimate Committee Reort, 2016. Proceedings of the 2017 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 150-151. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. <a href="http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm">http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm</a> Rothrock, C., S. Winters, T. W. Allen, J. D. Barham, W. Barnett, M. B. Bayles, P. D. Colyer, H. M. Kelly, R. Kemerait, G. W. Lawrence, K. Lawrence, H. L. Mehl, P. Price and J. Woodward. 2017. Report of the Cottonseed Treatment Committee for 2016. Proceedings of the 2017 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 153-160. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. <a href="http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm">http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm</a> Faske, T., Lonoke, T. W. Allen, Mississippi State University, G. W. Lawrence, Kathy S. Lawrence, H. L. Mehl, R. Norton, Charles Overstreet, and T. Wheeler. 2017. Beltwide Nematode Research and Education Committee Report on Cotton Cultivars and Nematicides Responses in Nematode Soils, 2016. Proceedings of the 2017 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 270-273.  National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. <a href="http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm">http://cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2010-2017/index.htm</a> Grabau ZJ. Managing reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) in Florida cotton. FloridaPhytopathological Society Biennial Meeting, Quincy, FL, 2017. Oral. Grabau ZJ. Nitrogen fertilizer rate affects the nematode community in organic and conventionalcarrot production.  Society of Nematology Annual Meeting, Williamsburg, VA, 2017, Poster. Grabau ZJ, Wright, DL. Nematicides and crop rotation for management of plant-parasiticnematodes in Florida cotton. Society of Nematology Annual Meeting, Williamsburg, VA, 2017, Oral. Schumacher L (presenting author), Grabau ZJ, Liao HL, Wright DL, Small IM. Society ofNematology Annual Meeting, Williamsburg, VA, 2017, Oral. Wheeler, T. A., and J. E. Woodward. 2017. Response of new cotton varieties to Verticillium wilt, bacterial blight, and root-knot nematodes. In 2017 Beltwide Cotton Conferences, Dallas, TX, Jan. 4-6. Pp. 251-261. Plant Disease Management Reports Cogar, L., C.S. Johnson, and C.T. Clarke. 2017. Resistance to root-knot nematode in flue-cured tobacco cultivars in Virginia, 2016. Plant Disease Management Reports 11:N001. Cogar, L., and C. S. Johnson. 2017. Evaluation of nematicides for control of tobacco cyst nematodes in Virginia, 2016. Plant Disease Management Reports 11:N002. Hurd, K., Faske, T. R. and Emerson, M. 2017.  Efficacy of Velum Total to manage root-knot nematode on cotton in Arkansas, 2016.  PDMR 11:N031. Hurd, K., Faske, T. R. and Emerson, M. 2017.  Evaluation of Velum Total and COPeO to manage root-knot nematode on cotton in Arkansas, 2016.  PDMR 11:N032. Hurd, K., Faske, T. R. and Emerson, M. 2017.  Evaluation of COPeO to manage root-knot nematode on cotton in Arkansas, 2016.  PDMR 11:N033. Hurd, K., Faske, T. R. and Emerson, M. 2017.  Efficacy of ILeVO to suppress root-knot nematode on soybean in Arkansas, 2016.  PDMR 11:N034. Hurd, K., Faske, T. R. and Emerson, M. 2017.  Evaluation of ILeVO to suppress root-knot nematode on soybean in Arkansas, 2016.  PDMR 11:N035. Extension Johnson, Charles, Chuck, Robert Christian, Stephen Barts, C, C. Taylor, C. Clarke, P.A. Edde, D.N. Edwards, Jonathan Eisenback, Roy Flanagan, Marion, Watson Lawrence, Mike, Michael Parrish, D.L. Ryman, D.G. Shatley and E.M. Thomas. 2017.  Fumigation of Soil and Agricultural Products: A Guide for Soil and Raw Commodity Fumigators in Virginia. Virginia Cooperative Extension Publication 456-212. 212 pp. Blog Article Faske, T. R. 2017. Field performance of selected soybean varieties in a southern root-knot nematode infested field.  Arkansas Row Crops. University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Research and Extension.  Access date: 1 December 2017.  Available at:  <a href="http://www.arkansas-crops.com/2017/11/20/performance-varieties-southern/">http://www.arkansas-crops.com/2017/11/20/performance-varieties-southern/</a>

Impact Statements

Observations that Meloidogyne kikuyensis, a species of root-knot nematodes, produces galls that are very similar to the nodules caused by nitrogen-fixing bacteria, may reveal the origin and nature of galls caused by the root-knot nematodes give new insight in the development of tactics to control these economically important plant pathogens.

Date of Annual Report: 01/29/2019

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 11/14/2018 - 11/16/2018
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2017 - 09/30/2018

Participants

Eric (Rick) Davis rick@ncsu.edu
Henry T. Nguyen nguyenhenry@missouri.edu
Jonathan D. Eisenback jon@vt.edu
Abolfazl Hajihassani abolfazl.hajihassani@uga.edu
Paula Agudelo pagudel@CLEMSON.EDU
Donald Dickson dwd@ufl.edu
William Rutter William.Rutter@ARS.USDA.GOV
Zane Grabau zgrabau@ufl.edu
Ron Lacewell r-lacewell@tamu.edu
Several graduate students

Brief Summary of Minutes

Minutes

S1066 Southern Regional Nematology Project

Doubletree suites by Hilton Orlando-Disney Springs

2305 Hotel Plaza Blvd., Lake Buena Vista, FL 32830

14-16 November 2018

Project No. and Title – S1066: Development of sustainable crop production practices for integrated management of plant-pathogenic nematodes.

Project Covers period from 10-01-2015 to 09-30-2020.

Period Covered: 10/1/2017 to 9/30/2018

Arrival afternoon 14 November, group dinner

Program beginning 8:00 am 15 November (Thursday)

Welcoming comments and meeting called to order by chairperson and host. Don Dickson

Appoint secretary. William Rutter

Administrative business update: Lacewell, Ron (TX)

Update on federal relations and outlook

Need to attract other scientists to 1066

Note project expires 2020 so need to establish proposal committee at the 2019 meeting

Committee decided the 2019 meeting would be in Arkansas with William Rutter ask to select specific site. Date to be decided but same general timing suggested.

Reports by Participant Members of S1066:

