WERA89: Potato Virus and Virus-Like Disease Management

(Multistate Research Coordinating Committee and Information Exchange Group)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[10/09/2017] [05/14/2018] [06/18/2019] [06/23/2020] [05/16/2021]

Date of Annual Report: 10/09/2017

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 03/08/2017 - 03/09/2017
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2016 - 09/30/2017

Participants

Andrew Houser, Nora Olsen, Lynn Woodhall, Carrie Wohleb, Susie Siemsen, Alice Pilgeram, Phil Townsend, Mary Kreitenger, Amy Charkowski, Ana Cristina Fuladosa, Nina Zidak, Dave Douches, Paul Bethke, Kent Sather, Alan Westra, Johnathan Whitworth, Guiping Yan, Rich Novy, Alex Karasev, Chris Benedict, Kasia Duellman Kinzer, Pablo Guzman, Mark Pavek, Russ Groves, Stewart Gray, Neil Gudmestad, Kylie Swisher, Jim Dwyer, Joe Kuhl, Silvia Rondon, Andrei Alyokhin, Chuck Brown, Chris McIntosh, Keith Schuetz, Raquel Salati, Mathuresh Singh, Andrew Nicholaus from Simplot, Debbie Inglis, Darrin Hall, Washington DeSilva, Erin Weber, Hannu Pappu, John Mizicko from Eurofins BioDiagnostics, Carolyn Keller, Teresa Almeida, Kenneth Frost, Nicole Hostert, Anna Jespersen, Mark McGuire, Alex McCandlewire, James Harris

Brief Summary of Minutes

Accomplishments

Publications

<p>Benedict, C., McMoran, D., Inglis, D., and Karasev, A.V. (2015) Tuber symptoms associated with recombinant strains of Potato virus Y in specialty potatoes under northwestern Washington growing conditions. American Journal of Potato Research 92: 593-602. Fig. 1 of this paper has been selected for the cover of the October issue of American Journal of Potato Research.</p><br /> <p>Cating, R.A., Funke, C.N., Kaur, N., Hamm, P.B., and K.E. Frost. (2015). A multiplex reverse transcription (RT) high-fidelity PCR protocol for the detection of six viruses that cause potato tuber necrosis. The <em>American Journal of Potato Research</em> 92:850-864.</p><br /> <p>Chikh-Ali, M., Bosque-Perez, N., **Vander Pol, D., Sembel, D., and Karasev, A.V. (2016) Occurrence and molecular characterization of recombinant Potato virus YNTN (PVYNTN) isolates from Sulawesi, Indonesia. <em>Plant Disease</em> 100: 269-275.</p><br /> <p>Chikh-Ali, M., *Alruwaili, H., **Vander Pol, D., and Karasev, A.V. (2016) Molecular characterization of recombinant strains of Potato virus Y from Saudi Arabia. <em>Plant Disease </em>100: 292-297.</p><br /> <p>DeBlasio, S.L., Johnson, R., Mahoney, J., Karasev, A.V., Gray, S.M., MacCoss, M.J., and Cilia, M. (2015) Insights into the polerovirus-plant interactome revealed by co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry. <em>Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions</em> 28: 467-481.</p><br /> <p>DeBlasio, S.L., Johnson, R., Sweeney, M.M., Karasev, A.V., Gray, S.M., MacCoss, M.J., and Cilia, M. (2015) The Potato leafroll virus structural proteins manipulate overlapping, yet distinct protein interaction networks during infection. <em>Proteomics </em>15: 2098-2112.</p><br /> <p>Domfeh, O., Bittara, F., and Gudmestad, N.C. 2015. Sensitivity of potato cultivars to <em>Potato Mop Top virus</em>-induced tuber necrosis. Plant Dis. 99:788-796.</p><br /> <p>Domfeh, O., Thompson, A.L. and Gudmestad, N.C. 2015. Sensitivity to tuber necrosis caused by <em>Potato Mop Top virus</em> in advanced potato (<em>Solanum tuberosum</em> L.) breeding selections. Amer. J. Potato Res. 92:636-647.</p><br /> <p>Domfeh, O. and Gudmestad, N.C. 2016. Moisture management as a potential disease control strategy for <em>Potato Mop Top virus</em>-induced tuber necrosis. Plant Dis. 100:418-423.</p><br /> <p>Fulladolsa, A.C., F.M. Navarro, R. Kota, K. Severson, J.P. Palta, and A.O. Charkowski. (2015) Application of marker assisted selection for Potato virus Y resistance in the University of Wisconsin Potato Breeding Program. <em>Am. J. Pot. Res. </em>92:444-450.</p><br /> <p>Mallik, I., Anderson, N.R., and Gudmestad, N.C. 2012. Detection and differentiation of <em>Potato virus Y</em> strains from potato using immunocapture multiplex RT-PCR. Am. J. PotatoRes. 89:184-191.</p><br /> <p>Mallik, I. and Gudmestad, N.C. 2015. First report of <em>Potato Mop Top virus</em> causing potato tuber necrosis in Colorado and New Mexico. Plant Dis. 99:164.</p><br /> <p>Mondal, S.; E. J. Wenninger; P. J. S. Hutchinson; J. L. Whitworth; D. Shrestha; S. D. Eigenbrode, and N. A. Bosque-Perez. (2016) Comparison of transmission efficiency of various isolates of Potato virus Y among three aphid vectors. <em>Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata</em> 158: 258-268.</p><br /> <p>Rowley, J.S., Gray, S.M., and Karasev, A.V. (2015) Screening potato cultivars for new sources of resistance to Potato virus Y. <em>American Journal of Potato Research </em>92: 38-48. &ndash; Fig. 8 of this paper has been selected for the cover of the February issue of American Journal of Potato Research.</p><br /> <p>Wohleb, C.H., T.D. Waters, E.M. D&rsquo;Auria, and D.W. Crowder. (2015) WSU Potato Pest Alerts &ndash; Providing Regional Pest Information and IPM-based Recommendations to Aid Management Decisions. Abstracts of the Papers Presented at the 99<sup>th</sup> Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. <em>Am. J. of Potato Res., </em>93(2)<em>.</em></p><br /> <p>Wohleb, C.H. (2015) Development and impact of a pest alert system for potato growers in the Columbia Basin of Washington. 8<sup>th</sup> International IPM Symposium.</p>

Impact Statements

  1. Documenting PVY symptoms of potato varieties in the greenhouse and field has shown that recombinant strains have mild symptoms, making visual inspections difficult. Results are being shared with growers and the industry. A PVY demonstration trial was done in Washington in 2016 and additional trials will be done in WA, WI, and ME in 2018.
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Date of Annual Report: 05/14/2018

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 03/07/2018 - 03/08/2018
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2017 - 09/30/2018

Participants

Ken Frost, Kylie Swisher Grimm, Andrew Houser, Stewart Gray, Paul Bethke, Mary Kreitenger, Hanu Pappu, Chuck Brown, Neil Gudmestad, Aymeric Goyer, Erin Weber, Judy Brown, Alan Westra, Alex Karasev, Carrie Wohleb, Jonathan Whitworth, Nina Zidak, Chris Benedict, Kasia Duellman Kinzer, Keith Schuetz, Lynn Woodell, Mark Pavek, Sarah Noller, Guiping Yan, Andrei Alyokhin, Chris McIntosh, Alice Pilgeram, Tina Brandt, John Mzicko, Kent Sather, Dawn Musil, Ana Fuladosa, Aaron Buzza, Teresa Almeida, Amy Charkowski, James Dwyer, Russ Groves (by video conference), Amanda Cummings

Brief Summary of Minutes

Accomplishments

<ul><br /> <li>Documented the prevalence (and diversity) of PVY strains in potato in Columbia Basin and the role of strain-specific resistance in the selection of PVY recombinants</li><br /> <li>Determined that potato mop-top virus (PMTV) is highly conserved among isolates collected in US potato production regions.</li><br /> <li>Surveillance of viruses PMTV, TRV and PVY in seedlots lot throughout the US and imported from Canada.</li><br /> <li>Surveillance for subterranean, vector of PMTV.</li><br /> <li>Quantified stubby root nematode composition in soils collected from 8 different states. Develop detection and identification protocols from soils using PCR and barcoding.</li><br /> <li>Developed conventional PCR protocol specific for <em> allius</em>.</li><br /> <li>Developed realtime PCR protocol for quantifying nematodes using TaqMan probe and SYBR green assay. Currently, developing a multiplex real-time PCR for four different stubby root nematodes found in the eight states across the country.</li><br /> <li>Demonstration of potential for hyperspectral spectroscopy for the evaluation of seed lots for PVY infection.</li><br /> </ul><br /> <p>Enhancements to virus diagnostics:</p><br /> <ul><br /> <li>For dormant tuber testing, found that most of the virus is in the skin, as opposed to tuber flesh.</li><br /> <li>FTA card work &ndash; can press tuber skin samples onto an FTA card. Multiple assays can then be run on the nucleic acids on small punches of each card. Assays have worked well for RT-PCR for PVY, PVS, PVX, PVA, PLRV, TRV, PMTV, as well as an RNA control (EF1alpha). The FTA card can be frozen and stored for months or perhaps even years.</li><br /> <li>Development of an immunocapture RT-PCR assay for PMTV.</li><br /> <li>Development of an assay to detect <em> subterranea</em>, the vector of PMTV, from soil and peat moss.</li><br /> </ul><br /> <p>Aphid capture data have been compiled from the North Central Regional, Aphid Suction Trap Network (http://traps.ncipmc.org/) from a span of 10 years (2005-2015) and 45 locations comprising over 180 species of aphids and nearly 1M individual captures in the upper Midwestern US. The flight phenology of the principle PVY-vector species of aphids has been modeled.&nbsp; This has affected the management recommendations: build programs of control around timing of principle vector flights (early grain aphid migration, etc).</p><br /> <p>Additional aphid trapping data from various potato producing states are being identified to species and are planned for validation in the current models. These trap data will be standardized against cumulative growing degree-days (base50) using random effects models, and these will be used to predict the dispersal phenology of unique aphid species in different states. Next steps are additional aphid identification requirement (state-specific), fitting aphid phenology from other states (underway for year 1 ID&rsquo;s), identification of the predominate species associated with the greatest PVY movement, and seasonality of vector prevalence- modeling landscape risk.&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>Annual abundance of non-colonizing aphid species and PVY incidence in ME.&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>Primary accomplishments is that ME can now forecast the initial yearly occurrence of aphid vectors and know there is consistent late season aphid pressure, as well as PVY increase later in season which can help with management practices.</p><br /> <p>Relationship of wild hosts to PVY incidence.&nbsp; Major accomplishments: Determining that non-crop vegetation (with the likely exception of plants in the family Solanaceae) does not serve as an important reservoir of PVY.&nbsp; Also, he is obtaining evidence that the notion of PVY&rsquo;s broad host range needs to be re-evaluated, and confirmed that infected potato tubers are the most important source of initial inoculum (not really coming from outside of the field).&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>Used the potato SNP array to create high quality potato populations to conduct genetic mapping of virus resistance traits.</p><br /> <p>For PMTV, SNPS associated with resistance appear to be located in chromosomes 2 and 9.</p><br /> <p>Continued development and study of Castle Russet which has resistance to TRV and PVY (i.e. it carries <em>Rysto</em> gene). Long term management of virus may start to incorporate Castle Russet.</p><br /> <p>Sixty potato cultivars representing every market class were tested for their sensitivity to PMTV- and TRV-induced tuber necrosis in field trials conducted in 2015 and 2016. Expression of tuber necrosis by each virus was variable among cultivars with a number of them identified as being insensitive to the tuber necrosis phase caused by each virus. The commercial potato industry has cultivars available within each market class that can be used to escape economic loss by utilizing potato varieties that do not express tuber necrosis.</p><br /> <p>Characterized PVY symptoms of potato varieties in the greenhouse and field. This has shown that recombinant strains have mild symptoms, making visual inspections difficult.</p><br /> <p>Documented the effect of virus infection on tuber quality and storage attributes. Current season PVY infections have not caused a degradation of processing quality, suggesting that initial concerns were not justified (unless initial concerns were due to a different, undetected virus infection).&nbsp; Industry concerns about PVY and degraded fry processing quality have not been verified.&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>Similarly, we have demonstrated that symptomatic tubers don&rsquo;t seem to cause fry defect issues. Tubers are testing positive, but not causing issue at processing.&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>Collected data to compare winter grow out testing to PVY detection from dormant tubers using RT-PCR. Conducted a tuber testing workshop for participants in 4-state study.&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>A potato seed PVY-risk calculator has been developed and is currently being tested (&lt;msuextension.org/econtools/pvy_calc/index.html&gt;). For Russet Norkotah and Russet Burbank potatoes, you can enter assumed level of the virus and the calculator should predict revenue loss per acre, total revenue loss, and adjusted seed price.&nbsp; From the webpage, this &ldquo;Calculator estimates end-of season loss from PVY for a grower selling to either process or fresh marker depending upon beginning of season PVY incidence.&rdquo;&nbsp; This tool will tell a grower how much you should pay for the seed to be economically unharmed.&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>Potato seed certification inspector training was held in 2016 at the Othello, WA (WSU experiment station) with 43 varieties infected with 3 PVY strains.&nbsp; PVY demo plots made the industry aware of the difficulties in removing PVY from seed lots. This demonstration plot will be established in WA, WI, and ME in 2018.</p>

