NC_old1180: Control of Endemic, Emerging and Re-emerging Poultry Respiratory Diseases in the United States

(Multistate Research Project)

Status: Inactive/Terminating

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SAES-422 Reports

Annual/Termination Reports:

[12/01/2014] [01/11/2016] [12/16/2016] [12/08/2017] [01/01/1970] [12/26/2018]

Date of Annual Report: 12/01/2014

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 11/08/2014 - 11/08/2014
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2013 - 09/01/2014

Participants

Brief Summary of Minutes

Please click on the below "Copy of Minutes" file to view NC1180's full 2013/2014 report.

Minutes Attachment:

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Accomplishments

Publications

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 01/11/2016

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 10/26/2015 - 10/28/2015
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2014 - 09/30/2015

Participants

See attached file under meeting minutes for full NC1180 report an participant table.

Brief Summary of Minutes

Please see attached file for NC1180's full 2014/2015 annual report.

Minutes Attachment:

NC1180 2015 Annual Report.pdf

Accomplishments

Publications

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 12/16/2016

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 10/17/2016 - 10/20/2016
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2015 - 09/30/2016

Participants

Brief Summary of Minutes

Full 2016 NC1180 report is attached; see below.

Minutes Attachment:

NC1180 2016 Annual Report.pdf

Accomplishments

Publications

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 12/08/2017

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 10/19/2017 - 10/19/2017
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2016 - 09/30/2017

Participants

Brief Summary of Minutes

Please see attached file for NC1180's 2017 annual report.

Minutes Attachment:

NC1180 2017 Annual Report 12-8-17.pdf

Accomplishments

Publications

Impact Statements

Date of Annual Report: 01/01/1970

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 10/25/2018 - 10/25/2018
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2017 - 10/01/2018

Participants

Name Affiliation Representing State
Mazhar Khan University of Connecticut (UC) CT-Rep
Chang Won Lee The Ohio State University (OSU) OH-Rep
David Suarez South East Poultry Research Lab-USDA Rep
Haroldo Toro Auburn University AL-Rep
Rodrigo Gallardo University of California, Davis (UCD) CA-Rep
Timothy Johnson University of Minnesota (UM) MN-Rep
Calvin Keeler University of Delaware (UD) DE-Rep
Maricarmen Garcia University of Georgia (UGA) GA-Rep
Keith Jarosinski University of Illinois (UI) IL-Rep
Donald Reynolds University of Nebraska (UN) NE-Rep
Michael Abundo The Ohio State University (OSU) OH
John Ngunjiri The Ohio State University (OSU) OH
Mohammed El Gazzar Iowa State University (IA) IA
Yehia Saif The Ohio State University (OSU) OH

Brief Summary of Minutes

Brief summary of minutes of the annual meeting:

The annual meeting was held on Thursday, October 25^th, 2018, in conjunction with the USAHA annual meeting and the NIFA-PRD-CAP meeting in Kansas City, MO. The venue was the Sheraton Crown Center Hotel.

Drs. Johnson and Gallardo opened the meeting with a conference call with the new administrative advisor Dr. Sandra Velleman. During the conference call we discussed specifics on the project re-write and how to write a successful annual report.

After the call lead by Dr. Gallardo, the project re-write strategy was discussed. People in charge of compiling information about the different objectives was assigned and deadlines were set for the work.

Business meeting adjourned 9:15am.

The presentation of annual progress report from each participating station began immediately after the business meeting. All members were actively engaged in the discussions on surveillance, pathogenesis, new diagnostics tools, and vaccine/immunology of various poultry respiratory and immunosuppressive diseases. Research findings and new knowledge were freely communicated among the participating members.

The meeting adjourned at 2:00 pm.