15 November (Thursday) – 5:30 pm adjourn and informal dinner.

Accomplishments

Objective 1:   Advance the tools for identification of nematode species and characterization of intraspecific variability.   Georgia, (A. Hajihassani): The vegetable industry plays an important role in Georgia’s economy. One of the important limiting factors of vegetable production are plant-parasitic nematodes. Despite the importance of plant-parasitic nematodes, there has not been a survey conducted for this important pests in Georgia. We have conducted a survey of southern Georgia counties that represent about 85-90% of vegetable production in the state. We have worked with more than 25 county extension agents and have secured the assistance from numerous vegetable growers. Soil samples were collected from randomly selected vegetable fields and nematodes were extracted and identified to the genus level based on morphological characters of nematode juveniles and adults. The survey consisted of sampling 361 vegetable fields in 27 counties. Ten groups of plant-parasitic nematodes including root-knot (Meloidogyne spp.), stubby root (Paratrichodorus spp.), ring (Mesocriconema spp.), spiral (Helicotylenchus spp.), root lesion (Pratylenchus spp.), reniform (Rotylenchus spp.), lance (Hoplolaimus spp.), cyst (Heterodera spp.), stunt (Tylenchorhychus spp.), and dagger (Xiphinema spp.) nematodes were detected in this survey. Among these species, root-knot and stubby root nematodes had the highest incidence. Root-knot nematode incidence and abundance (number of nematodes/100cc of soil) greatly exceeds the other plant-parasitic nematode genera in vegetable fields. Root-knot nematode abundance was greater in southern counties including Decatur, Brooks, Colquitt, Cook, Grady, and Lowndes compared to counties more north of Georgia as Crisp, Dooly, Mitchell, Tattnall, Telfair, and Toombs counties. A first report of Paratrichodorus minor associated with sweet onion in Georgia was made. Paratrichodorus minor has a broad host range in vegetable crops grown in the southern part of the state. In addition, Heterodera cyperi was reported for the first time in Georgia. This nematode species is pest of yellow nutsedge, a serious weed problem in many cropping systems including field and vegetable crops in the Southern US. However, the nematode is not a parasite of agricultural crops, in particular, tobacco, tomato and cucumber.   Arkansas, (R. Robbins): I tested 60 soybean Plant Introduction lines which I had shown to be resistant to reniform and Soybean Cyst nematode for resistance to Southern Root-Knot Nematode. The results of the second test showed 4 lines to be resistant to SCN, Reniform and root-knot nematodes ((PI 303652, PI 437690, PI 468904, PI 567387)  and 4 more lines that were moderately resistant to the three species of nematodes (PI 404198 B, PI 424608 A, PI 548970, PI 567230). These lines should be of interest to southern soybean breeders as they have resistance to all of the three species of economic importance to Southern soybean production. University of Missouri plant breeders identified the genotypes of these tested lines.I tested 235 soybean for resistance to the Southern Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) for the Arkansas Nematode Assay Service. The results of this test were used in varieties recommendations given to producers by the Arkansas Nematode Assay Service.   Virginia, (J. Eisenback): The apple root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne mali, was identified for the first time in the Western Hemisphere (New York state) in 2016. This year (2018) it was identified in two more locations including Long Island.  During a survey of declining red maples (Acer rubrum L.) on the campus of Virginia Tech, a population of root-knot nematode was initially identified as M. mali, making a new report outside of New York state. The morphological value of the tail shape of second-stage juveniles was evaluated as a character and was found very useful for M. mali. Additional sureveys are necessary to determine if this nematode was previously introduced or if it has been present for many years, but not detected. Objective 2:  Elucidate molecular and physiological mechanisms of plant-nematode interactions to improve host resistance. North Carolina, (E. Davis): A project was conducted to identify potential new RNA viruses that infect cyst nematodes following previous confirmation of five known RNA viruses that infect greenhouse and field populations of soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, in Illinois, North Carolina, and Missouri.  Transcriptome data that was generated from different stages of SCN as well as publicly available cyst nematode transcriptome data were mined using bioinformatics for the presence of potential new RNA viruses that infect cyst nematodes.  The VirFind algorithm developed at the University of Arkansas was employed to identify viral signature sequences within the nematode transcriptome data.  Two new negative-sense RNA viruses were identified within SCN, including a nyami-like virus (NLV) and a bunya-like virus (BLV). A positive-sense picorna-like virus (PLV) was identified in the public transcriptome of the potato cyst nematode (PCN) species Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida. The presence of these novel viruses in nematode specimens were confirmed by qRT-PCR, endpoint PCR, and Sanger sequencing, except for PLV due to quarantine restrictions on PCN.   A project to identify and silence an essential nematode gene to develop resistant transgenic soybean plants was conducted. It was demonstrated that silencing of the ribosomal protein gene, RPS23, in Caenorhabditis elegans by soaking the nematodes in a solution containing double-stranded RNA complementary to RPS23 was lethal to the nematodes. A homologue of the RPS23 gene was identified in SCN and a vector construct to express small-interfering RNA (a product from double-stranded RNA) complementary to the HgRPS23 gene in transgenic soybean plants was developed. The promoter of the Arabidopsis pyk10 gene was used to drive expression of the siRNA construct only in roots of whole soybean plants, and root-specific expression of the HgRPS23 siRNA was demonstrated in multiple independent lines of transgenic soybean plants. Inoculation of the different HgRPS23 siRNA soybean lines with SCN reduced nematode egg production from 36% to 79% compared to the susceptible wild-type soybean depending upon the individual transgenic soybean line evaluated. Missouri, (H. Nguyen): Since 2008, 584 soybean plant introductions (PIs) with maturity group (MG) 000-II were screened against SCN race 2 and 3, and 636 PIs with MG III-V were screened against SCN race 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 14. A subset of 76 PIs were selected, genotyped, and then classified as Peking-type, PI 88788-type and potential new resistance subgroups. The same subset was also proceeded with screening against southern root-knot nematode (SRKN) and reniform nematode (RN). Among 76 PIs, 56 and 12 of them were resistant to two and three nematode species. Fifteen PIs were classified as a potential new sources of SCN resistance, including PI 567516C.   Two major QTL responsible for resistance to different SCN races were mapped on Chrs. 10 (LG O) and 18 (LG G) in PI 567516C, whereas no QTL was detected at neither rhg1 nor Rgh4. This PI is also highly resistant to other nematode species: SRKN and RN.   PI 438489B was reported to be highly resistant to multi-SCN races, SRKN and RN. Genetic analysis confirmed two major loci, rhg1 (Peking-type) and Rhg4 for resistance to SCN and three QTL for resistance to RKN on Chrs. 8, 10, and 13. Identification of RN resistance was done in collaboration with Dr. Robbins (University of Arkansas). Two linkage maps were used using Universal Soybean Linkage Panel and Whole Genome Sequencing technology. Two QTL were detected on Chr. 11 and 18. While analyzing reported QTL regions on these chromosome, it was observed that both of them co-localize with QTL for SCN resistance. This indicates potential pleiotropic gene actions.   Two novel SCN QTL, qSCN10 (Locus O) and qSCN18 (Locus 2G), detected in PI 567516C are the target for fine-mapping and cloning. For locus O, more than 1,000 BC4F2 plants were genotyped. The qSCN10 was fine-mapped to a 242 Kb region containing 31 candidate genes. The QTL on Chr. 18 was genetically distant from the known rhg1 locus and tentatively designated as the 2G QTL. The qSCN18 was fine-mapped to a 124 Kb region containing 16 candidate genes. Near isogenic lines (NILs) were developed for qSCN10 and qSCN18 for future studies. Further fine-mapping of these loci will continue in 2019.   