Publications

<p>Alyokhin, A. 2015.&nbsp; Preventing the Spread of Potato Viruses: What Insecticides Can and Cannot Do. Webinar presented for the Pest Management Network, available at <a href="http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/edcenter/seminars/potato/PotatoViruses/">http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/edcenter/seminars/potato/PotatoViruses/</a></p><br /> <p>Alyokhin, A. 2015. Managing non-persistently transmitted aphid-borne viruses: Perceptions and reality. Symposium &ldquo;Beyond Corn and Soybeans...Challenges to Integrated Pest Management in Specialty Crops.&rdquo; Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Minneapolis, MN. November 15-18, 2015. (<em>abstract</em>)</p><br /> <p>Alyokhin, A. 2015. Con- and heterospecific influences on potato colonization by three species of aphids. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Minneapolis, MN. November 15-18, 2015. (<em>abstract</em>)</p><br /> <p>Alyokhin, A. and A. Buzza. 2016. Epidemiology of Potato Virus Y in Northern Maine. Northeastern Plant, Pest, and Soils Conference, Philadelphia, PA. January 3-7, 2016. (<em>abstract</em>)</p><br /> <p>Bag, S., S.I. Rondon, K. Frost, D. Walenta, and B. Charlton. 2016. Monitoring aphids in seed and commercial potato fields in Oregon. <em>In</em> 75<sup>th</sup> annual Pacific Northwest Insect Management Conference. Jan 11-12. Portland, OR. Section V. Pp 59-62. (<em>abstract</em>)</p><br /> <p>Bag, S., Frost, K., Rondon, S.I., Charlton, B.A., and D. Walenta. 2016. Variation in aphid abundance and Potato virus Y incidence in Oregon potato. APS Annual Meeting. July 30- Aug 3, Tampa, FL. Phytopathology 106 (Suppl. 4) S4.44 (<em>abstract</em>)</p><br /> <p>Bag, S., Rondon, S., Frost, K., Walenta, D. and B. Charlton. 2016. Monitoring aphids and potato virus Y in seed and commercial fields in Oregon. XXV International Congress of Entomology, September 25-30, Orlando, FL, USA. (<em>abstract</em>)</p><br /> <p>Beissinger, A. 2016. Proactive approaches for managing <em>Potato virus Y </em>in western Washington. M.S. Thesis, WSU Plant Pathology Department, Pullman, WA (136 pages).</p><br /> <p>Beissinger, A., Benedict, C.A., Goldberger, J., and Inglis, D.A. 2016. A sociological assessment of <em>Potato virus Y</em> in western Washington: Barriers and bridges to adopting new management practices. Ann. Mtg. Amer. Phytopath. Soc., S106:S4.119. July 30- Aug 3, Tampa, FL (<em>abstract and poster presentation</em>).</p><br /> <p>Beissinger, A., Goldberger, J.R., Benedict, C.A., and Inglis, D.A. 2017. Seed potatoes, virus management, and the non-&nbsp; &nbsp;adoption of an agricultural innovation. Rural Sociology: doi:10.1111/ruso.12181.</p><br /> <p>Beissinger, A. and Inglis, D. March 2018. Greenhouse comparison of two detection methods for <em>Potato virus Y<sup>N-Wi</sup> </em>at four potato growth stages. Plant Health Progress (19):71-75.</p><br /> <p>Beissinger, A., Benedict, C., and Inglis, D. 2018. Alternative sources of <em>Potato virus Y</em> in western Washington. WSU Extension Technical Bulletin: 49E. x p. (<em>in press</em>).&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>Benedict, C., McMoran, D., Inglis, D., and Karasev, A.V. 2015. Tuber symptoms associated with recombinant strains of <em>Potato virus Y</em> in specialty potatoes under northwestern Washington growing conditions. Amer. J. of Potato Res. 92: 593-602.</p><br /> <p>Carroll, J.E., Smith, D.M., and Gray, S. M. 2016. Preferential acquisition and inoculation of PVY<sup>NTN</sup> over PVY<sup>O</sup> in potato by the green peach aphid<em> Myzus persicae</em> (Sulzer). J. Gen. Virol. 97: 797&ndash;802<em>.</em></p><br /> <p>Cating, R. A., C.N. Funke, N. Kaur, P.B. Hamm, and K.E. Frost, 2015. A multiplex reverse transcription (RT) high-fidelity PCR protocol for the simultaneous detection of six viruses that cause potato tuber necrosis. <em>American Journal of Potato Research</em> 92:536-540.</p><br /> <p>Charkowski, A. O. 2017. The socioeconomic impact of emerging and re-emerging disease epidemics. Phytopathology 107 (12):161</p><br /> <p>Chikh-Ali, M., Rowley, J.S., Kuhl, J.C., Gray, S.M., and Karasev, A.V. 2014. Evidence of a monogenic nature of the <em>Nz</em> gene conferring resistance against <em>Potato virus Y</em> strain Z (PVY<sup>Z</sup>) in potato. American Journal of Potato Research 91: 649-654.</p><br /> <p>Chikh-Ali, M., Alruwaili, H., Vander Pol, D., and Karasev, A.V. 2015. Molecular characterization of recombinant strains of <em>Potato virus Y</em> from Saudi Arabia. Plant Disease 100: 292-297.</p><br /> <p>Chikh-Ali, M., Bosque-Perez, N., Vander Pol, D., Sembel, D., and Karasev, A.V. 2015. Occurrence and molecular characterization of recombinant Potato virus Y<sup>NTN</sup> (PVY<sup>NTN</sup>) isolates from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Plant Disease 100: 269-275.</p><br /> <p>Chikh-Ali, M., Naidu, R., and Karasev, A.V. 2015. First report of <em>Potato virus Y</em> (PVY) strain PVY<sup>C</sup> associated with a tomato disease in Kenya. Plant Disease 100:864.</p><br /> <p>Chikh-Ali, M., Vander Pol, D., Nikolaeva, O.V., Melzer, M.J., and Karasev, A.V. 2016. Biological and molecular characterization of a tomato isolate of Potato virus Y (PVY) of the PVYC lineage. Archives of Virology 161: 3561&ndash;3566.</p><br /> <p>Couture, J. J. 2015. Mapping variation in vegetation functioning using imaging spectroscopy (Invited), American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting. Dec. 18, 2015. (abstract)</p><br /> <p>Couture J. J., Singh A., Charkowski A. O., Groves, R. L., Gray, S. M., Bethke, P. C., Townsend, P. A. 201x. Integrating spectroscopy with potato disease management. Plant Disease. <em>Accepted with revisions.&nbsp; </em></p><br /> <p>Domfeh, O., Bittara, F., and Gudmestad, N.C. 2015. Sensitivity of potato cultivars to <em>Potato Mop Top virus</em>-induced tuber necrosis. Plant Dis. 99:788-796.</p><br /> <p>Domfeh, O., Thompson, A.L. and Gudmestad, N.C. 2015. Sensitivity to tuber necrosis caused by <em>Potato Mop Top virus</em> in advanced potato (<em>Solanum tuberosum</em> L.) breeding selections. Amer. J. Potato Res. 92:636-647.</p><br /> <p>Domfeh, O. and Gudmestad, N.C. 2016. Effect of soil moisture on the development of <em>Potato Mop Top virus</em>-induced tuber necrosis. Plant Dis. 100:418-423.</p><br /> <p>Dwyer, J. D. 2015. Aphid Populations in 2014.<em> Spudlines</em>, Volume 50 Number 3.</p><br /> <p>Dwyer, J. D. 2015. When is the Best Time to Initiate PVY/Aphid Management Strategies.&nbsp; <em>Spudlines</em>, Volume 50 Number 3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>Dwyer, James, D., Dwyer, Marc. J. 2018. What We Have Learned About Aphids in the Last Five Years. Maine Potato Conference January 17 and 18, 2018. University of Maine at Presque Isle (<em>abstract</em>)</p><br /> <p>Dwyer, J., Dwyer, M., Alyokhin, A., Dill, J., Buzza, A. 2018. Aphid Tower Trapping Results in Maine. 9<sup>th</sup> International IPM Symposium. Baltimore, Maryland (<em>abstract</em>)</p><br /> <p>Elwan, E.A., Abdel Aleem, E.E., Fattouh, F.A., Green, K.J., Tran, L.T., and Karasev, A.V. 2017. Occurrence of diverse recombinant strains of <em>Potato virus Y</em> circulating in potato fields in Egypt. <em>Plant Disease</em>, published on-line April 17, 2017</p><br /> <p>Frost, K.E., Gevens, A.J. and Groves, R.L.&nbsp; 2015. &nbsp;Web-based pest and disease forecasting tool for enhanced processing vegetable crop management. In Proceedings of the 2015 Wisconsin Crop Management Conference Abstracts, January, 13-15, Alliant Energy Center, Madison, WI. (<em>abstract</em>)</p><br /> <p>Fulladolsa Palma, Ana Cristina. 2015. Management of Potato virus Y in potato. PhD diss., University of Wisconsin-Madison.</p><br /> <p>Fulladolsa, A. C., F. M. Navarro, R. Kota, K. Severson, J. P. Palta, and A. O. Charkowski. 2015. Application of marker assisted selection for <em>Potato virus Y</em> resistance in the University of Wisconsin Potato Breeding Program. American Journal of Potato Research 92 (3): 444-450.</p><br /> <p>Fulladolsa, A. Jansky, S., Halterman, D., Charkowski, A. 2016. Development of molecular markers tightly linked to Potato virus Y resistance gene Rychc in a diploid potato population. Phytopathology 106:14 (abstract)</p><br /> <p>Fulladolsa, A. C., Jansky, S. H., Smith, D. R., Abramczak, C. M., Charkowski, A. O. 2017. Development and evaluation of four molecular markers tightly linked to the Potato virus Y resistance gene Ry(chc) in diploid potato populations. Phytopathology 107 (12): 69 (<em>abstract</em>)</p><br /> <p>Fulladolsa, A.C., La Plant, K.E., Groves, R.L., Charkowski, A. 2018. Potato plants grown from minitubers are delayed in maturity, but are not more susceptible to&nbsp;<em>Potato virus Y</em>&nbsp;than plants grown from conventional seed. American Journal of Potato Research 95 (1): 45-53.</p><br /> <p>Funke, C., Frost, K., Olsen, N., and A.V. Karasev. 2016. Strain specific resistance to <em>Potato virus Y</em> (PVY) in potato efficiently reduces the prevalence of the PVYO strain under semi-field conditions. Phytoplathology 106 (Suppl. 4) S4.199.</p><br /> <p>Funke, C.N., Nikolaeva, O.V., Green, K.J., Tran, L.T., Chikh-Ali, M., Quintero-Ferrer, A., Cating, R., Frost, K.E., Hamm, P.B., Olsen, N., Pavek, M.J., GFray, S.M., Crosslin, J.M., and Karasev, A.V. 2017. Strain-specific resistance to <em>Potato virus Y</em> (PVY) in potato and its effect on the relative abundance of PVY strains in commercial potato fields. Plant Disease 101: 20-28&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>Green, K.J., Brown, C.J., Gray, S.M., and Karasev, A.V. 2017. Phylogenetic study of recombinant strains of Potato virus Y. Virology 507: 40-52.&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>Groves, R.L., Frost. K.E. and Huseth, A.S.&nbsp; 2014.&nbsp; Integrating grower-driven and publically held data for improved plant protection.&nbsp; In Proceedings of the 2014 Joint Meeting of the American Phytopathological Society &amp; The Mycological Society of America (APS-CPS 2014), Annual Meeting Abstracts, Phytopathology 104:S3. pp.159. (<em>abstract</em>)</p><br /> <p>Groves, R.L. Charkowski, A.O. and Bethke, P.&nbsp; 2015.&nbsp; Influence of viral stresses on potato storage quality.&nbsp; In Proceedings of the 2015 University of Wisconsin - Wisconsin Potato and Vegetable Growers, Grower Education Conference , UW- Madison College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Research Division and UWEX, Feb. 3-5, Steven&rsquo;s Point, WI, 22:1pp. (<em>abstract</em>)</p><br /> <p>Groves, R.L., Frost, K.E. and Huseth, A.S.&nbsp; 2015.&nbsp; Modeling Potato virus Y incidence in seed potato production using grower-driven data and landscape analyses. In Proceedings of the 2015 AFRI NIFA Sponsored Workshop: Enhancing Risk Index-Driven Decision Tools for Managing Insect Transmitted Plant Pathogens, Conference Abstracts, May 14-16, Asilomar Conference Grounds, Pacific Grove, CA. (<a href="http://ucanr.edu/sites/tospo/">http://ucanr.edu/sites/tospo/</a>). (<em>abstract</em>)</p><br /> <p>Groves, R.L., Frost, K.E., Charkowski, A.O., Duerr, E., Huseth, A.S. and Crockford, A.B. 2015. Data Driven IPM: Accurate Predictions of Risk for Plant Protection. P-IE Section Symposium, Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM) vs. Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Overlap and Conflicts, IRAC US Symposium Series No. 11. Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, November 15-18, 2015. <em>(abstract</em>)</p><br /> <p>Groves, R.L., Frost, K.E., and A. Charkowski. 