Accomplishments

Accomplishments: The accomplished tasks summarized in this report denote extensive collaboration between the NC1180 members. This is particularly true for the collaborative work happening due to the PRD-CAP project funded by USDA/NIFA. In addition, coordination not only inside NC1180 but also with other multistate programs e.g. NE1334 occurs due to the presence of members representing both multistate projects. Fruit of these collaborative efforts are the publications involving members of our project. Those are listed at the end of the report.        Objective 1. Identify reservoirs of infectious respiratory disease agents in wild birds and poultry.   -Surveillance activities for AI have been performed (CT). Avian influenza was not detected in poultry, commercial or non-commercial, or exhibition/show bird in Delaware in 2017. From July 2017 to June 2018, 249 samples were collected by the USDA. Currently, we are unaware of the findings (DE). -Distinct line specific host responses were detected in different poultry breeds in response to NDV challenges. Differential gene expression was detected in resistant and susceptible lines especially in QTL regions (UCD). -Attempts to characterize the upper respiratory tract virome of chickens demonstrated high influence of the environment in the viral populations detected (UCD).   -Persistence of LPAI and HPAI was investigated in litter used for different cycles. LPAI persisted less than 36 hours after spiking in broiler litter of 1 cycle use, and less than 24 hours in broiler litter used for 11 cycles as well as in both turkey litter groups. Live HPAI persisted less than 72 hours after spiking in all litter groups. In terms of effectiveness of the litter amendment (LA), LPAI did not persist when in sole contact with the LA or in broiler litter treated with it. LPAI persisted less than 8 hours after being spiked in broiler litter alone and less than 12 hours in turkey litter alone or mixed with the LA (UCD in collaboration with CAHFS). -Characterization of the acting Avibacterium paragallinarum and testing of the effectiveness of commercial Coryza vaccines in CA was investigated. By molecular methods the acting strains were characterized as a C strain of (AP). Vaccines demonstrated to be effective due to the reduction of the bacterial shedding after infection of hens vaccinated twice and challenges with AP (UCD) -Methods have been developed which can be used to characterize the avian respiratory microbiome (DNA viruses, RNA viruses, bacteria, bacteriophage, yeast/fungi) from tracheal samples (DE). -Evolution, global spread, and pathogenicity of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4. (SEPRL) -Identification of previously unrecognized genetic diversity in avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1) isolated from wild birds in the US (SEPRL). -Identification of epidemiological risk factors of wild birds (SEPRL). -Characterization of variant Newcastle disease virus (NDV) from recent outbreaks in countries in which the disease is endemic (SEPRL). -Moving pullets vaccinated with CEO ILTV to the hen house, spreading untreated pullet litter and the environment in the pullet houses after multiple CEO vaccination pose a biosecurity risks for newly introduced flocks and neighboring farms (UGA). -A comprehensive biosecurity program is important to control the spread of several poultry diseases. Special attention and resources should be focused on cleaning (dust and feathers) and disinfection of depopulated farms, as well as proper litter management to avoid indirect transmission of MS to neighboring farms (UGA). -Studies to simplify the ILTV genotyping has been carried out using single allele MinION sequencing (UGA in collaboration with SEPRL) -The use of comparative genomics to investigate full genomes of attenuated F-strain vaccine isolates and reference strains of MG was implemented to develop vaccine specific PCR protocols (UGA). - To better understand the genetic basis for virulence in MS as well as to develop improved strain differentiating techniques real time PCRs were developed (UGA).       Objective 2. Develop improved diagnostic capabilities including real time PCR as well as other rapid on-farm tests for economically important respiratory diseases.   - Complete genome sequencing can be used for the analysis of field isolates of ILTV (DE). -Detection of airborne-transmissible highly pathogenic influenza virus during processing of infected poultry (SEPRL).     Objective 3. Investigate the pathogenesis and polymicrobial interactions of specific infectious agents associated with poultry respiratory diseases (including interactions with immunosuppressive agents).   -The association of MHC chicken lines and resistance to IBV genotypes was investigated. This work provided modest evidence for differential resistance to IBV by chickens displaying different MHC haplotypes and insights into the expression of a variety of genes after IBV replication in the host (UCD in collaboration with NE1334). -An ex-vivo methodology of investigating resistance and susceptible chicken lines is in development using tracheal organ cultures (TOC). Methods for eliminating inflammation caused by TOC processing is needed to study the cytokine production in tracheas (UCD, in collaboration with NE1334). -Two MDV encoded viral genes were identified (Glycoprotein C and herpesvirus protein kinase) essential for the transmission of MDV. These genes might be also involved in shedding, attachment and down regulation of the immune response in the host (IL).  -Formulating a diet that is high in digestible protein, contain ingredients that will enhance immune development will provide for the early establishment of an intestinal and respiratory microbiota. We assessed the potential of immunizing and protecting the bird during this period for various respiratory pathogens (NE). -Beta glucans enhance the innate and adaptive immune responses through thrombocytes. Researchers propose to prove this hypothesis by using both in vitro and in vivo approaches with avian thrombocytes and chickens (NE). -Respiratory pathogen studies in chickens with IBDV induced immunosuppression have been performed. Through mixed infection the interactions of IBDV and LPAI infections have been studied (OH in collaboration with SEPRL). -Studies infecting turkeys with SIVs demonstrated the susceptibility of hens to SIVs and human influenza viruses (OH). -Pathobiology of clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx high pathogenicity avian influenza virus infections in minor gallinaceous poultry supports early backyard flock introductions in Western U.S., 2014-2015 (SEPRL). - Characterization of H9N2 avian influenza viruses from the Middle East demonstrates heterogeneity at amino acid position 226 in the hemagglutinin and potential for transmission to mammals (SEPRL). -Mallard ducks are a primary reservoir for low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (AIV) in nature and flock immunity to these viruses influence the AIV subtypes isolated in these birds (SEPRL). -Pathology and distribution of Velogenic Viscerotropic Newcastle Disease Virus in the reproductive system of vaccinated and unvaccinated Laying Hens (SEPRL).     -Characterization of the pathogenesis of Newcastle disease viruses in quail (SEPRL). -The cell mediated immune response of the eye associated lymphoid tissue was studied to identify components and fluctuations of the cell mediated immune response elicited by ILTV after an ocular inoculation with a vaccine and a virulent strain (UGA). -A tracheal lesion scoring system was studied to evaluate MS infections and co-infections with ILTV (UGA). -Studies in order to evaluate the effectiveness and degree of protection elicited by HVT+ILTV vaccine was carried out (UGA). -Ambien ammonia does not inhibit the immune response to IBV vaccination and protection from homologous challenge in broiler chickens (UGA). - Experiments were carried to determine whether serially administered, live attenuated vaccines against IBV, NDV, and ILTV influence the development and longevity of immunity and protection against challenge in long-lived birds (UGA).     Objective 4. Develop new prevention and control strategies for poultry respiratory diseases. -A recombinant LaSota strain Newcastle disease virus encoding Ark-type IBV S-ectodomain protein (rLS.Se) was generated and used to vaccinate chickens at one and again at 14 days of age. Vaccinated chickens challenged with virulent Ark-type IBV 18 days after the second vaccination exhibited a lower incidence of respiratory signs, a lower viral load in tears five days post challenge and reduced tracheal damage (reduced tracheal mucosal thickness and mononuclear infiltration) than unvaccinated chickens and chickens mock-vaccinated with LaSota not expressing the recombinant protein (AU in collaboration with USPEA). -Enhanced cross protection was demonstrated when IBV vaccination is postponed beyond day 1 of age, most likely due to a strong systemic antibody response a higher IBV specific antibody avidity and more homogenous CD8+T cells (AU). -The ability of the receptor binding site to bind chicken tissues is influenced by its context (AU). -Self-adjuvanted SAPN vaccines were generated to be used against avian influenza and IBV (CT). -Multiple poultry producers continue to successfully utilize a vaccine developed under the regulation 9CFR PART 107.7(b) to control an avian health issue using a homologous genotype IBV variant vaccine that was not available from biologics manufacturers. No adverse reactions have been reported by any company growing chickens in Delaware, Maryland and/or Virginia (DE). -Current MD vaccines do not spread well. We are improving upon the current vaccines in order to generate vaccines that could be spread and provide protection to the whole flock (IL). -Different strategies to develop infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) as a vaccine vector were carried out by using reverse genetics approach (IN). -Development of the web based “Big Red Biosecurity Program for Poultry” (NE). - pc4-LAIV can provide good protection in young chickens and prime-boost vaccination with pc4-LAIV and IIV induces a robust protective immune response against heterologous, and partial protection against heterosubtypic HPAI challenges (OH). -Thermal Inactivation of avian influenza virus in poultry bedding as a method to decontaminate poultry houses (SEPRL). -Ten different adjuvants were evaluated for use in vaccines for chickens to protect against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) (SEPRL). -The efficacy of recombinant turkey herpesvirus vaccines targeting the H5 of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus from the 2014/2015 North American outbreak (SEPRL). -Short- and long-term protective efficacy against clade 2.3.4.4 H5N2 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus following prime-boost vaccination in turkeys (SEPRL). -Protection of commercial turkeys following inactivated or recombinant H5 vaccine application against the 2015 U.S. H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (SEPRL). -Inactivation studies on cells of the immune system of chickens (SEPRL). -Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been used as a vector in the development of vaccines and gene therapy (SEPRL).