Tennessee, (T. Hewezi): We developed a novel epigenetic analysis–based approach to identify major soybean genes that control soybean resistance to SCN. This method relies on developing highly homozygous isogenic lines differing in their response to SCN. In this method, the genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of the isogenic lines are compared with the parental lines, which also differ in their response SCN, to identify genomic regions with methylation patterns that vary between the isogenic lines and those stably inherited from the parents as well as novel non-parental methylation patterns specific to each of the isogenic lines. This approach was approved very efficient in identifying essential genes controlling soybean resistance against SCN. Several genes were discovered using this approach and the key functions of a select set of genes in controlling soybean resistance against SCN were examined using transgenic soybean hairy roots system.  We completed the functional characterization of 8 genes using transgenic hairy root system and nematode infection assays against SCN race 3. While overexpression of four genes showed slight effects on soybean response to SCN infection, the other four genes dramatically impacted plant susceptibility to SCN. Interestingly, overexpression of two genes were able to complement the RHg4 susceptible allele conferring very high level of resistance with female index of 8% and 20 % compared with the susceptible control. These results indicate that these two genes are new SCN resistance genes and represent interesting targets for broad SCN resistance. Equally important, overexpression of the other remaining two genes resulted in a female index more than 350%. These two genes represent very attractive targets to increase soybean resistance to SCN through knockout non GMO-genome editing approach.   The function of a soybean methyl salicylate esterase gene (GmSABP2-1) in soybean defense against SCN has been thoroughly investigated. Both transgenic hairy roots and stable transgenic soybean plants overexpressing GmSABP2-1 showed stronger resistance to SCN. GmSABP2-1 may be used as a molecular tool for genetic improvement of soybean for enhanced SCN-resistance.   We reported in 2017 annual report about identification of a novel positive-sense RNA virus in transcriptome sequence pools derived from both eggs and second juvenile stage (J2s) of sugar beet cyst nematode (SBCN). The virus was provisionally named sugar beet cyst nematode virus 1 (BCNV 1). The presence of SBCNV1 in both eggs and J2s indicates its possible vertical transmission. This novel RNA virus was also present in SBCN populations from Iowa and Missouri based on sequencing of RT-PCR amplicons derived from these nematode populations. We have now succeeded to identify the full-length genomic sequence of SBCNV1 using a variety of methods. Additionally, the sequences at both ends of the genome have also been verified via multiple approaches. The entire genome of SBCNV1 is 9503-nucleotides long that contains a single long open reading frame, which was predicted to encode a polyprotein with conserved domains for picornaviral structural proteins proximal to its amino terminus and RNA helicase, cysteine proteinase, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) conserved domains proximal to its carboxyl terminus, hallmarks of viruses belonging to the order Picornavirales. Phylogenetic analysis of the predicted SBCNV1 RdRp amino acid sequence indicated that the SBCNV1 sequence is most closely related to members of the family Secoviridae, which includes genera of nematode-transmitted plant-infecting viruses. SBCNV1 represents the first fully sequenced viral genome from SBCN. Interestingly, we also detected three contigs in recently released transcriptome sequence data from soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (BioProject: PRJNA415980) that were 99% identical to the Tennessee SBCNV1 nucleotide sequence. This finding suggests that SBCNV1 infects SCN as well. Virginia, (J. Eisenback):  Root lesion nematodes (RLN), namely Pratylenchus spp., are economically important pathogens that inflict damage and loss of yield to a wide range of crops. Like other plant-parasitic nematodes, RLN require close association with their host to gain access to nutrients. The successful infection of plant-parasitic nematodes relies on the secretion of a repertoire of proteins called effectors, with diverse parasitism related functions. A number of effectors have been validated or characterized for RLNs.  Two different sets of transcripts generated for P. penetrans collected directly from the nematode esophageal glands and sequences transcriptionally active during plant interaction are currently being compared in order to determine if these genes represent valid candidate effectors.  In situ hybridization assays will be performed.  The genes that are specifically localized within the esophageal glands of the nematode, some homologues to known effector genes of other plant-parasitic nematodes (e.g. cell-wall degrading enzymes), while others with unknown annotation and specific to RLN. RT-qPCR analyses will be used to highlight the dynamic expression of P. penetrans effector genes during plant infection. This will constitute the first set of candidate effectors validated for P. penetrans, and may suggest that P. penetrans relies on its own set of secreted proteins to become a successful parasite. Objective 3:  Integrate nematode management agents (NMAs) and cultural tactics with the use of resistant cultivars to develop sustainable crop production systems. Alabama, (K. Lawrence): The objective of this research was to determine if Meloidogyne incognita race 3 reproductive factors (Rf) differ based upon what the host crop the nematode was surviving on in the previous generation in the field. Three large soil samples were collected from a M. incognita nematode infested field at the Auburn University Plant Breeding Unit (PBU) near Tallassee, Alabama in October of 2016.  Each soil sample was collected from a different area in the field that had been previously cropped with: cotton, soybean, or corn over the last three years.  A differential-host test was conducted on each of the samples for root knot species and race identification and for host range and reproductive analysis.  The Rf was calculated for each population on eight different crops. All three samples were identified as Meloidogyne incognita race 3 by the differential host tests, however, the Rf was always highest on the crop that was the original host of the population in all three samples.  Meloidogyne incognita grown on cotton for three years had a Rf of 8.7 on cotton but the Rf on corn and soybean was 1.7 and 2.2 respectively.  The same trend was observed on soybean. Meloidogyne incognita grown on soybean for three years had a Rf of 6.6 on soybean but lower Rf’s on cotton and corn with 3.2 and 2.1 respectively.  Corn supported the lowest RF of 4.1 on corn and a Rf of 2.7 on cotton and 1.7 on soybean. Thus, crop rotation may reduce M. incognita race 3 population levels even though the rotation crop is a susceptible host.     Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) are rhizosphere bacteria known to promote plant growth and inhibit different plant pathogens including plant-parasitic nematodes through production of a range of secondary metabolites. Recently, there has been much interest in identifying these metabolites as a biological alternative to chemical nematicides. In total, 663 PGPR strains were assayed for their nematicidal activity by co-culturing them with 30-50 second stage juveniles (J2) of Heterodera glycines. Their nematicidal effect was determined by observing the response of juveniles to Na2CO3. The juveniles changed their body shape from straight to curled or hook-shaped and showed quick movements within 2 minutes of addition of 1 µl of 1 N Na2CO3 if alive while dead ones did not respond. Eight PGPR strains showing the highest effect on J2s after 48 hours of co-culture were grown in Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) for 10 days. The cell biomass (≈100 mg) from these plates were collected in 1ml sterile water, and the cells were lysed by repeated exposure to boiling (in water bath) with intermittent cooling in ice for 15 minutes. The lysis was followed by removal of cell materials by centrifugation at 4,500 rpm for 5 minutes. The cell-free supernatants were collected as crude extracts, and their efficacy against the J2s was tested in vitro in 96 well plates. The in vitro results indicated that of the eight strains tested, five strains: Bacillus altitudinis (Bal13), B. mojavensis (Bmo3), B. safensis (Bsa27), B. aryabhattai (Bar46), and B. subtilis subsp. subtilis (Bsssu2) produced metabolites that were significantly more toxic to J2s of H. glycines compared to the control and other PGPR strains tested (P ≤ 0.05).   