2016. Grower-driven data reveals first principles in the management of Potato virus Y incidence in seed potato production. XXV International Congress of Entomology, Orlando, FL, September 25-30. DOI: 10.1603/ICE.2016.93731 (<em>conference paper</em>)</p><br /> <p>Huang, D. and Yan, G. P. 2016. Real-time and conventional PCR assays for identifying the stubby root nematode <em>Paratrichodorus allius</em>. American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting, Tampa, FL, July 30-August 3, 2016. (<em>abstract</em>)</p><br /> <p>Huang, D., Yan, G. P., and Skantar, A. M. 2017. Quantification of <em>Paratrichodorus allius </em>in DNA extracted from soil using TaqMan Probe and SYBR Green real-time PCR assays. Nematology 19: 987-1001.</p><br /> <p>Huang, D., Yan, G. P., and Skantar, A. M. 2017. Development of real-time and conventional PCR assays for identifying stubby root nematode <em>Paratrichodorus allius</em>. Plant Disease 101:964-972.</p><br /> <p>Huang, D., Yan, G. P., Plaisance, A., Gudmestad, N. C., Whitworth, J., Frost, K., Brown, C. R., Hafez, S. L., Handoo, Z. A., and Skantar, A. M. 2017. Molecular detection, identification and quantification of <em>Paratrichodorus allius</em> from nematode individuals, communities and soil DNA. <em>Abstract</em>s of 56<sup>th</sup> Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists, Williamsburg, Virginia, August 13-16. (<em>abstract</em>)</p><br /> <p>Huang, D., Yan, G. P., Gudmestad, N., Whitworth, J., Frost, K., Brown, C., Weimin, Y., Agudelo, P., and Crow, W. 2018. Molecular characterization and identification of stubby root nematode species from multiple states in the United States. Plant Disease 101 (6): 964-972.</p><br /> <p>Inglis, D.A. and Gundersen, B. 2015. Impact of <em>Potato virus Y</em> on the quality of specialty potato tubers. Pg. 7-14 in Proceedings of the Washington-Oregon Potato Conference. January 27-29, Kennewick, WA. <em>(abstract</em>)</p><br /> <p>Inglis, D.A. 2016. &lsquo;Cracked&rsquo; potato tubers and <em>Potato virus Y</em>. Invited PAA Forum article, Spudman magazine, June 2016.</p><br /> <p>Inglis, D.A., Gundersen, B., and Beissinger, A. 2016. Evidence that tuber cracking in potato can be caused by <em>Potato virus Y</em>. Ann. Mtg. Pacific Div. Amer. Phytopathol. Soc. 106:S4.199, La Conner, WA (<em>abstract</em> <em>and poster presentation</em>).</p><br /> <p>Inglis, D.A., Gundersen, B., Beissinger, A., and Karasev, A.V. 2017. Foliar and tuber reactions of five fresh market potato cultivars with three <em>Potato virus Y</em> strains. Ann. Mtg. Amer. Phytopath. Soc., S10x:xxx, San Antonio, TX (<em>abstract for poster presentation</em>).</p><br /> <p>Inglis, D., Benedict, C., Gundersen, B., Beissinger, A., and McMoran, D. 201x. Proactive approaches for controlling recombinant strains of <em>Potato virus Y</em> in western Washington. WSU Extension Technical Bulletin: (<em>submitted Feb 2018</em>).</p><br /> <p>Karasev, A.V. 2015. A novel strain of <em>Potato virus Y</em> from tomato. 107th Annual Meeting of the American Phytopathological Society, August 3, 2015, Pasadena, CA (<em>abstract</em>)</p><br /> <p>Karasev, A. 2016. Characterization of recombinant Potato virus Y<sup>NTN</sup> (PVY<sup>NTN</sup>) isolates from Sulawesi, Indonesia. 108<sup>th</sup> Annual Meeting of the American Phytopathological Society, July 30 - August 3, 2016, Tampa, FL (<em>abstract and poster presentation</em>).</p><br /> <p>Kaur, N., Cating, R.A., Dung, J.K.S., Frost, K.E., Robinson, B.A., and P.B. Hamm. 2016. First report of <em>Potato mop-top virus</em> infecting potato in Oregon. Plant Disease 100:2337.</p><br /> <p>Klein, M.L. and S.I. Rondon. 2016. Spatial and temporal analysis of aphids in eastern Oregon. <em>In</em> 75<sup>th</sup> annual Pacific Northwest Insect Management Conference. 11-12 Jan. Portland, OR. Section V. Pp 62-64. (<em>abstract</em>)</p><br /> <p>Kuhl, J.C., R.G. Novy, J.L. Whitworth, M.S. Dibble, B. Schneider, and D. Hall. 2016. Development of Molecular Markers Closely Linked to the Potato Leafroll Virus Resistance Gene,<em> Rlr etb</em>, for use in Marker-Assisted Selection. American Journal of Potato Research 93:203-212.</p><br /> <p>McMoran, D.W., Benedict, C.A., and Inglis, D.A. 201x. <em>Potato virus Y</em> and organic potatoes in western Washington. WSU Extension Fact Sheet: (<em>submitted Feb 2018).</em></p><br /> <p>Mallik, I. and Gudmestad, N.C. 2015. First report of <em>Potato Mop Top virus</em> causing potato tuber necrosis in Colorado and New Mexico. Plant Dis. 99:164.</p><br /> <p>Mondal, S., E.J. Wenninger, P.J.S. Hutchinson, J.L. Whitworth, D. Shrestha, S.D. Eigenbrode, and N.A. Bosque-Perez. 2016. Comparison of transmission efficiency of various isolates of Potato virus Y among three aphid vectors. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 158:258-268.</p><br /> <p>Mondal, S. and Gray, S.M. 2017. Sequential acquisition of <em>Potato virus Y</em> strains by <em>Myzus persicae </em>favors the transmission of the emerging recombinant strains. Virus Research 241:116-124.</p><br /> <p>Mondal, S., Lin, Y.H., Carroll, J.E., Wenninger, E.J., Bosque-Perez, N.A., Whitworth, J.L., Hutchinson, P., Eigenbrode, S., Gray, S.M. 2017. <em>Potato virus Y</em> transmission efficiency from potato infected with single or multiple virus strains. Phytopathology 107:491-498.</p><br /> <p>Mondal, S., E.J. Wenninger, P.J.S. Hutchinson, J.L. Whitworth, D. Shrestha, S.D. Eigenbrode, N.A. Bosque-P&eacute;rez, and W.E. Snyder. 2017. Responses of Aphid Vectors of Potato leaf roll virus to Potato Varieties. Plant Disease 101:1812-1818.</p><br /> <p>Novy, R., J. Whitworth, J. Stark. 2016. Breeding for resistance to <em>Potato virus Y</em> and protocols to mitigate PVY in breeder seed.&nbsp; American Journal of Potato Research 94:237</p><br /> <p>Novy, RG, Whitworth, JL, Stark, JC, Schneider, BL, Knowles, NR, Pavek, MJ, Knowles, LO, Charlton, BA, Sathuvalli, V, Yilma, S, Brown, CR, Thornton, M, Brandt, TL, Olsen, N.&nbsp; 2017.&nbsp; Payette Russet: a Dual-Purpose Potato Cultivar with Cold-Sweetening Resistance, Low Acrylamide Formation, and Resistance to Late Blight and Potato Virus Y.&nbsp; Am. J. Potato Research.&nbsp; 94:38-53.</p><br /> <p>Olsen, N. and A. Karasev. 2015. Going viral: discerning among common virus-induced diseases. Potato Grower Magazine 44(9):32. September 2015. http://www.potatogrower.com/2015/09/going-viral</p><br /> <p>Plaisance, A. and Yan, G. P. 2015. Comparison of two nematode extraction techniques. 2015. 54<sup>th</sup> Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists, East Lansing, MI, July 19-24, 2015. (<em>abstract</em>)</p><br /> <p>Raikhy, G., N. Gudmestad, S.M. Gray, and H.R. Pappu. 2016. Genetic diversity of Tobacco rattle virus isolates in the US.&nbsp; Paper presented at the 16th triennial meeting of the Virology Section of the European Association of Potato Research. May 31st to June 3rd 2016. <em>(abstract</em>)</p><br /> <p>Ramesh, S.V., G. Raikhy, C.R. Brown, J.L. Whitworth, and H.R. Pappu. 2014. Complete genomic characterization of a potato mop-top virus isolate from the United States. Archives of virology 159:3427-3433. DOI 10.1007/s00705-014-2214-0</p><br /> <p>Robinson, A., Domfeh, O., and Gudmestad, N. C. 2015. Potato Tuber Viruses: Mop-Top Management.&nbsp; ND Extension Circular A1777. 2pp. https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/publications/crops/potato-tuber-viruses-mop-top-management/a1777.pdf</p><br /> <p>Rondon. S.I., Bag, S., Vinchesi, A., Goyer, A. and K. Frost. 2016. PVY vectors, vector-plant interactions and novel control methods in the western United States. 16<sup>th</sup> triennial meeting of the virology section of the European Association of Potato Research, May 31 &ndash; June 3, Ljubljana, Slovenia. (<em>abstract</em>)</p><br /> <p>Rowley, J.S., Gray, S.M., and Karasev, A.V. 2015. Screening potato cultivars for new sources of resistance to <em>Potato virus Y</em>. American Journal of Potato Research 92: 38-48.</p><br /> <p>Shrestha, D., E.J. Wenninger, P.J.S. Hutchinson, J.L. Whitworth, S. Mondal, S.D. Eigenbrode, and N.A. Bosque-Perez. 2014. Interactions among potato genotypes, growth stages, virus strains, and inoculation methods in the potato virus y and green peach aphid pathosystem. Environmental Entomology 43:662-671.</p><br /> <p>Thomas-Sharma, S., Abdurahman, A., Ali, S., Andrade-Piedra, J. L., Bao, S., Charkowski, A. O., Crook, D., Kadian, M., Kromann, P.,&nbsp;Struik, P. C., Torrance, L., Garrett, K.A., Forbes, G.A. 2016. Seed degeneration in potato: the need for an integrated seed health strategy to mitigate the problem in developing countries. Plant Pathology 65 (1):3-16.</p><br /> <p>Weber, B. N., R. A. Witherell, and A. O. Charkowski. 2015. Low-cost potato tissue culture with microwave and bleach media preparation and sterilization. American Journal of Potato Research 92:128-137.</p><br /> <p>Whitworth, Jonathan. 2016.&nbsp; <em>Potato virus Y</em> is an industry-wide problem; challenges in removing PVY from seed.&nbsp; American Journal of Potato Research 94:248</p><br /> <p>Yan, G. P. and Gudmestad, N.C. 2015. Stubby root nematode as the virus vector of corky ringspot disease of potato. 54<sup>th</sup> Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists, East Lansing, MI, July 19-24, 2015. <em>(abstract</em>)</p><br /> <p>Yan, G. P., Plaisance, A., Huang, D., and Handoo, Z. A.&nbsp;2016. First detection of the stubby root nematode <em>Paratrichodorus allius </em>on potato in North Dakota and on sugarbeet in Minnesota. American Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting, Tampa, FL, July 30-August 3, 2016. (<em>abstract</em>)</p><br /> <p>Yan, G. P., Plaisance, A., Huang, D., Upadhaya, A., Gudmestad, N. C., and Handoo, Z. A. 2016. First report of the stubby root nematode <em>Paratrichodorus allius </em>on potato in North Dakota. Plant Disease 100: 1247. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-15-1350-PDN">http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-15-1350-PDN</a><span style="text-decoration: underline;">.</span></p><br /> <p>Yan, G. P., Huang, D., Plaisance, A., Gudmestad, N. C., Whitworth, J., Frost, K., Brown, C. R., Ye, W., Crow, B., and Hafez, S. L. 2017. Species and population densities of stubby root nematodes from multiple states in the United States. Phytopathology 107:S5.96 (<em>abstract</em>).</p><br /> <p>Yellareddygari, S.K.R., Domfeh, O. Bittara, F.G., and Gudmestad, N.C. 2017. Analysis of <em>Potato Mop-Top Virus </em>survival probability in post-harvest storage. Amer. J. Potato Res. 94:632-637.</p><br /> <p>Yellareddygari, S.K.R, Brown, C.R., Whitworth, J.L., Quick, R.A., Hamlin, L.L., and Gudmestad, N.C. 2018. Assessing potato cultivar sensitivity to tuber necrosis caused by <em>Tobacco rattle virus</em>. Plant Dis. 102: (<em>in press</em>).</p><br /> <p>Yellareddygari, S.K.R, Whitworth, J.L., and Gudmestad, N.C. 2018. Assessing potato cultivar sensitivity to tuber necrosis caused by <em>Potato mop-top virus</em>. Plant Dis. 102: (<em>in press</em>).</p><br /> <p>Zeng, Y., Fulladosa, A. C., Houser, A., Charkowski, A. O. 2018. Colorado seed potato certification data analysis shows mosaic and blackleg are major diseases of seed potato and identifies tolerant potato varieties. Plant Disease. (<em>near submission)</em></p><br /> <p>Zidack, N., Gray, S. Ugly Fight: Battling Tuber Necrotic Viruses. Potato Grower, May 2017. &nbsp;</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p>

Impact Statements

  1. Specifically, publication of numerous peer-reviewed scientific and extension articles and abstracts has provided a resource for the U.S. (and international) potato research and production community.
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Date of Annual Report: 06/18/2019

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 03/12/2019 - 03/13/2019
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2018 - 09/30/2019

Participants

Brief Summary of Minutes

Accomplishments

<ol><br /> <li>Seed certification:<br /> <ol><br /> <li>Assessed in-season spread of PVY in winter post-harvest grow-out tests and determined that this was not an issue.</li><br /> <li>Lab tests to replace winter post-harvest grow-out tests were initiated in one certification program. Comparison to field results generally suggested similar levels of pathogen identification, although some cases had better detection in the lab. An added benefit of this new testing program is the detection of PVY in varieties for which foliar symptoms are difficult to discern.</li><br /> <li>Increase of the sample size for pathogen detection in seed lots led to a reduction in the confidence interval, an improvement in the ability to distinguish similar prevalence levels, and an improvement of the confidence in the estimate of prevalence.</li><br /> <li>Initial tests using a high throughput tuber testing method showed promise and will be a focus for future optimization and validation.</li><br /> <li>Continuation of grower education for seed production and the certification process, as isolation of seed growers from commercial growers is important.</li><br /> <li>Economic analyses determined that testing 400 tubers from a seed lot was sufficient to generate a fairly accurate identification of PVY infection levels.</li><br /> <li>Analyses of seed lots for PMTV and TRV for three years show an increasing trend of PMTV-positive lots across different cultivars and seed origins, which is cause for concern. Diagnostics will continue in the future. </li><br /> </ol><br /> </li><br /> </ol><br /> <ol start="2"><br /> <li>Tuber Quality:<br /> <ol><br /> <li>PMTV symptom development in storage varies by cultivar and year, though overall symptoms tend to increase in storage.</li><br /> <li>PVY infection led to reduced tuber yields, lower specific gravity in tubers, and generally no fry color differences compared to healthy tubers.</li><br /> <li>TRV-infection has little impact on symptom development across different cultivars or times in storage.</li><br /> <li>The PVY<sup>Wilga</sup> strain depresses tuber yield overall across different cultivars, though chip color does not appear to change unless symptoms are visible in the tuber. </li><br /> </ol><br /> </li><br /> </ol><br /> <ol start="3"><br /> <li>Diagnostics:<br /> <ol><br /> <li>Successful demonstration of use of FTA cards for sampling tubers for PVY, PMTV, and TRV. These cards can be stored long-term and allow the repeated testing of samples from the cards. This method will decrease the dependence on winter grow-out tests and will improve the current sampling and reporting methods by increasing accuracy of disease levels in seed.</li><br /> <li>A method to detect PMTV and <em>Spongospora subterranean</em> from soil was developed which has a detection limit of 100 spore propagules, respectively.</li><br /> <li>The occurrence of stubby root nematodes that vector TRV was demonstrated in multiple states. The genetic diversity and evolutionary relationship of the most prevalent vector <em>Paratrichodorus allius</em> with three other stubby root nematode species were characterized, and a one-step multiplex PCR assay was developed for the first time for rapid detection of these four stubby-root nematode species to improve the detection efficiency of this nematode in infested potato fields.</li><br /> <li>TRV and PMTV strain differentiation was analyzed from collection across the US. For PMTV, US isolates were found to share high sequence identity (&gt;97%). Results suggest that PMTV in the US may be from a single introduction into the country. For TRV, US isolates tend to cluster together when compared to isolates collected around the world. </li><br /> </ol><br /> </li><br /> </ol><br /> <ol start="4"><br /> <li>Cultivar Development and Evaluation:<br /> <ol start="2018"><br /> <li>Potato virus Y demonstration plots were part of three industry field days in Washington, Wisconsin, and Maine in 2018. A similar field day was held in Washington in 2016.&nbsp; Presentations from the 2016 field day were given by the researchers involved at state and national meetings explaining the difficulties in identifying PVY in seed potato crops.</li><br /> <li>In an effort to breed for resistance to PVY, PMTV, and TRV, potato hybrids were generated with resistant parents and true potato seed. Replicated trials identified ~26 clones with extreme resistance conferred by specific genes.</li><br /> <li>Two genetic markers for PMTV resistance (one on chromosome 2 and one on chromosome 3), and one marker for TRV (on chromosome 9) were identified.</li><br /> <li>An initial pilot study assessed tuber yield as a function of days of growth before PVY&nbsp; Results show that the earlier the plant was infected, the larger the yield loss. At some point yield loss was not significant. </li><br /> </ol><br /> </li><br /> </ol><br /> <ol start="5"><br /> <li>Disease management:<br /> <ol><br /> <li>Analyzed different chemicals for their effects on <em>Spongospora subterranean </em>and showed that many chemicals do not significantly reduce soil inoculum levels, tuber lesion development, or PMTV incidence.</li><br /> <li>For aphid control, it was determined that weekly paraffinic oil applications resulted in the lowest overall post-harvest test readings (2009-2018), and biweekly applications further reduced PVY in daughter tubers.</li><br /> </ol><br /> </li><br /> </ol>

Publications

<p>Babujee, L., Witherell, R.A., Mikami, K., Aiuchi, D., Charkowski, A.O., and Rakotondrafara, A.M. (2019) Optimization of an isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification method for real-time detection of Potato virus Y O and N types in potato. <em>Journal of Virological Methods</em>. 267: 16-21.</p><br /> <p>Chikh-Ali, M., Rodriguez-Rodriguez, M., Green, K.J., Kim, D.-J., Chung, S.-M., Kuhl, J.C, and Karasev, A.V. (2019) Identification and molecular characterization of recombinant <em>Potato virus Y</em> (PVY) in potato from Korea, PVY<sup>NTN</sup> strain. <em>Plant Disease</em> 103: 137-142.</p><br /> <p>DeBlasio, S.L., Rebelo, A.R., Parks, K., Gray, S.M. and Heck, M.C. (2018) Disruption of chloroplast function through downregulation of phytoene desaturase enhances the systemic accumulation of an aphid-borne, phloem limited virus. <em>Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions</em>. 31: 1095-1110.</p><br /> <p>DeBlasio, S.L., Xu, Y., Johnson, R.S., Rebelo, A.R., MacCoss, M.J., Gray, S.M., and Heck, M. (2018) The interaction dynamics of two Potato leafroll virus movement proteins affects their localization to the outer membranes of mitochondria and plastids. <em>Viruses</em>. 10: 1-26.</p><br /> <p>Duellman, K.M. and Marshall, J.M. 2018. Importance of Potato Volunteers as PVY Reservoirs in Idaho, 2018. 102nd Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America, Boise ID (Poster)</p><br /> <p>Fulladolsa, A.C., Charkowski, A., Cai, X., Whitworth, J, Gray, S., and Jansky, S. (2019) Germplasm with resistance to <em>Potato virus Y</em> derived from <em>Solanum chacoense</em>: Clones M19 (39-7) and M20 (XD3). <em>American Journal of Potato Research</em>, published on-line March 15, 2019 (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12230-019-09719-6).</p><br /> <p>Green, K.J., Brown, C.J., and Karasev, A.V. (2018) Genetic diversity of <em>Potato virus Y</em> (PVY): sequence analyses reveal ten novel PVY recombinant structures. <em>Archives of Virology</em> 163: 23-32.</p><br /> <p>Gray, S.M., and Power, A.G. (2018) Anthropogenic influences on emergence of vector-borne plant viruses: the persistent problem of Potato virus Y. <em>Current Opinion in Virology</em>. 33: 177-183.</p><br /> <p>Huang, D., Yan, G. P., Gudmestad, N., Whitworth, J., Frost, K., Brown, C., Weimin, Y., Agudelo, P., and Crow, W. (2018) Molecular characterization and identification of stubby root nematode species from multiple states in the United States. <em>Plant Disease</em>. 102: 2101-2111.</p><br /> <p>Huang, D., Yan, G. P., Gudmestad, N., Ye, W., Whitworth, J., Frost, K., Crow, W., and Hajihassani, A. (2019) Developing a one-step multiplex PCR assay for rapid detection of four stubby-root nematode species <em>Paratrichodorus allius, P. minor, P. pororus</em> and <em>Trichorodorus obtusus</em>. <em>Plant Disease.</em> 103: 404-410.</p><br /> <p>Inglis, D.A., Gundersen, B., Beissinger, A., Benedict, C., and Karasev, A.V. (2019) <em>Potato virus Y</em> in seed potatoes sold at garden stores in western Washington: prevalence and strain composition. <em>American Journal of Potato Research</em>, published on-line February 13, 2019 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12230-018-09695-3). &nbsp;</p><br /> <p>Olaya, C., Adhikari, B., Raikhy, G., Cheng, J., and Pappu, H.R. (2019) Identification and localization of <em>Tospovirus </em>genus-wide conserved residues in 3D models of the nucleocapsid and the silencing suppressor proteins. <em>Virology Journal. </em>16: 1-15.</p><br /> <p>Nalam, V., Louise, J., and Shah, J. (2019) Plant defenses against aphids, the pest extraordinaire. <em>Plant Science.</em> 279: 96-107.</p><br /> <p>Pinheiro, P.V., Wilson, J.R., Xu, Y., Zheng, Yi, Rebelo, A.R., Fattah-Hosseini, S., Kruse, A., Santos Dos Silva, Xu, Y., Kramer, M., Giovannoni, J., Fei, Z., Gray, S. and Heck, M., (2019). Plant viruses transmitted in two different modes produce differing effects on small RAN-mediated processes in their aphid vector. <em>Phytobiomes</em>. Online 20 March 2019, https://doi.org/10.1094/PBIOMES-10-18-0045-R</p><br /> <p>Shakir, N., Hameed, S., Karasev, A.V., and Zafar, Y. (2018) Occurrence of <em>Potato virus Y</em> (PVY) recombinants, strain PVY<sup>NTN</sup>, infecting tobacco in Pakistan. <em>Plant Disease</em> 102: 2385-2385.</p><br /> <p>Wenninger, E.J., Dahan, J., Thornton, M., and Karasev, A.V. (2019) Associations of the potato psyllid and &ldquo;<em>Candidatus</em> Liberibacter solanacearum&rdquo; in Idaho with the non-crop host plants bittersweet nightshade and field bindweed. <em>Environmental Entomology</em> 48: in press (https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz033).</p><br /> <p>Xu, Y., Da Silva, W.L, Qian, Y., and Gray, S.M. (2018) An aromatic amino acid and associated helix in the C-terminus of the potato leafroll virus minor capsid protein regulate systemic infection and symptom expression. <em>PLoS Pathogens. </em>14: e1007451.</p><br /> <p>Zeng, Y., Fulladolsa, A.C., Houser, A., and Charkowski, A.O. (2019) Colorado seed potato certification data analysis shows mosaic and blackleg are major disease of seed potato and identifies tolerant potato varieties. <em>Plant Disease</em>. 103: 192-199.</p><br /> <p>&nbsp;</p>