Virginia, (C. Johnson): Twenty-one entries of flue-cured tobacco were evaluated for resistance to TCN (tobacco cyst nematode, Globodera tabacum solanacearum) in a 2018 field experiment. While TCN populations increased on all entries between May and October, increases were significantly lower on cultivars PVH 1600 and PVH 2310 (both possessing the Php gene) compared to standard susceptible cultivars K 326 and Hicks, as well as GF 318 and PVH 2254. Final season TCN populations were intermediate between these two extremes for the majority of the other entries in the study. Unexpected results were noted for some entries (CC 1063, GL 26H, GF 318), and possible explanations for these results are currently being investigated.   Six breeding lines were compared to one commercial cultivar for resistance to root-knot nematode, primarily Meloidogyne arenaria. Percent galling on 10 October was significantly lower on breeding lines PXH 10 and NC EXT 89 versus NC 196, which possesses only Rk1 (conferring resistance to races 1 and 3 of M. incognita). PXH 10 and NC EXT 89 likely possess Rk1, but it is currently not known whether or not either also possesses Rk2, thought to confer partial resistance to M. arenaria.   Three 28-day greenhouse pot trials were conducted in 2018 by graduate student Noah Adamo in order to assess the ability of a population of M. arenaria to penetrate and reproduce on five different tobacco entries. These entries encompassed a range of resistance genotypes, including a susceptible entry, entries homozygous for one of two root-knot nematode resistance genes (RK1 or RK2), and entries carrying one or two copies of both genes. The same entries were also planted in three different commercial tobacco fields in 2018 that had a history of M. arenaria pressure, and were evaluated throughout the growing season for above ground vigor and uniformity, root weight and health, as well as root-knot specific metrics including galling and penetration by juvenile nematodes and subsequent life stage development (still in progress). Additional metrics including numbers of egg masses and numbers of eggs will be calculated from a representative subsample in cases where egg masses are observed in preliminary observations.    A 2018 on-farm experiment evaluated control of M. arenaria among fumigant, non-fumigant, and biological nematicides. Compared to an untreated control, galling was significantly reduced only by six or ten pounds of Telone II (1,3-dichloropropene [1,3-D] injected per acre, or by four pints of Nimitz (fluensulfone) sprayed and incorporated into a 16-inch band centered over the top of a pre-formed planting bed. Galling was intermediate when 1 pt/A Nimitz was applied in a 16-inch band before transplanting, followed by 6.1 fl oz/A Velum Prime (fluopyram) as a transplant water application. Similarly intermediate effects on galling were also observed for 76.4 fl Vydate C-LV as a preplant incorporated treatment and for a preplant 500 lb/A rate of MBI-601 (Ennoble, a bionematicide based on Muscodor albus). Galling at the end of the growing season ranged from 35% to 65% for other treatments, including Nimitz at a banded rates of 2.1 or 6 pt/A. Similarly high levels of galling were also observed for 5.6 fl oz/A Velum Prime, 0.6 fl oz/A Aveo or 52.1 fl oz/A Q8U80  as transplant water treatments, and after application of 2 gal/A Majestene or 3-4 gal/A MBI-304 at transplanting, the first cultivation, and at layby. A 2018 field experiment evaluated the effects of 28 fumigant, non-fumigant, or biological nematicides on TCN populations in roots and soil and on tobacco growth. Although initial TCN populations averaged 15,784 eggs/500 cm3 of soil, no statistically significant trends were found among treatments for any of the experimental variables observed.  Estimated TCN soil populations in early July averaged 11,071 eggs/500 cm3 of soil, while means for Q8U80, Aveo, a Promaxx-Zap-Promaxx program, 5, 7 or 9 gal/A Telone, some Nimitz treatments, a combination of Nimitz preplant and Velum Prime at transplanting, and the 500 lb/A MBI-601 treatment, were at or below approximately 10,000 TCN eggs/500 cm3 of soil. In contrast, early July TCN soil populations averaged 11,188 in untreated control plots and ranged from 13,210 to 14,195 where low rates of Nimitz, Q8U80, or MBI-601 had been applied. Numerical trends in plant growth variables suggested that treatments involving 7 or 9 gal Telone II/A may have been associated with increased early season plant growth. Likewise, mid-June assessments of plant vigor and uniformity and plant height and number of leaves in early June suggested that 69 fl oz/A of the non-fumigant nematicide Q8U80, combinations of 5 gal Telone II with later use of 53 fl oz/A Q8U80, and the combination of 1 pt/A Nimitz in a 16-inch band preplant-incorporated with a 6.5 fl oz Velum Prime transplant water treatment may have been linked with greater plant size during the first 6-8 weeks of the growing season. Missouri, (H. Nguyen): For diagnostic purposes we developed rhg1-2 and rhg1-5 SNP markers for detection Peking-type vs. PI 88788-type of rhg1, Rhg4-3 and Rhg4-5 for detection of a resistant allele of Rhg4, and O-8 and B1-7 for detection of novel SCN QTL on Chr. 10 and 11, respectively. In addition, we developed first available markers for detection of RN resistance QTL on Chr. 11 and 18 in breeding programs. The RN markers will be published in the beginning of 2019. Germplasm development is done using two approaches: (1) introduction of novel SCN resistance into susceptible elite lines, and (2) gene pyramiding of novel and known resistance of rhg1 and Rhg4. Both approaches are based on marker-assisted backcrossing. Nguyen lab developed experimental lines with pyramided genes in various combinations to test impact of each gene to resistance to different SCN races. Arkansas, (R. Robbins): I tested 25 soybean breeder’s lines for reniform resistance; three for the USDA Jackson Tenn., seven from Clemson, and 15 from Missouri. Of these 25 lines one from two Clemson, six of Missouri, and three from USDA Jackson did not reproduce significantly more than the resistant check “Hartwig” and may be useful in breeding for reniform resistance in commercial lines. Soybean lines with reniform resistance are of special interest in cotton-soybean rotations because cotton presently has no reniform resistance in commercial lines. Arkansas, (T. Faske): During the 2018 cropping season my program evaluated 58 soybean cultivars for susceptibility to the southern root-knot nematode, which is the most important plant-parasitic nematode that affects soybean production in Arkansas and mid-South.  This provides some information on cultivar selection in fields with a high population density of root-knot nematodes.  My program also evaluated several of the new seed-applied nematicides such as Trunemco, AVEO EZ Nematicide, NemaStrike ST, BioST Nematicide, and ILeVO, and soil-applied nematicides like AgLogic and Nemasan in soybean.  Similarly in cotton we evaluated seed-applied nematicides like NemaStrike ST, COPeO, and BioST Nematicide and soil-applied applied nematicides like Velum Total and AgLogic. Summary of these trials will be reported as plant disease management reports or used to at winter extension meetings and in-service trainings.   Virginia, (J. Eisenback): A 2018 greenhouse trial tested humic acid and soysoap for suppressing the population increase of soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. Compared to an untreated control, nematode reproduction was significantly suppressed by both products, but they were phytotoxic when sprayed over the top at 2 oz. per gallon per 1,000 sq. ft. Additional tests are necessary to determine if the rate of these products can be reduced below the level of causing plant injury and maintaining a significant reduction in nematode population levels.   Texas, (T. Wheeler): A large-plot study was initiated in 2014 to determine the impact of a wheat/fallow/cotton rotation compared to a continuous cotton system that included a wheat cover crop.  The study also included five varieties, four with 1-gene or 2-gene resistance to Meloidogyne incognita, and a susceptible variety.  In 2017 and 2018, the variety component was altered to include four varieties that were susceptible to root-knot nematode and one partially resistant (ST 4946GLB2) variety.  An additional cropping system component was added in 2017 with continuous cotton without a cover crop.  The use of predominantly susceptible cotton varieties resulted in a large increase in root-knot nematode density in 2017 and 2018, relative to 2014 to 2016 (Fig. 1).  The continuous cotton systems had more nematode buildup than did the wheat/fallow/cotton system.  Figure 1.  Root-knot nematode density in the fall for three cropping systems: wheat/fallow/cotton, continuous cotton with a wheat cover, and continuous cotton with no cover crop.  The trials in 2017 and 2018 averaged nematode counts in DP 1646B2XF, FM 1911GLT, NG 4545B2XF, PHY 490W3FE, and ST 4946GLB2.  Figure available from Wheeler Work with existing varieties and new commercial breeding lines in 2018 indicated that Phytogen has developed some very promising cotton breeding lines to complement their existing root-knot resistant variety PHY 480W3FE.  <table> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="3" width="288"> Lamesa </td> <td colspan="4" width="330"> Locketville </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> Cultivar1 </td> <td width="60"> RK2 </td> <td width="48"> LRK </td> <td width="144"> Cultivar </td> <td width="54"> RK </td> <td width="54"> LRK </td> <td width="78"> Lint yield (lbs/acre) </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> PX2B04W3FE </td> <td width="60"> 0 </td> <td width="48"> 0.00 </td> <td width="144"> PX3C06W3FE </td> <td width="54"> 50 </td> <td width="54"> 0.58 </td> <td width="78"> 1,796 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> PHY 320W3FE </td> <td width="60"> 120 </td> <td width="48"> 1.16 </td> <td width="144"> PX2BX4W3FE </td> <td width="54"> 110 </td> <td width="54"> 1.17 </td> <td width="78"> 1,701 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> PHY 480W3FE </td> <td width="60"> 170 </td> <td width="48"> 1.74 </td> <td width="144"> PHY 320W3FE </td> <td width="54"> 300 </td> <td width="54"> 1.34 </td> <td width="78"> 1,735 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> PX2BX2W3FE </td> <td width="60"> 200 </td> <td width="48"> 1.81 </td> <td width="144"> DP 1823NRB2XF </td> <td width="54"> 510 </td> <td width="54"> 1.45 </td> <td width="78"> 1,182 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> PX2BX4W3FE </td> <td width="60"> 240 </td> <td width="48"> 1.25 </td> <td width="144"> CG 9178B3XF </td> <td width="54"> 1,440 </td> <td width="54"> 1.46 </td> <td width="78"> 1,084 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> PX3C06W3FE </td> <td width="60"> 240 </td> <td width="48"> 1.86 </td> <td width="144"> PX3B09W3FE </td> <td width="54"> 1,890 </td> <td width="54"> 1.79 </td> <td width="78"> 1,722 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> PX2BX1W3FE </td> <td width="60"> 270 </td> <td width="48"> 1.83 </td> <td width="144"> PHY 350W3FE </td> <td width="54"> 850 </td> <td width="54"> 2.20 </td> <td width="78"> 1,896 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> PX2B10W3FE </td> <td width="60"> 410 </td> <td width="48"> 1.94 </td> <td width="144"> PX3B07W3FE </td> <td width="54"> 1,530 </td> <td width="54"> 2.23 </td> <td width="78"> 1,958 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> PX4A64W3FE </td> <td width="60"> 420 </td> <td width="48"> 1.90 </td> <td width="144"> CPS18504DB3XF </td> <td width="54"> 1,380 </td> <td width="54"> 2.29 </td> <td width="78"> 945 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> PX2BX3W3FE </td> <td width="60"> 570 </td> <td width="48"> 2.09 </td> <td width="144"> CPS18506DB3XF </td> <td width="54"> 1,680 </td> <td width="54"> 2.42 </td> <td width="78"> 1,562 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> PX2B12W3FE </td> <td width="60"> 670 </td> <td width="48"> 2.01 </td> <td width="144"> CPS18703GLT </td> <td width="54"> 510 </td> <td width="54"> 2.61 </td> <td width="78"> 1,914 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> PHY 440W3FE </td> <td width="60"> 780 </td> <td width="48"> 2.83 </td> <td width="144"> PX2A31W3FE </td> <td width="54"> 800 </td> <td width="54"> 2.64 </td> <td width="78"> 1,829 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> CPS 17251 B2XF </td> <td width="60"> 845 </td> <td width="48"> 2.23 </td> <td width="144"> DP 1522B2XF </td> <td width="54"> 4,020 </td> <td width="54"> 2.64 </td> <td width="78"> 1,743 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> PX4A69W3FE </td> <td width="60"> 1,020 </td> <td width="48"> 2.85 </td> <td width="144"> ST 4946GLB2 </td> <td width="54"> 740 </td> <td width="54"> 2.75 </td> <td width="78"> 1,946 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> MON17R931NR B3XF </td> <td width="60"> 1,230 </td> <td width="48"> 2.94 </td> <td width="144"> FM 1911GLT </td> <td width="54"> 810 </td> <td width="54"> 2.87 </td> <td width="78"> 1,767 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> DP 1558NRB2RF </td> <td width="60"> 1,350 </td> <td width="48"> 2.97 </td> <td width="144"> CPS18269GLTP </td> <td width="54"> 1,070 </td> <td width="54"> 2.87 </td> <td width="78"> 1,254 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> FM 2011GL </td> <td width="60"> 1,890 </td> <td width="48"> 3.23 </td> <td width="144"> DP 1646B2XF </td> <td width="54"> 1,590 </td> <td width="54"> 2.89 </td> <td width="78"> 1,544 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> PX3B07W3FE </td> <td width="60"> 1,920 </td> <td width="48"> 3.16 </td> <td width="144"> CG 3475B2XF </td> <td width="54"> 1,430 </td> <td width="54"> 3.00 </td> <td width="78"> 1,913 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> BX1973GLTP </td> <td width="60"> 2,120 </td> <td width="48"> 3.10 </td> <td width="144"> DP 1747NRB2XF </td> <td width="54"> 1,210 </td> <td width="54"> 3.01 </td> <td width="78"> 1,445 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> BX1921GL </td> <td width="60"> 2,130 </td> <td width="48"> 3.06 </td> <td width="144"> CPS18506BB3XF </td> <td width="54"> 1,830 </td> <td width="54"> 3.06 </td> <td width="78"> 1,708 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> BX1975GLTP </td> <td width="60"> 2,460 </td> <td width="48"> 3.35 </td> <td width="144"> CPS18505CB3XF </td> <td width="54"> 2,520 </td> <td width="54"> 3.11 </td> <td width="78"> 1,540 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> PHY 430W3FE </td> <td width="60"> 2,500 </td> <td width="48"> 3.16 </td> <td width="144"> CG 3885B2XF </td> <td width="54"> 2,730 </td> <td width="54"> 3.14 </td> <td width="78"> 1,612 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> ST 4946GLB2 </td> <td width="60"> 2,550 </td> <td width="48"> 3.20 </td> <td width="144"> DP 1820B3XF </td> <td width="54"> 3,480 </td> <td width="54"> 3.22 </td> <td width="78"> 1,436 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> BX 1974GLTP </td> <td width="60"> 3,060 </td> <td width="48"> 3.28 </td> <td width="144"> NG 4545B2XF </td> <td width="54"> 2,900 </td> <td width="54"> 3.25 </td> <td width="78"> 1,649 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> FM 1911GLT </td> <td width="60"> 3,400 </td> <td width="48"> 3.06 </td> <td width="144"> NG 3500XF </td> <td width="54"> 2,760 </td> <td width="54"> 3.32 </td> <td width="78"> 1,941 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> DP 1747NRB2XF </td> <td width="60"> 3,630 </td> <td width="48"> 2.60 </td> <td width="144"> FM 2574GLT </td> <td width="54"> 2,340 </td> <td width="54"> 3.33 </td> <td width="78"> 1,715 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> PX3B09W3FE </td> <td width="60"> 3,720 </td> <td width="48"> 2.55 </td> <td width="144"> NG 4689B2XF </td> <td width="54"> 4,590 </td> <td width="54"> 3.53 </td> <td width="78"> 1,809 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> PHY 350W3FE </td> <td width="60"> 4,560 </td> <td width="48"> 3.63 </td> <td width="144"> BX1972GLT </td> <td width="54"> 3,690 </td> <td width="54"> 3.53 </td> <td width="78"> 1,437 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> FM 2498GLT </td> <td width="60"> 7,440 </td> <td width="48"> 3.84 </td> <td width="144"> ST 5471GLTP </td> <td width="54"> 4,770 </td> <td width="54"> 3.55 </td> <td width="78"> 1,603 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> BX 1976GLTP </td> <td width="60"> 8,580 </td> <td width="48"> 3.90 </td> <td width="144"> FM 2498GLT </td> <td width="54"> 4,260 </td> <td width="54"> 3.56 </td> <td width="78"> 1,751 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> BX 1972GLTP </td> <td width="60"> 9,660 </td> <td width="48"> 3.72 </td> <td width="144"> CPS18864GLTP </td> <td width="54"> 7,690 </td> <td width="54"> 3.57 </td> <td width="78"> 1,220 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> BX 1971GLTP </td> <td width="60"> 10,260 </td> <td width="48"> 3.76 </td> <td width="144"> NG 3699B2XF </td> <td width="54"> 5,070 </td> <td width="54"> 3.61 </td> <td width="78"> 1,588 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> AMX 1817B3XF </td> <td width="60"> 12,870 </td> <td width="48"> 3.95 </td> <td width="144"> CPS18450B2XF </td> <td width="54"> 5,130 </td> <td width="54"> 3.66 </td> <td width="78"> 1,730 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> AMX 1818B3XF </td> <td width="60"> 13,380 </td> <td width="48"> 3.91 </td> <td width="144"> ST 5122GLT </td> <td width="54"> 5,910 </td> <td width="54"> 3.71 </td> <td width="78"> 1,567 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="180"> MSD (0.05) </td> <td width="60">   </td> <td width="48"> 1.33 </td> <td width="144">   </td> <td width="54">   </td> <td width="54"> 1.36 </td> <td width="78"> 211 </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 1AMX are experimental lines for Americot, BX are experimental lines for BASF, MON are experimental lines for Bayer CropSciences. DP is Deltapine, FM is FIbermax, PHY is Phytogen, and ST is Stoneville. 2RK is root-knot nematodes/500 cm3 soil and LRK is LOG10(RK+1).