Impact Statements

  1. Results were disseminated throughout the year through the publication of numerous peer-reviewed scientific manuscripts, extension articles, and trade journal articles, benefiting the US potato industry.
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Date of Annual Report: 06/23/2020

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 03/11/2020 - 03/12/2020
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2018 - 06/30/2019

Participants

Brief Summary of Minutes

Chair:  Matthew Blua – Washington State Potato Commission


Vice Chair: Kasia Duellman, University of Idaho


Secretary: Steve Hystad, Montana State University


Attendees:


 


At the venue:


Matthew Blua, Teresa Almeida, Kasia Duellman, Robert Emmitt, Max Feldman, Ken Frost, Andrew Houser, Steve Hystad, Melinda Lent, Mark McGuire, Chris Mcintosh, Jeff McMorran, Sarah Noller, Julie Pasche, Alice Pilgeram, Silvia Rondon, Brian Ross, Kent Sather, Keith Schuetz, Lisa Tran, Eric Wenninger, Alan Westra, Adam Winchester, Lynn Woodell, Nina Zidack


 


Via internet connection:


Greg Elison, Jason Ingram, Andrew Jensen, Vamsi Nalsm, Mathuresh Singh, Kylie Swisher Grim, Johnathan Whitworth, Yuan Zeng


 


Wednesday March 12, 2020


 


8:00am Call to Order 


Introductions  2020 Agenda discussion/approval  2019 Minutes approval


Alan Westra moved to approve the agenda, Kent Sather seconded the motion. The motion passes.


Alan Westra moved to approve the minutes, Kent Sather seconded the motion. The motion passes.


 


8:20am State Certification Reports 


 


Colorado State Seed Certification – Andrew Houser


Since 2011 acreage entering certification and acres accepted as certified seed has been declining. In 2019, the acreage averaged around 8,000 acres, an 1800 acre decline from previous year. This decrease  in acres is largely associated with PVY outbreaks. Russet Norkotah acreage is hovering around 2,000 acres, a trend from previous 5 years. Post-Harvest test plots were planted on Oct 29th. Inspections were carried out on Dec 6th. Leaf samples were shipped back to CO for the first time this year. Plots looked great, however nutsedge was problematic this year. Tagging tolerance for CO is 8% while recertification tolerance is 3%. Approximately 1,000 acres were rejected for PVY this year (split across summer and post-harvest test readings). This year 35% of CO acres was tested at 0% PVY. That is up from 25% the previous year. The average percentage of mosaic in Norkotah selections was 4.0%. Statewide average of mosaic percentage is 2.21%. CO tests every seed lot between 0-5% PVY for NTN strains. In 2019, 14% of PVY tested recorded was NTN, an 8% increase from the previous year. This year, 15 seed lots were rejected because the seed lot exceeded 1% for PVY-NTN. In 2019, a field study was carried out to determine the impact of PVY on yield. Two varieties (Canela Russet and Russet Norkotah) were planted. Initial and Final PVY inoculum levels were recorded along with yield. In Russet Norkotah, a 13.0 cwt/A yield decrease was observed for every 1% increase of PVY (initial PVY level were 1.5%; final PVY reading was 9.5%. In Canela Russet a 2.3 cwt/A yield decrease was observed for every 1% increases in PVY (initial PVY level was 0.5%)


 


Idaho Crop Improvement Association (ICIA) - Alan Westra


In 2019 approximately 30,000 (683 seed lots) acres was planted, an increase of 2.6% which is a 600 acres increase from previous years. This year there were only two lot rejections, 1 due to mosaic and 1 due to varietal mixture. Seed supplies are tight. 5-6 seed lots had blackleg but levels were below 1%. Blackleg does not appear to be an issue in Idaho. Since 2017 Idaho has been free of Bacterial Ring Rot (BRR). The lab has tested 380,000 tubers for BRR, and sampling was lower than previous years due to no positive findings. When a sample tests positive, Idaho tests sister lots and every lot that had some point of contact with the source material. Overall PVY levels are down according to PHT readings. 37% of lots were over 10%. However, the mean PVY level is 1.75% across all acres. Alan has been reviewing sampling procedures for field inspections and PHT (Post Harvest Testing). Idaho currently uses a consecutive sampling plan (200 plants per acre. Final composite sample is determined by acreage. For lots less than 5 acres, a minimum number of samples is 10 X 100 plants counted). For example, for a 38.1 acre field, the inspectors read 200 plants per acre = 7,620 plants. According to the ICIA field sampling plan, as the seed acreage decreases the chances of finding a single defective plant decreases (60% chance below 5 acres if the PVY level is 0.1%). If instead inspectors perform a 3,000 min plant count, the odds of detecting a single defective plant approach 95% if the inoculum level is 0.1%. Idaho may increase the minimum total plant count to 3,000 for seed lots between 1-5 acres. For seed lots < 1 acre, sample size will be variable. For PHT, no changes are proposed for sample sizes (400 tubers for lots representing once acre of more). Idaho currently has seed lots across locations. Some fields could be 5 miles apart and considered the same seed lot.


 


Montana Seed Certification – Nina Zidack & Steve Hystad


Montana typically plants the 3rd week of November and returns to inspect on Jan 2nd. Montana samples for PHT according to acreage and generation. 68% of seed lots tested 0 at PHT. Montana also has a significant decrease in seed lots over 2%. Average PVY levels across all seed lots was measured at 0.3% during PHT. Nina Zidack presented the proportion of seed lots destined for recertification. 75% of Russet Burbank and Ranger Russet acreage has 0% PVY after 3 generations. Umatilla, Russet Norkotah, and Alturas has less lots showing 0% at G3 but many lots in G1 and G2 are showing no PVY so futures look bright for these varieties. Steve Hystad presented results from dormant tuber testing. 121 dormant tuber samples (400 tubers) were tested for PVY and results were similar to field grow outs. Dormant tuber testing results correlate highly with field grow out results if PVY is below 3%. In seed lots above 3%, dormant tuber testing is underestimating PVY% due to an increase in false negatives. Steve is hypothesizing that for seed lots above 3% there is more current season spread and proportionally an increase in the number of tubers that have low enough virus titers that they escape detection. Steve recommends sprout testing seed lots that exceed 0.2% in summer readings. 


 


Nebraska Seed Certification – Adam Winchester


In 2019, 3,400 acres were planted across the panhandle. In the sandhills (north central) region 1,959 acres were planted. In the south-central region of the state, only 453 acres were planted. Total acreage in the state was 5,845. Nebraska has around 400 acres near the south western corner near Wyoming and that acreage is expected to increase (new ground). For post-harvest testing, test plots were planted from Nov 6th – 8th. Visual readings were conducted over Dec 13th and again a month later. Plots exhibited very poor emergence. Adam suggested that it could be attributed to the use bromoethane. Once seed lots were established, only a single lot failed to meet tolerance (tolerance is 2%). PVY pressure in Nebraska is low historically. Nebraska will reduce the portion of seed lots sent to Hawaii and instead rely on sprout testing.


 


Kent Sather – North Dakota


Early generation seed growers are concentrated in Cando and Grenora. There are many acres of commercial production acreage next to seed lots in the red river valley. Acreage of seed has been decreasing over the last 4 years. In 2019, 13,461 acres were accepted as certified seed, and a few hundred acres were rejected due to PVY. PHT takes place in Homestead, FL.  Due to an abundance of moisture at the end of the growing season, over 17% of seed was left in the ground. There is no tagging tolerance in ND. Only 25% of seed lots were free of PVY in 2019. This has been steadily decreasing since 2015.  Of the seed lots entering seed certification just 59% of acres passed recertification (0.5% or less).


 


Jeff McMoran – Oregon


In 2019, Oregon had approximately 3,000 acres of seed production. Several lots were withdrawn for varietal mixture. Most of the seed production is passthrough (G2 - G4). In general, PVY was low according to PHT. Most of the strains reported in Oregon were Wilga (90%) (10% NTN). No PVY-O found. All PHT is  from sprout tissue from  greenhouse grow outs.


 


10:20am Systems Based Approaches to PVY – Vamsi Nalsam, Stewart Gray, and Amy Charkowski


Vamsi Nalsam presented research on three major tuber-necrotic viruses (PVY, PMTV, TRV). PVY is transmitted by 65 species of aphids (including hemp and cannabis aphid).


 


A state survey distributed to 330 seed and commercial potato growers in Colorado was recently assessed. The findings of the survey were summarized:



  1. PVY was identified as the most serious disease affecting potato.

  2. Growers want dormant tuber testing to help ID problematic lots earlier. However, growers are unsure if the data is helpful.

  3. There is a desire among the industry to have more regional labs, operating in a high-throughput manner with results reported as pass/fail.


 


Solutions to PVY was discussed in the context of breeding. Breeding resistance genes into germplasm takes time, but recent identification of the RYsto gene has provided breeders a specific target for marker assisted selection or for Crispr/CAS9 systems. The efficacy of agronomic tools used to protect the crop was also discussed. Future studies on the use of crop oils + immune system inducers need to be studied to determine efficacy and cost effectiveness. Work on aphid stylet blockers need to be elucidated as well.


 



  1. Q) How efficacious is mineral oil?

  2. A) There have been lots of anecdotal (non-published) data on mineral oil applications (every 5 days). Mathuresh Singh commented that in New Brunswick, they recommend a combined use of insecticide and mineral oil to prevent PVY spread (12-13 applications per season beginning 2-3 weeks after emergence). CSS farms also use border crops (Sudan grass) to “clean” stylets of infectious aphids before they move into potatoes.


 


10:50am PVY/Vector relations – Eric Wenninger


This presentation focused on how aphids find their host plants. Initially aphid life history was discussed.  Sexual reproduction occurs on some form of perennial plant (i.e. Prunus trees for Myzus persicae). They overwinter in the egg stage and emerge as wingless aphids.  Eventually asexual colonies on Prunus species produce winged aphids that spread and feed on summer hosts. Most aphid species specialize on one or a few closely related species as stylet length matches the depth of phloem  and have other means to overcome plant-host defenses. In the past aphids have been characterized as “aerial plankton” to denote that aphids fly aimlessly. However, we know that aphids employ olfactory, gustatory, and visual cues to identify hosts.  


 


Olfactory cues –many plants produce similar volatile compounds. Aphids likely recognize host from non-host based on certain ratios of volatile compounds or when a single compound is present/absent from this ratio (i.e. onions have specific volatiles not found in wheat).


 


Visual – Most aphids prefer yellow (greener, less blue). In addition, the color contrast between green hosts and the  background of brown soil is thought to facilitate host detection, but rigorous experiments on visual cues is limited. How can we apply this knowledge to develop management tools? Monitoring traps, manipulation of leaf colors, and manipulation of background could be areas of future research. Spraying foliage with material that alters visual appearance (kaolin, colored sprays) has been attempted but no significant success has been shown with this approach. UV reflective mulches seem to reduce the number of aphids settling on the plant. Intercropping could impact visual cues or volatiles.


 


Rogueing plants is effective at removing infected plants from the field; however, it leaves large gaps in the field that could result in increased visual contrast of remaining plants with the soil that attract aphid vectors. There are published reports that PVY incidence is higher around larger stand gaps. Early planting = early row closure = less contrast.  After landing, aphids probe and  “spit” to imbibe and  “taste” dissolved surface molecules with chemoreceptors, however its unclear how this  impacts feeding. Future work should examine olfaction-based management such as attractants, border crops, repellants. Vision-based management such as mulches and green/brown management and host acceptance-based management such as making host plants unpalatable during pre-probing should also be assessed.


 



  1. What is the purpose of the traps in managing aphids.

  2. Aphid traps should be used to determine landing rates to see if your treatments are effective.

  3. What is the efficacy of BASF aphid olfactory sensor disruptors

  4. A study is currently underway.


 


1:20pm Testing Tubers for PVY – Jason Ingram   


Jason has been conducting dormant tuber testing for PVY. Tubers were sampled by taking a 2mm biopsy core from 4 locations across the tuber (stem, heel, two eyes). Cores were pressed onto an FTA card and dried. Punches from each FTA core are combined (25 sample composites) and processed by a Kingfisher robotic RNA extraction protocol that uses magnetic beads. Of the viruses assayed PMTV was most often located in the boot, PVY boot and rose, TRV rose end. We know virus is not distributed evenly in the tubers which contributes to unreliable detection of TRV and PMTV. The approach is effective in detecting PVY however, false negative rates increase as disease abundance increases. There is a concern in contaminating paper with the punching devices. Overall the cost savings of this test is realized by testing for multiple pathogens and if labor costs can be paid for by growers.


 


2:00pm Beans are evil, Potatoes are the root of all evil - Jonathan Whitworth


PVA was first detected in 1996 in ID but is now not an issue. The Aberdeen potato breeding program uses ELISA testing with melon baller sampling  and indexing to detect virus. In their isolated seed increase, there is between 6-8% escape from their isolated plots (12 miles from nearest potato plots).


 


2:20pm Powdery scab / Mop-Top – Yuan Zeng


The life cycle of Spongospora subterranea was reviewed. In 2017 and 2018 two Russets, yellow, and red skin varieties were planted in naturally infested soils. There was little to no disease symptoms in russet cultivars. The chemicals Omega and Ridez did not reduce powdery scab incidence.


Counts of pre-harvest inoculum in the soil profile was performed. Sporosori did not correlate to PMTV development. Soil inoculum increased even when no or low tuber disease occurred. Powdery scab occurrence was driven by irrigation. However, irrigation was not a main contributor for increase in soil inoculation. In a greenhouse experiment, potting soils were inoculated with sporosori. Soil type affects powdery scab disease development.


 


Future work is aimed at examining current crop production practices in the San Luis valley and its influence on soil inoculum, powdery scab development, and PMTV incidence. This summer (2020) soil moisture and temperature will be measured by remote sensors deployed into the field to monitor and develop a disease forecasting model for powdery scab. In 2018, we recorded incidences of PMTV and powdery scab at various farms in the San Luis Valley. On one farm, PMTV incidence without powdery scab ranged from 0 – 86.7% among fields. There was no correlation between Powdery scab and PMTV. On another farm 100% of tubers tested positive for both powdery scab and PMTV. It is unclear if soil texture or pH play an important role driving progression of PMTV or powdery scab.


 


2:50pm Exploring tobacco rattle virus insensitivity differences between ND and WA - Kylie Swisher-Grimm


Russet varieties Castle and Payette were identified as less sensitive to TRV than other russets. Factors that influence insensitivity to TRV include the virus isolate, nematode abundance, and soil type. There is low genetic diversity to the US isolates. Sequence divergent analyses and phylogenetic analyses revealed that there is little variation among WA and ND populations of stubby root nematodes. In greenhouse experiments over 300 plants (russet Burbank, tobacco, Payette, and Castle russet) were inoculated with stubby root nematodes. After plants senesce, soil, roots, tubers, and foliage were collected and tested for TRV using RT-qPCR. Visual symptoms of corky ringspot disease were noted. Tobacco plants were transplanted into pots after potatoes were harvested, and symptom expression was used to confirm infection of study root nematode and TRV. WA stubby root nematode counts were higher than ND across tobacco, Russet Burbank, Payette, and Castle Russet. This could be due to the fact the ND stubby root nematodes were collected from field samples and not “seasoned” in the greenhouse. Russet Burbank had 40-50% of tubers infected with TRV. Payette tested positive for 10-20% TRV. Castle was insensitive. There were distinguishing corky ringspot syptoms in Payette. This experiment will be repeated next year. Field collected samples of stubby root nematode and TRV will used as well. Max Feldman states you can clear TRV from the soil by planting alfalfa and insensitive varieties.


 


3:10 TRV and PMTV – Lynn Woodell


Control measures of TRV include rotating into alfalfa, managing nightshade, clean seed use, and sanitation. Discussion addressed symptom development, early plant infection, higher soil moisture, later harvest, larger tubers. Tubers were evaluated at planting, mid-storage, and post storage. In 2015, symptoms were strongly expressed after storage. In 2016, there were no significant difference in symptom expression after storage. In 2017, Payette exhibited moderate symptoms, while Russet Burbank exhibited more symptoms. No apparent effect on fry color was observed unless symptoms of corky ringspot were present. Season will impact symptoms, there is potential for symptoms to increase in storage, but it varies from season to season.


 


3:20pm Break


 


3:45 Identification of Genetic Resistance to PVY and Incorporated of Traits into Breeding Lines.


Since 2012 marker assisted selection was used to get PVY-resistance genes (RY sto, adg, cho ) into breeding lines. Payette and Castle Russet have RYsto. All genes have been mapped to 1cm (1mbp) into respective markers. Except for RYsto we do not know what RYcho and RYagn really do. There are literally 100’s of genes in that space. We would like to use Crispr to knock candidate genes out. Now that the Rysto gene has been identified we can examine the relationship between resistant and nonresistant alleles. This will allow breeders to develop more reliable markers.


 


3:50pm Cultivar Development – Max Feldman


Broader breeding objectives include developing markers for necrotic viruses and cloning one PVY gene. Castle Russet has resistance to PMTV, TRV, and PVY. We have crossed castle with a susceptible variety and identified markers associated with these traits. PMTV resistance in castle Russet is polygenic (3-5 loci). Corky ringspot resistance segregates as a single loci trait. US seed potato GenBank will be screened for PMTV resistance by a single dominant locus. The focus will be evaluating wild solanum species that can cross with potato.  Greenhouse experiments in which the pots were inoculated with stubby root nematodes showed that Castle russet and alfalfa were poor hosts. A mapping study is underway to examine genes that potentially confer resistance to spongospora. In addition, our goal is to clone the RY-adg gene. RenSeq will be used to identify R genes and we will use long read PacBio sequencing to identify NBS-LRR genes.


 


4:20pm Value of Seed Certification – Chris McIntosh & Kate Fuller


Estimates of PVY spread over the growing season can be as high as 10x. Loss estimates have been recorded as high as 80%. Montana has a good historical data set of current seasons (summer ELISA) and postharvest test results. PVY is perceived as less important to commercial growers than it had been in the past. Data on prices and production are readily available from existing economic models for PVY in Idaho commercial potato production. The focus here is to calculate the benefit provided by the Montana seed certification system in terms of reducing disease incidence in potato production in Idaho. Five-year average (2012-2016) acreage planted in Idaho is 326,000 1/3 planted were from MT sourced seed. 3,811 complete observations on summer and postharvest tests. Minimum sample size for PHT is 400 tubers with a maximum of 1200 acres per seed lot. Data is winsorized to remove extreme outliers. An important finding in these data is that the percentage of summer PVY positives is a significant factor in PHT readings at the 0.05 level. This tells us that if there is any virus in the seed, it will spread. Average incidence is 0.058% and without screening for PVY we would reach 100% infection in 11 seasons, all things held constant. The range of seasonal spread is from 1.9 to 9.5%. Preferred model of spread is 4.2. So, in other words, if we quit screening for PVY, we would hit 100% in 3 – 4 years. With this information we can predict PVY for seed under tolerance vs total sample. If 4.2 is the factor of spread, the cost of certification to Idaho with MT seed is about $1/acre. Without MT certification the cost per acre rises to $205/acre. This is less than the estimates from similar studies. Farm identification, year, variety, and county are significant explanatory variables. Seed Certification provides a tangible benefit that far exceeds the cost of the program.


 


4:50pm Administrative Advisor Report – Mark McGuire


The good news is that the group is very productive.  The annual report is due in 60 days. The bad news, is that the WERA89 end date is a year from the due date of the annual report. We need to put together a committee to re-write the project.


 


5:00pm Reception


 


 


 


Thursday March 12, 2020


 


8:00am Call to Order,  Election of Secretary,  Impact Statement, publications from 2019


 


Max Feldman was nominated for WERA89 Secretary and there were no other nominations. Max was unanimously voted to be Secretary.


 


Impact Statement will be drafted by WERA89 officers


 


Publications as each station turns in their annual station reports.


 


9:00am Grant Opportunities – Andy Jensen


There are a broad variety of funding opportunities. Commodity commissions, boards and associations, USDA ARS/state federal partnerships, SCBG, USDA-NIFA (AFRI), USDA-SCRI. For commodity commissions dollar requests are typically small, are frequently renewed annually for 3-4 years per project, and the rate of success in getting a grant funded is high. They are particularly useful for generating preliminary data for other, larger grants from national programs. Commission funding can help make one a known and valued partner with industry. It is important for a principal investigator to show what they have accomplished and not  work on a project endlessly. USDA state partnership grants are a similar category of grants (small dollar, short funding), and require ARS & non-ARS partnership. The success rate is high, but timing of the RFP is highly variable . Official reviewers are all growers, but they get assistance from commission staff and grower colleagues. The SCBG program is managed by the state but it is federal money. Each state handles them differently. In WA the grant is for as long as 3 years and is limited to $250K. The success rate is moderate. Reviewers vary by state (state employees, scientific peers, etc.). USDA AFRI is an umbrella for many programs, the success rate is low (<10%) and grants are usually for $500K for 3 years. The NIFA commodity board co-funding program allows a commodity board to develop a research topic and if NIFA approves it they match the commodity board’s investment. Revision and resubmission seem to pay off. USDA-SCRI is a program that provides multi-million-dollar grants lasting 4 or 5 years. A concept proposal is required, and stakeholder relevancy is crucial.  In the potato world it’s a political game. Success rate off full proposals is quite high. Potatoes USA formed a committee to screen and force potatoes work on national programs, yet many problems are regional in scope and not national, and one needs to get Potatoes USA’s blessing. These proposals need to be reviewed by industry members.