Publications

Journal Articles: Avelar, Sofia, Drew W. Schrimsher, Kathy S. Lawrence, and Judith K. Brown. 2018. First report of cotton leafroll dwarf virus associated with cotton blue disease symptoms in Alabama. Plant Disease. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-18-1550-PDN">https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-18-1550-PDN</a>   Cogar, L., C.S. Johnson, and C.T. Clarke. 2018. Resistance to root-knot nematode in flue-cured tobacco cultivars in Virginia, 2017. Plant Disease Management Reports 12:N001.   Cogar, L., and C. S. Johnson. 2018. Tobacco growth after application of nematicides to control tobacco cyst nematodes in Virginia, 2017. Plant Disease Management Reports 12:N002.   Di, R., Li, C., and Davis, E.L. 2017. Transgenic soybean plants with root-expressing siRNAs specific to HgRPS23 gene are resistant to Heterodera glycines. Acta Scientific Agriculture 1(2):1-8   Eisenback, J. D., and Paulo Vieira. 2018. Additional notes on the morphology of Meloidogyne kikuyensis. Journal of Nematology.   Eisenback, J. D., J. L. Schroeder, S. H. Thomas, J. M. Beacham, and V. S. Paes-Takahashi. 2018. Meloidogyne aegracyperi n. sp. parasitizing yellow and purple nutsedge in New Mexico.  Journal of Nematology.   Hajihassani, A. Hamidi, N., Dutta, B. 2018. First report of stubby root nematode, Paratrichodorus minor, on onion in Georgia, U.S.A. Journal of Nematology, 50(3): 453-455.   Hajihassani, A. Dutta, B., Jagdale, G., and Subbotin, S. 2018. First report of yellow nutsedge cyst nematode Heterodera cyperi in Georgia, U.S.A. Journal of Nematology, 50(3):456-458   Hewezi T (2018) Epigenetic regulation of plant development and stress responses. Plant Cell Reports, 37: 1-2.   Hewezi T, Pantalone V, Bennett M, Neal Stewart C Jr, Burch-Smith TM (2018) Phytopathogen-induced changes to plant methylomes. Plant Cell Reports, 37: 17-23.   Hu Y, Hewezi T (2018) Nematode-secreted peptides and host factor mimicry. Journal of Experimental Botany 69: 2866-2868.   Klepadlo, Mariola, Clinton G. Meinhardt, Tri D. Vuong, Gunvant Patil, Nicole Bachleda, Heng Ye, Robert T. Robbins, Zenglu Li, J. Grover Shannon, Pengyin Chen, Khalid Meksem, and Henry T. Nguyen. 2018. Evaluation of Soybean Germplasm for Resistance to Multiple Nematode Species: Heterodera glycines, Meloidogyne incognita, and Rotylenchulus reniformis. Crop Sci. Accepted Paper, posted 07/28/2018. doi:10.2135/cropsci2018.05.0327   Lin J, Ye R, Thekke-Veetil T, Staton M.E, Arelli PR, Bernard EC, Hewezi T, Domier LL, and Hajimorad MR (2018). A novel picornavirus-like genome from transcriptome sequencing of sugar beet cyst nematode represents a new putative genus. Journal of General Virology 99, 1418-1424.   Klepadlo M, Meinhardt CG, Vuong TD, Patil G, Bachleda N, Ye H, Robbins RT, Li Z, Shannon JG, Chen P, Meksem K. Evaluation of Soybean Germplasm for Resistance to Multiple Nematode Species: Heterodera glycines, Meloidogyne incognita, and Rotylenchulus reniformis. Crop Science. 2018. 58(6):2511-2522. doi:10.2135/cropsci2018.05.0327   Ruark, C.L., Gardner, M., Mitchum, M.G., Davis, E.L., Sit, T. 2018. Novel RNA viruses within plant parasitic cyst nematodes. PLoS One: doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193881. Till, Stephen, Kathy Lawrence and Patricia Donald. 2018. Nematicides, Starter Fertilizers, and Plant Growth Regulators Implementation into a Corn Production System. Plant Health Progress 19: 242-253. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-18-1550-PDN">https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-18-1550-PDN</a>   Shannon, G., H.T. Nguyen, M. Crisel, S. Smothers, M. Clubb, C. C. Vieira, M.L. Ali, S. Selves, M.G. Mitchum, A. Scaboo, Z. Li, J. Bond, C. Meinhardt, R.T. Robbins, and P. Chen. 2018. Registration of ‘S11-20124C’ soybean with high yield potential, multiple nematode resistance, and salt tolerance. Journal of Plant Registration. (In Press)   Cláudia S.L. Vicente, Lev G. Nemchinov, Manuel Mota, Jonathan D. Eisenback, Kathryn Kamo, Paulo Vieira. 2018. Identification and characterization of the first pectin methylesterase gene found in the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans. PLoS One.   Vieira, Paulo, Joseph Mowery, Jonathan D. Eisenback, Jonathan Shao, and Lev G. Nemchinov. 2018. Resistant and susceptible response to root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus penetrans) in alfalfa. Molecular Plant Pathology.   Xiang, Ni, K.S. Lawrence, and P.A. Donald. 2018 Biological control potential of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria suppression of Meloidogyne incognita on cotton and Heterodera glycines on soybean: A review.  Journal of Phytopathology. 2018:1–10. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.12712">https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.12712</a>   Xiang, Ni, K.S. Lawrence, J.W. Kloepper, and P.A. Donald. 2018. Biological control of Rotylenchulus reniformis on soybean by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Nematropica: 48:116-125.      Book Chapter:   Faske, T. R., Overstreet, C., Lawrence, G., and Kirkpatrick, T. L. 2018. Important plant parasitic nematodes of row crops in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Pp. xxx-xxx in S. A. Subbotin and J. J. Chitambar, eds. Plant parasitic nematodes in sustainable agriculture of North America, vol. Vol. 2 - Northeastern, Midwestern, and Southern USA. New York: Springer.     Published Abstracts:   Robbins, Robert T. and Devany Crippen. 2018. Evaluation of soybean plant introductions with reported resistance to soybean cyst nematode for reniform nematode resistance. Final SON Program Albuquerque 2018 Page 82 Abstract   Proceedings:   Faske, T. R., Allen, T. W., Lawrence, G. W., Lawrence, K. S., Mehl, H. L.,  Overstreet, C., Wheeler, T. A. 2018. Beltwide nematode research and education committee report on cotton cultivars and nematicides responses in nematode soils, 2017.  Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences; January 3-4; San Antonio, TX.   National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN. Pp 811 -814.   Kathy Lawrence, Austin Hagan, Randy Norton, J. Hu, Travis R. Faske, Robert B. Hutmacher, John Muller6, Ian Small, Z. Grabau, Robert C. Kemerait, Charlie Overstreet, Paul Price, Gary W. Lawrence, Tom W. Allen, Sam Atwell, John Idowa, Randy Bowman, Jerry R. Goodson, Heather Kelly, Jason Woodward, Terry Wheeler and Hillary L. Mehl. 2018.  Cotton Disease Loss Estimate Committee Report, 2017. Proceedings of the 2018 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 161-163. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN.  <a href="http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2018/index.htm">http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2018/index.htm</a>   Marina Rondon, Ni Xiang, Jenny Koebernick and Kathy Lawrence. 2018. Detection of Cassiicolin-Encoding Genes in Corynespora cassiicola Isolates from Cotton and Soybean. Proceedings of the 2018 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 493-496. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. <a href="http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2018/index.htm">http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2018/index.htm</a>   Hayden Hugh Moye, Ni Xiang, Kathy S. Lawrence, Joyce Tredaway and Edzard van Santen. 2018. Birdsfoot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) Cover for Alabama Cropping Systems: Fungal Diseases, Susceptibility to Nematodes, and Efficacy of Herbicides. Proceedings of the 2018 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 497-502. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. <a href="http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2018/index.htm">http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2018/index.htm</a>   Will Groover and Kathy S. Lawrence. 2018. Meloidogyne Spp. Identification and Distribution in Alabama Crops Via the Differential-Host Test and Molecular Analysis. Proceedings of the 2018 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 503-505. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2018/index.htm Kaitlin Gattoni, Ni Xiang, Kathy Lawrence and Joseph Kloepper. 2018. Systemic Induced Resistance to the Root-Knot Nematode Cause By Bacillus Spp.  Proceedings of the 2018 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 506-510. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. <a href="http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2018/index.htm">http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2018/index.htm</a>   David R. Dyer, Kathy S. Lawrence and Drew Schrimsher.  2018. Yield Loss to Cotton Cultivars Due to Reniform and Root-Knot Nematode and the Added Benefit of Velum Total. Proceedings of the 2018 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 511-514. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. <a href="http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2018/index.htm">http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2018/index.htm</a>   Stephen R. Till, Kathy S. Lawrence and Drew Schrimsher. 2018. A Cost-Effective Approach for Combining Nematicides, Starter Fertilizers, and Plant Growth Regulators in order to Create a Sustainable Management System for the Southern Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Proceedings of the 2018 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 515-514. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. <a href="http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2018/index.htm">http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2018/index.htm</a>   Drew Schrimsher, Brad Meyer, Kathy Lawrence and Trey Cutts. 2018. Cotton Virus Associates with Whiteflies or Something Else? Proceedings of the 2018 Beltwide Cotton Conference Vol. 1: 925. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. <a href="http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2018/index.htm">http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2018/index.htm</a> Groover, Will, K.S. Lawrence, N. Xiang, S. Till, D. Dyer, M. Foshee, M. Rondon, K. Gattoni. 2018. Soybean variety and nematicide evaluation in a reniform infested field in northern Alabama, 2017. Report No. 12:N004 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N004.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N004.pdf</a> Groover, Will, K.S. Lawrence, N. Xiang, S. Till, D. Dyer, M. Foshee, M. Rondon, K. Gattoni. 2018. Nematicide and fertilizer combinations for root-knot nematode management on soybean in northern Alabama, 2017. Report No. 12:N005 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N005.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N005.pdf</a> Groover, Will, K.S. Lawrence, N. Xiang, S. Till, D. Dyer. 2018. Nematicide and fertilizer combinations for root-knot nematode management on soybean in central Alabama, 2017. Report No. 12:N006 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N006.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N006.pdf</a> Groover, Will, K.S. Lawrence, N. Xiang, S. Till, D. Dyer, M. Foshee, M. Rondon, K. Gattoni. 2018. Soybean variety and nematicide evaluation in a root-knot nematode infested field in southern Alabama, 2017. Report No. 12:N007 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N007.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N007.pdf</a> Groover, Will, K.S. Lawrence, N. Xiang, S. Till, D. Dyer. 2018. Fertilizer and nematicide combination for reniform nematode management on soybean in central Alabama, 2017 Report No. 12:N008 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N008.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N008.pdf</a> Groover, Will, K.S. Lawrence, S. Till, D. Dyer, N. Xiang. 2018. Fertilizer and nematicide combination evaluations for root-knot nematode management in southern Alabama, 2017 Report No. 12:N009 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N009.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N009.pdf</a> Dyer, D.  K. S. Lawrence, S. Till, W. Groover, N. Xiang, M. Rondon, K. Gattoni, C. Norris. 2018. Cotton variety evaluation with and without Velum Total for reniform management in north Alabama, 2017 Report No. 12:N010 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N010.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N010.pdf</a> Dyer, D.  K. S. Lawrence, S. Till, W. Groover, N. Xiang, M. Rondon, K. Gattoni. 2018. Cotton variety evaluation with and without Velum Total for root-knot management in Alabama, 2017. Report No. 12:N011 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N011.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N011.pdf</a> Dyer, D.  K. S. Lawrence, S. Till, W. Groover, N. Xiang, M. Rondon, K. Gattoni. 2018. Effects of starter fertilizers, plant hormones, and nematicides to manage reniform nematode damage in Alabama, 2017. Report No. 12:N012 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N012.pdf Dyer, D.  K. S. Lawrence, S. Till, W. Groover, N. Xiang, M. Rondon, K. Gattoni, M. Pegues. 2018. Cotton variety evaluation with and without Velum Total for root-knot nematode management in south Alabama, 2017. Report No. 12:N013 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N013.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N013.pdf</a> Dyer, D.  K. S. Lawrence, S. Till, W. Groover, N. Xiang, M. Rondon, K. Gattoni, C. Norris. 2018. Cotton variety evaluation with and without Velum Total for reniform management in north Alabama, 2017 Report No. 12:N014 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N014.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N014.pdf</a> Dyer, D.  K. S. Lawrence, S. Till, W. Groover, N. Xiang, M. Rondon, K. Gattoni. 2018. Cotton variety evaluation with and without Velum Total for root-knot nematode management in Alabama, 2017. Report No. 12:N019 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N019.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N019.pdf</a> Dyer, D.  K. S. Lawrence, S. Till, W. Groover, N. Xiang, M. Rondon, K. Gattoni, C. Norris. 2018. Evaluation of a by-product fertilizer to increase plant growth and decrease reniform population density on cotton in Alabama, 2017. Report No. 12:N020 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N020.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N020.pdf</a> Lawrence. K., N. Xiang, W Groover, S. Till, D. Dyer, K. Gattoni, M. Rondon. 2018. Cotton seeding rate and fungicide combinations for cotton seedling disease management in north Alabama, 2017. Report No. 12:N021 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N021.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N021.pdf</a> Lawrence. K., N. Xiang, W Groover, S. Till, D. Dyer, K. Gattoni, M. Rondon. 2018. Cotton nematicide combinations for reniform management in north Alabama, 2017. Report No. 12:N022 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N022.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N022.pdf</a> Lawrence. K., N. Xiang, W Groover, S. Till, D. Dyer, K. Gattoni, M. Rondon. 2018. Cotton nematicide combinations for reniform management in central Alabama, 2017. Report No. 12:N023 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N023.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N023.pdf</a> Lawrence. K., N. Xiang, W Groover, S. Till, D. Dyer, K. Gattoni, M. Rondon. 