 


General Advice: Plan and follow instructions. Remember who the audience is. Get to the point quickly and avoid acronyms, bland presumptuous statements, and exaggeration. Ask for reviews of the drafts.  The first paragraph of a proposal should interest reviewers and get straight to the point. A well written proposal should tell a story like a good novel that pulls its readers in. One should outline research needs and objectives before assembling group of PI’s. For a letter of support plan and submit a near final draft to the letter writer. A request should include the title, RFP, brief explanation of the proposed work in the body of the message, a clear request for a support letter and to whom the letter should be addressed and to whom it should be sent.


 


Stewart, Nina, Amy, and Russ Groves and been involved in an ARS state and federal partnership programs. Montana’s role has been to examine factors that influence detection of PVY. Rindite did not appear influence accurate detection of PVY. For seed lots that are high PVY (6-7%), dormant tuber testing will result in many false negatives.


 


Other Discussion


Location suggested for next WERA meeting.


San Diego


Denver


Coeur d'alene


 


10:00am Small Group Brainstorming Discussions


 


11:30am Group Brainstorming Discussion 3-5 minute reports


 


WERA89 roundtable on PVY:


Dormant tuber testing can be very useful in detecting PVY in seed lots that have exhibited low levels of infection throughout the growing season. Seed lots that have a high abundance of PVY have a higher likelihood of exhibiting current season infection. Virus titers may be lower in seed lots that have current season infection.


 


For seed lots that have exhibited high PVY abundance, dormant tuber testing will greatly underestimate the PVY%. Testing tubers could still be an option, but we need to elucidate the relationship between dormancy, variety, and disease abundance.


 


WERA89 Roundtable on PMTV vectored by Spongospora subeterranea:


Spongospora and PMTV with continue to increase in potato growing areas throughout the US. Soilborne diseases cannot be effectively incorporated into seed potato certification rules and regulations


The group recognized a knowledge gap among those present about whether there is empirical evidence that planting PMTV infected potatoes into Ss infected soil result in viruliferous Ss.  They concurred that while survey of seed fields may be important, it was also very important to determine presence of viruliferous Ss in commercial fields.  It was agreed that seed certification needs to develop an SOP for testing for PMTV in tubers.  There is a possibility that that effort may be funded by the current SCRI that was submitted at the time our group was meeting for WERA89.  An idea that came out of the group was that if PMTV testing was implemented, seed growers could use PMTV status as a marketing tool.


 


12:00pm Lunch on your own


The conference room will be available for planning meetings until 5:00pm.

Accomplishments

<ol><br /> <li>Advances in dormant tuber testing for PVY (potato virus Y) and interpreting results is leading to more confidence in integrating this procedure into seed-potato certification systems. However, the industry is not yet at the point of replacing seed-lot grow outs.</li><br /> <li>Refining tuber testing for PVY is ongoing. An understanding of the uneven distribution of PVY in tubers is being accommodated by sampling tubers at four locations:&nbsp; stem end, heal end, and two eyes.&nbsp; Distribution of virions is also at the crux of determining the presence of tobacco rattle virus (TRV) and potato mop top virus (PMTV), which appear to be most often distributed in the stem end and heal end, respectively. Dormancy has also been shown to influence detection. &nbsp;Studies are currently being carried out to determine optimal sampling time after harvest.</li><br /> <li>Current tuber testing for PVY uses core sampling, immunocapture, and pressing the cores onto FTA cards that are later dried. FTA cards can be stored after pressing the samples onto them.&nbsp; Punches from these cards are combined in 25 sample composites and are processed with a high degree of automation to increase throughput.&nbsp; The ability to test for multiple pathogens from these samples simultaneously would provide a more cost-effective procedure. &nbsp;Immunocapture is more cost effective, but only detects a single virus.</li><br /> <li>A better understanding of aphid host-finding and appreciation for the complexities of their interaction with plants may lead to investigating another level of PVY control that involves blocking host-finding olfactory and visual cues, as well as studying the impact of stylet oils applied via aircraft and its interaction with sprinkler irrigation.</li><br /> <li>Investigations on powdery scab induced by <em>Spongospora subterranea</em> are yielding information. In controlled studies the fungicides Omaga (Fluzinam) and Ridez (biological extract) did not reduce powdery scab incidence, pre-harvest sporosori count did not correlate with PMTV development, soil inoculation increased with no or low disease incidence, disease incidence correlated with irrigation but soil inoculum did not.</li><br /> <li>Investigations on TRV / stubby root nematode interactions indicated that factors influencing Castle and Payette russet varieties resistance to TRV include virus isolate, nematode abundance, and soil type.</li><br /> <li>Studies indicated that TRV can be substantially reduced in soil by planting insensitive potato varieties or alfalfa. Further management includes managing nightshades, clean seed use, and sanitation.</li><br /> <li>Efforts to develop potato cultivars that are resistant to necrotic viruses have identified genetic markers associated with resistance. PMTV resistance in Castle Russet is polygenic (3-5 loci), while TRV resistance segregates as a single loci trait.&nbsp; Further studies will screen US Seed potato GenBank for PMTV resistance by a single dominant locus.</li><br /> <li>Economic studies focused on the value of the Montana seed-potato certification program to commercial potato growers in Idaho. It was concluded that cost of certification to Idaho growers using Montana seed is about $1 per acre.&nbsp; Without certification the cost per acre would be $205.&nbsp; Seed certification provided a value that exceeded its cost.</li><br /> </ol>

Publications

<p>Chikh-Ali, M., Rodriguez-Rodriguez, M., Green, K.J., Kim, D.-J., Chung, S.-M., Kuhl, J.C, and Karasev, A.V. (2019) Identification and molecular characterization of recombinant <em>Potato virus Y</em> (PVY) in potato from Korea, PVY<sup>NTN</sup> strain. <em>Plant Disease</em> 103: 137-142 (<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-18-0715-RE">http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-18-0715-RE</a>).</p><br /> <p>Cooper, W.R., Horton, D.R., Thinakaran, J., and Karasev, A.V. (2019) Dispersal of <em>Bactericera cockerelli</em> (Hemiptera: Triozidae) in relation to phenology of matrimony vine (<em>Lycium </em>spp.; Solanaceae). <em>Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia</em> 116: 25-39.</p><br /> <p>Cornejo-Franco, J.F., Alvarez-Quinto, R.A., Mollov, D., Karasev, A.V., Ochoa, J., and Quito-Avila, D.F. (2019) A new tymovirus isolated from <em>Solanum quitoense</em>: characterization and prevalence in two solanaceous crops in Ecuador. <em>Plant Disease</em> 103: 2246-2251 (<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-01-19-0113-RE">http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-01-19-0113-RE</a>).</p><br /> <p>Dahan, J., Wenninger, E.J., Thompson, B.D., Eid, S., Olsen, N., and Karasev, A.V. (2019) Prevalence of &lsquo;<em>Candidatus</em> Liberibacter solanacearum&rsquo; haplotypes in potato tubers and psyllid vectors in Idaho from 2012 to 2018. <em>Plant Disease</em> 103: 2587-2591 (<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-18-2113-RE">http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-18-2113-RE</a>).</p><br /> <p>Gundersen, B., Inglis, D.A., Pavek, M.J., and Karasev, A.V. (2019) Foliar and tuber reactions of three strains of <em>Potato virus Y </em>on five fresh market potato cultivars through three successive potato generations. <em>American Journal of Potato Research</em> 96: 519-531 (<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12230-019-09738-3">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12230-019-09738-3</a>).</p><br /> <p>Inglis, D.A., Gundersen, B., Beissinger, A., Benedict, C., and Karasev, A.V. (2019) <em>Potato virus Y</em> in seed potatoes sold at garden stores in western Washington: prevalence and strain composition. <em>American Journal of Potato Research</em> 96: 235-243 (<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12230-018-09695-3">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12230-018-09695-3</a>). &nbsp;</p><br /> <p>Miglino, R., Kappagantu, M., van der Vlies, P., de Haas, J., Boomsma, D. and Pappu, H.R. (2019) Comparative transcriptome analysis of potato cultivars in response to Tobacco rattle virus infection. EAPR Plant Virology meeting. Estonia. June 25-28, 2019.</p><br /> <p>Pandey, B., Mallik, I., and Gudmestad, N.C. (2020) Development and Application of a Real-Time Reverse-Transcription PCR and Droplet Digital PCR Assays for the Direct Detection of Potato mop top virus in Soil. Phytopathology 110:58-67.</p><br /> <p>Rosenman, J., Christopher S. McIntosh, Giri Raj Aryal, Phil Nolte. (2019) &ldquo;Planting a Problem &ndash; Examining the Spread of Seed-Borne Potato Virus Y&rdquo; <em>Plant Disease</em>, Vol. 103 No. 9: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-18-2004-SR">https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-18-2004-SR</a>.</p><br /> <p>Vologin, S.G., Zamalieva, F.F., Stasevski, Z., and Karasev, A.V. (2019) Occurrence of alfalfa mosaic virus in potato (<em>Solanum tuberosum</em> L.) in Middle Volga region of Russia. <em>Plant Disease</em> 103: 3289 (<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-19-0662-PDN">http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-19-0662-PDN</a>).</p><br /> <p>Wenninger, E.J., Dahan, J., Thornton, M., and Karasev, A.V. (2019) Associations of the potato psyllid and &ldquo;<em>Candidatus</em> Liberibacter solanacearum&rdquo; in Idaho with the non-crop host plants bittersweet nightshade and field bindweed. <em>Environmental Entomology</em> 48: 747-754 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz033">https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz033</a>).</p><br /> <p>Zhai, Y., Mallik, I., Hamid, A., Tabassum, A., Gudmestad, N., Gray, S.M., and Pappu, H.R. (2020) Genetic diversity in potato mop-top virus populations in the United States and a global analysis of the PMTV genome. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 156:333-342.</p>

Impact Statements

  1. Grant-funding opportunities and strategies were discussed in detail and focused on procuring grant funds from stakeholder groups, including commodity commissions and associations, state programs including the Specialty Crop Block Grant program, and national programs including USDA/State partnership grants, USDA AFRI, USDA Commodity Board co-funding program, and USDA SCRI.
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Date of Annual Report: 05/16/2021

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 03/10/2021 - 03/10/2021
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2020 - 09/30/2021

Participants

Adam Winchester
Alex Crockford
Alexander Karasev
Alice Pilgeram
Amer Fayad
Amy Charkowski
Ana C Fulladolsa
Andrei Alyokhin
Andrew Houser
Andrew Jensen
Andrew Westra
Anna Saum
Aymeric Goyer
Binod Pandey
Brian Charlton
Brian Ross
Brooke Babler
Bryant Davenport
carol bvindi
Carrie Wohleb
Chakradhar Mattupalli
Chris McIntosh
Colton Thurgood
Erik Wenninger
Govinda Shrestha
Gregory Elison
Hanu Pappu
Hira Kamal
Ipsita Mallik
James Woodhall
Jason Ingram
Jeffrey McMorran
Jennifer Dahan
Jennifer Rushton
Jeremy Jewell
Johanna Sandlund
John Mizicko
Jonathan Whitworth
Joseph Coombs
Julie Pasche
Kasia Duellman
Keith Schuetz
Kelie Yoho
Kenneth Frost
Kent Sather
Kutay Ozturk
Kylie Swisher Grimm
Lisa Tran
Lynn Woodell
Mark McGuire
Mark Pavek
Martin Lawrence
Mathuresh Singh
Matthew Blua
Max Feldman
Melanie Filiatrault
Melinda Lent
Melissa Bertram
Mike Thornton
Natalia Moroz
Nathan Gelles
Neha Gupta
Nina Zidack
Noelle Anglin
Nora Olsen
Paul Bethke
Peter Wagner
Prabu Gnanasekaran
Rachel Johnston
Renee Rioux
Richard Manasseh
Romana Iftikhar
Russell Groves
Sarah Hensley
Sarah Noller
Shane Climie
Silvia Rondon
Steve Hystad
Teresa Almeida
Tiziana Oppedisano
Vamsi Nalam
Vidyasagar Sathuvalli
Walter De Jong
Wes Bills
Ying Zhai
Yuan Zeng