2018. Cotton nematicide combinations for reniform management in north Alabama, 2017. Report No. 12:N024 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N024.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N024.pdf</a> Moye, H. H., K.S. Lawrence, N. Xiang, W. Groover, S. Till, D. Dyer, M. Foshee, K. Gattoni, M. Rondon. 2018. Reniform nematode control on cotton using nematicide combinations in north Alabama, 2017. Report No. 12:N025 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N025.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N025.pdf</a> Robbins, Robert T. and Devany Crippen. 2018. Evaluation of 418 Soybean Plant   Introductions with Reported Resistance to Future Soybean Cyst Nematode for Reniform Nematode Resistance. Proceedings of the 45th annual Meeting of the Southern      Soybean Disease workers. March 7-8, 2018 Pencacola Beach, Florida. Abstract. Page 13. Till, S. R.,  K.S. Lawrence, N. Xiang, W. Groover, D. Dyer, M. Foshee, K. Gattoni, M. Rondon. 2018. The effect of Counter 20G and corn hybrid selection on early corn plant growth and yield in the presence of root-knot nematode in Alabama, 2017. Report No. 12:N026 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N026.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N026.pdf</a> Till, S. R.,  K.S. Lawrence, N. Xiang, W. Groover, D. Dyer, M. Foshee, K. Gattoni, M. Rondon. 2018. Corn hybrid and nematicide evaluation in root-knot nematode infested soil in central Alabama, 2017. Report No. 12:N027 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N027.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N027.pdf</a> Till, S. R.,  K.S. Lawrence, N. Xiang, W. Groover, D. Dyer, M. Foshee, K. Gattoni, M. Rondon. 2018. Evaluation of nematicides, starter fertilizers, and plant growth regulators for root-knot nematode management in south Alabama, 2017. Report No. 12:N028 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N028.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N028.pdf</a> Till, S. R.,  K.S. Lawrence, N. Xiang, W. Groover, D. Dyer, M. Foshee, K. Gattoni, M. Rondon, M. Foshee. 2018. Corn variety evaluation with and without Counter 20G for root-knot management in south Alabama, 2017. Report No. 12:N029 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.  <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N029.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N029.pdf</a> Xiang, Ni,  K. S. Lawrence, W. Groover, S. Till, D. Dyer, K. Gattoni. 2018. Evaluation of BioST nematicide for root-knot nematode management on corn in central Alabama, 2017. Report No. 12:N032 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.  <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N032.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N032.pdf</a> Xiang, Ni,  K. S. Lawrence, W. Groover, S. Till, D. Dyer, K. Gattoni. 2018. Evaluation of BioST nematicide for root-knot nematode management on cotton in central Alabama, 2017. Report No. 12:N033 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N033.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N033.pdf</a> Xiang, Ni,  K. S. Lawrence, W. Groover, S. Till, D. Dyer, K. Gattoni. 2018. Evaluation of BioST nematicide for reniform nematode management on cotton in north Alabama, 2017. Report No. 12:N034 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N034.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N034.pdf</a> Xiang, Ni,  K. S. Lawrence, W. Groover, S. Till, D. Dyer, K. Gattoni. 2018. Evaluation of BioST nematicide for root-knot nematode management on soybean in central Alabama, 2017. Report No. 12:N035 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N035.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N035.pdf</a> Gattoni, Kaitlin, N Xiang, K. S. Lawrence, W. Groover, A. Till, D. Dyer, M. N. Rondon, M. Foshee. 2018. Evaluation of cotton nematicide combinations and rates for reniform nematode management in northern Alabama, 2017. Report No. 12:N040 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N040.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N040.pdf</a> Gattoni, Kaitlin, N Xiang, K. S. Lawrence, W. Groover, A. Till, D. Dyer, M. N. Rondon, M. Foshee. 2018. Evaluation of cotton nematicide combinations for reniform nematode management in northern Alabama, 2017 Report No. 12:N041 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N041.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/N041.pdf</a> Rondon, Marina Nunes, N. Xiang, K.S. Lawrence, S. Till, W. Groover, D. Dyer, K. Gattoni. 2018. Evaluation of seed treatments fungicides for damping-off control in northern Alabama, 2017. Report No. 12:ST002 DOI: 11.1094/PDMR12 The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/ST002.pdf">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/trial/pdmr/reports/2018/ST002.pdf</a> M.R. Hajimorad, J. Lin, R. Ye, M. Staton, E.C. Bernard, P.R. Arelli, T. Hewezi, T. Thekke-Veetil, and L. Domier (2018). A novel picorna-like virus from transcriptome sequencing of sugar beet cyst nematode. Proceedings of American Society for Virology, 27th annual meeting, University of Maryland, Maryland, MD. July 14-18. P380.   Daniel Niyikiza, Greyson Dickey, Carl Sams, Tomas Gill, Tessa Burch-Smith, Dean Kopsell, Tarek Hewezi, Vince Pantalone (2018) Screening for SCN resistance and field evaluation of soybean recombinant inbred lines. The 17th Biennial Conference on the Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Soybean, August 26-29, 2018, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.   Wilson, K., Mann, A., Teague, T. G., and Faske, T. 2018.  Cotton and pest response to nematicide-insecticide combinations applied at-planting across different soil textures in a spatially variable field – year II  Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences; January 3-5; San Antonio, TX. National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.  Pp 815-825.       Plant Disease Management Reports:   Hurd, K., Faske, T. R. and Emerson, M. 2018.  Evaluation of ILeVO to suppress root-knot nematode on soybean in Arkansas, 2017.  PDMR 12:N043.   Hurd, K., Faske, T. R. and Emerson, M. 2018.  Evaluation of ILeVO to suppress root-knot nematode on soybean in Arkansas, 2017.  PDMR 12:N044.   Hurd, K., Faske, T. R. and Emerson, M. 2018.  Evaluation of ILeVO and VOTiVO to suppress root-knot nematode on soybean in Arkansas, 2017.  PDMR 12:N045.   Hurd, K., Faske, T. R. and Emerson, M. 2018.  Evaluation of Velum Total and COPeO to manage root-knot nematode on cotton in Arkansas, 2017.  PDMR 12:N047.   Hurd, K., Faske, T. R. and Emerson, M. 2018.  Evaluation of two methods to deliver Velum Total to manage root-knot nematode on cotton in Arkansas, 2017.  PDMR 12:N048.   Hurd, K., Faske, T. R. and Emerson, M. 2087.  Evaluation of the efficacy of several nematicides to manage root-knot nematode on cotton in Arkansas, 2017.  PDMR 12:N049.   Hurd, K., Faske, T. R. and Emerson, M. 2018.  Evaluation of Velum Total to manage root-knot nematode on cotton in Arkansas, 2017.  PDMR 12:N050.   Other Extension publications and presentations:   Faske, T. R. 2018. Field performance of selected soybean varieties in a southern root-knot nematode infested field, 2018.  Arkansas Row Crops. University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Research and Extension.  Access date: 6 December 2018.  Available at: <a href="http://www.arkansas-crops.com/2017/11/20/performance-varieties-southern/http:/www.arkansas-crops.com/2018/11/13/performance-varieties-nematode/">http://www.arkansas-crops.com/2018/11/13/performance-varieties-nematode/</a>

Impact Statements

Phytogen has developed some highly root-knot nematode resistant cultivars, with excellent yield potential in the Southern High Plains of Texas.