Brief Summary of Minutes

Accomplishments

<p>Despite restrictions due to the pandemic, the group continued to conduct research, extension programs and other outreach related to potato viruses and virus-like organisms. For example:</p><br /> <ol><br /> <li>An SCRI grant, led by Dr. Alex Karasev at the University of Idaho, was awarded in fall of 2021. The work proposed involves numerous collaborators across multiple states who will continue efforts to develop management solutions for necrotic viruses that infect potato.</li><br /> <li>Advances in dormant tuber testing for PVY (potato virus Y) continue. However, the industry is not yet at the point of replacing seed-lot grow outs, particularly since dormant tuber testing cannot detect chemical injury.</li><br /> <li>Optimal sampling of dormant tubers was identified and proposed, to reduce false negatives to an acceptable level. Refining tuber testing for PVY is ongoing, as in previous years. Studies to determine optimal sampling time after harvest continue.</li><br /> <li>Annual seed lot trials were conducted in at least two sites, which aids growers in measuring overall seed quality. Dr. Kenneth Frost (Oregon State University) and Dr. Mark Pavek (Washington State University) conduct such trials each year.</li><br /> <li>The Oregon State University entomology program led by Dr. Silvia Rondon has been focusing on phytoplasmas for several years, particularly on the potential movement of phytoplasmas from potatoes to carrots and vice-versa.</li><br /> </ol><br /> <p>Molecular interactions between potato and PVY are being studied by the Plant Biology Program at Oregon State University, led by Dr. Aymeric Goyer, to better understand the resistance mechanisms and genes involved.</p>

Publications

<p>Blue, M., Rondon, S.I., et al.&nbsp; 2020. Insects in potatoes. In Pacific Northwest Plant Insect Management Handbook. 2020. Edited by C. Hollinsworth, Oregon State University Press.</p><br /> <p>Chikh-Ali, M., Tran, L.T., Price, W.J., and&nbsp;Karasev, A.V.&nbsp;(2020) Effects of the age-related resistance to&nbsp;<em>Potato virus Y</em>&nbsp;in potato on the systemic spread of the virus, incidence of the potato tuber necrotic ringspot disease, tuber yield, and translocation rates into progeny tubers.&nbsp;<em>Plant Disease</em>&nbsp;104: 269-275 (<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-19-1201-RE">http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-19-1201-RE</a>).</p><br /> <p>Chowdury R.N., Lasky D., Karki H., Zhang Z., Goyer A., Halterman D., and Rakotondrafara A.M. 2020.&nbsp; HCPro suppression of callose deposition contributes to strain specific resistance against Potato Virus Y. Phytopathology 110: 164-173 doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-07-19-0229-FI.</p><br /> <p>Cohen, A.L., C.H. Wohleb, S.I. Rondon, V. Jones, and D.W. Crowder. 2020. Seasonal population dynamics of potato psyllid (Hemiptera: Triozidae) in the Columbia River Basin. Environ. Entomol. 49(4): 974-982. doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa068.</p><br /> <p>Combest, M.M., Moroz N., Rogan C., Tanaka K., Anderson J., Rakotondrafara A.M., and Goyer A. 2021. StPIP1, a predicted PAMP-induced peptide in potato, elicits plant defenses and is associated with disease symptom severity in a compatible interaction with potato virus Y. Journal of Experimental Botany (In Press) https://academic.oup.com/jxb/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/jxb/erab078/6157931</p><br /> <p>Cruzado, R.K., Rashidi, M., Olsen, N., Novy, R.G., Wenninger, E.J., Bosque-Perez, N.A.,&nbsp;Karasev, A.V., Price, W.J., and Rashed, A. (2020) Effect of the level of &ldquo;<em>Candidatus</em>&nbsp;Liberibacter solanacearum&rdquo; infection on the development of zebra chip disease in different potato genotypes at harvest and post storage.&nbsp;<em>PLoS ONE&nbsp;</em>15(4): e0231973. (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231973">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231973</a>).&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>Frost, K. and Ocamb, C.M. 2020. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) &ndash; Corky Ringspot. In Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook. 2020. Edited by Pscheidt, J. and Ocamb, C., Oregon State University Press.</p><br /> <p>Frost, K. and Ocamb, C.M. 2020. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) &ndash; Latent Viruses. In Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook. 2020. Edited by Pscheidt, J. and Ocamb, C., Oregon State University Press.</p><br /> <p>Frost, K. and Ocamb, C.M. 2020. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) &ndash; Potato virus Y. In Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook. 2020. Edited by Pscheidt, J. and Ocamb, C., Oregon State University Press.</p><br /> <p>Frost, K. and Ocamb, C.M. 2020. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) &ndash; Potato mop-top virus. In Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook. 2020. Edited by Pscheidt, J. and Ocamb, C., Oregon State University Press.</p><br /> <p>Goyer A (2021) From tolerant to sensitive: how a small peptide produced by potato plants determines the fate of potato-PVY interaction. Potato Progress. Vol. XXI, Number 4.</p><br /> <p>Green, K.J., Funke, C.N., Chojnacky, J., Alvarez-Quinto, R.A., Ochoa, J.B., Quito-Avila, D.F., and&nbsp;Karasev&nbsp;A.V.&nbsp;(2020)&nbsp;<em>Potato virus Y</em>&nbsp;(PVY) isolates from&nbsp;<em>Solanum betaceum</em>&nbsp;represent three novel recombinants within the PVY<sup>N</sup>&nbsp;strain group and are unable to systemically spread in potato.&nbsp;<em>Phytopathology</em>&nbsp;110: 1588-1596 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-04-20-0111-R">https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-04-20-0111-R</a>).</p><br /> <p>Green, K.J., Quintero-Ferrer, A., Chikh-Ali, M., Jones, R.A.C., and&nbsp;Karasev&nbsp;A.V.&nbsp;(2020) Genetic diversity of nine new non-recombinant potato virus Y (PVY) isolates from three biological strain groups: historical and geographical insights.&nbsp;<em>Plant Disease</em>&nbsp;104: 2317-2323 (<a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-20-0294-SC">https://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-20-0294-SC</a>).</p><br /> <p>Gutierrez I.J., E.H. Bloom, C.H. Wohleb, E.J. Wenninger, S.I. Rondon, A.S. Jensen, W.E. Snyder, and D.W. Crowder. 2020. Landscape structure and climate drive population dynamics of an insect vector within intensively managed agroecosystems. Ecol. Appl. 30(5): e02109. doi.org/10.1002/eap.2109.</p><br /> <p>Harrison K., C. Tamborindeguy, S.I. Rondon, and J.G. Levy. 2020. Effects of &lsquo;Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum&rsquo; haplotype on Atlantic potato tuber germination rate in South Texas. Am. J. Pot. Res. 97: 489-496. doi.org/10.1007/s12230-020-09796-y.</p><br /> <p>Khassanov, V., Beisembina, B., Shevtsov, A., Amirgazin, A., Vologin, S., and&nbsp;Karasev, A.V.&nbsp;(2020) Occurrence of three recombinant strains of&nbsp;<em>Potato virus Y</em>&nbsp;in potato in Kazakhstan.&nbsp;<em>Plant Disease</em>&nbsp;104: 297 (<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-19-0573-PDN">http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-19-0573-PDN</a>).&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><br /> <p>Oppedisano, T., and S.I. Rondon. 2020. Role of Hemipterans moving phytoplasmas from crop to crop in the Columbia Basin. In 79th PNW Insect Management Conference. Section IVI. 7-8 Jan. Portland, OR. Pp 53.</p><br /> <p>Quick RA, Cimrhakl L, Mojtahedi H, Sathuvalli V, Feldman MJ, Brown CR. (2020) Elimination of Tobacco rattle virus from viruliferous <em>Paratrichodorus allius</em> in greenhouse pot experiments through cultivation of castle russet. J Nematol. 52:1-10. doi: 10.21307/jofnem-2020-011. PMID: 32193908; PMCID: PMC7265893.</p><br /> <p>Reyes-Corral, C., Cooper, W.R., Horton, D., and&nbsp;Karasev, A.V.&nbsp;(2020)&nbsp;Susceptibility of&nbsp;<em>Physalis longifolia&nbsp;</em>Nutt. (Solanales: Solanaceae) to&nbsp;<em>Bactericera cockerelli&nbsp;</em>(&Scaron;ulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) and &lsquo;<em>Candidatus&nbsp;</em>Liberibacter solanacearum.&rsquo;&nbsp;<em>Journal of Economic Entomology</em>&nbsp;113: 2595-2603 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa210">https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa210</a>).</p><br /> <p>Rodriguez-Rodriguez, M., Chikh-Ali, M., Johnson, S.B., Gray, S.M., Malseed, N., Crump, N., and&nbsp;Karasev, A.V.&nbsp;(2020)&nbsp;The recombinant&nbsp;potato virus Y (PVY) strain, PVY<sup>NTN</sup>, identified in potato fields in Victoria, southeastern Australia.&nbsp;<em>Plant Disease</em>&nbsp;104: 3110-3114 (<a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-20-0961-SC">https://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-20-0961-SC</a>).</p><br /> <p>Rondon, S.I., and T. Oppedisano. 2020. Biology and management of beet leafhoppers and purple top disease in potatoes in the PNW. OSU EM9282 catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em9282.</p><br /> <p>Ross, B.T.,&nbsp;Zidack, N., and Flenniken, M.L., Extreme Resistance to Viruses in Potato and Soybean, (2021)<em>, Frontiers in Plant Science, in press.</em></p><br /> <p>Shrestha G., and S.I. Rondon. 2020. Does landscape basin landscape composition influence Lygus bugs pest pressure and natural enemies&rsquo;s populations in potatoes? In 79th PNW Insect Management Conference. Section V. 7-8 Jan. Portland, OR. Pp 41.</p><br /> <p>Shrestha, G., D.I. Thompson, and S.I. Rondon. 2020. Vertical distribution of insect pests using insect towers placed near potato fields in the lower Columbia Basin. J. Econ. Entomol. doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa263.</p><br /> <p>Thompson, D.I., and S.I. Rondon. 2020. Alternative treatments for controlling seed corn maggot in direct seeded onions. In 79th PNW Insect Management Conference. Section IVI. 7-8 Jan. Portland, OR. Pp 51.</p><br /> <p>Wenninger, E., Olsen, N., Lojewski, J., Wharton, P., Dahan, J., Rashed, A., and&nbsp;Karasev, A.V.&nbsp;(2020) Effects of potato psyllid vector density and time of infection on zebra chip disease development after harvest and during storage.&nbsp;<em>American Journal of Potato Research</em>&nbsp;97: 278-288 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12230-020-09772-6">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12230-020-09772-6</a>).</p><br /> <p>Zhen F., A.R. Meier, B. Epstein, A.O. Bergland, C.I. Castillo-Carrillo, W.R. Cooper, R.K. Cruzado, D.R. Horton, A.S. Jensen, J.L. Kelley, A. Rashed, S.R. Reitz, S.I. Rondon, J. Thinakaran, E.J. Wenninger, C.H. Wohleb, D.W. Crowder, and W.E. Snyder. 2020. Host plants and Wolbachia shape the population genetics of sympatric herbivore populations. Evol. Applic. 13(10): 2740-2753. doi:10.1111/eva.13079.</p>

Impact Statements

  1. Presentations on current research were provided by attendees. Over-arching categories for updates included virus-like organisms, diagnostics, TRV/PMTV, PVY biology, PVY management, and other topics. These updates generated good discussion and showed progress in areas such as dormant tuber testing, sampling strategies, PVY management with mineral oils and biologicals, tools to breed for resistance, variety reactions to PMTV, and others.
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