Publications

Publications: -S. Farjana, F. Eldemery, R.A. Zegpi, S.L. Gulley, A. Mishra, V.L. van Santen, H. Toro. Early vaccination of chickens induces suboptimal immunity against infectious bronchitis virus. Avian Diseases (submitted for publication August 2018).   -Zegpi, R.A., A. Mishra, S. Gulley, V.L. van Santen, K.S. Joiner, H. Toro. Enhanced cross protection to infectious bronchitis viruses upon vaccination postponed beyond day one of age. Avian Diseases (submitted for publication October 2018).   -Da Silva A.P., R. Hauck, C. Kern, Y. Wang, H. Zhou, R.A. Gallardo. Susceptibility of chickens with different MHC haplotypes to infectious bronchitis virus genotypes. 2018. Avian Dis. Submitted.   -Saelao P., Y. Wang. R. A. Gallardo, S. J. Lamont, J. M. Dekkers, T. Kelly, H. Zhou. Novel insights into the host immune response of chicken Harderian gland tissue, during Newcastle disease virus infection and heat treatment. 2018. BMC Vet. Res. In Press.   -Cadena, M., M. Hoffman, R. A. Gallardo, A. Figueroa, M. Lubell, M. Pitesky. Using Social Network Analysis to Characterize the Collaboration Network of Backyard Poultry Trainers in California. 2018. Prev. Vet. Med. 158: 129-136 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.07.016">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.07.016</a>   -Rowland K., A. Wolc, R.A. Gallardo, T. Kelly, H. Zhou, J. Dekkers, S. J. Lamont. Genome- Wide Association Study of a Commercial Egg Laying Line Challenged with Newcastle Disease Virus. 2018. Frontiers Genetics.   - Kayang, B.B., Amuzu-Aweh, N., Botchway, P.K., Tudeka, C.K., Naazie, A., Aning, K.G., Dekkers, J., Lamont, S.J., Gallardo, R., Kelly, T.R., Bunn, D., & Zhou, H. (2018). Performance of three local chicken ecotypes of Ghana naturally exposed to velogenic Newcastle disease virus. Proceedings of the World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, 11.846.   - Botchway, P.K., Amuzu-Aweh, N., Naazie, A., Aning, K.G., Zhou, H., Dekkers, J., Lamont, S.J., Gallardo, R., Kelly, T.R., Bunn, D., & Kayang, B.B. (2018). Genotypic and phenotypic characterisation of three local chicken ecotypes of Ghana based on principal component analysis and body measurements. Proceedings of the World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, 11.812.   - Amuzu-Aweh, N., Kayang, B.B., Muhairwa, A.P., Botchway, P.K., Naazie, A., Aning, K.G., Gallardo, R., Kelly, T.R., Zhou, H., Lamont, S.J., & Dekkers, J.C.M. (2018). Genetic parameters and genomic regions associated with growth rate and response to Newcastle disease in local chicken ecotypes in Ghana and Tanzania. Proceedings of the World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, 11.774.   -Mushi, J.R., Muhairwa A. P. G.C. Chieanga. P. M Msoffe, Dekkers, J., Lamont, S.J., Gallardo, R., Kelly, T.R., Bunn, D., & Zhou, H. (2018).Phenotypic and genotypic diversity of selected Free Range Local Chickens in Tanzania. Proceedings of the World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, 11.812.   - Muhairwa A. P. G.C. Chieanga. J.R. Mushi, P. M Msoffe, N. Amuzu-Aweh, M. Walugembe, Dekkers, J., Lamont, S.J., Gallardo, R., Kelly, T.R., & Zhou, H. (2018). Investigation of Genetic Resistance to Newcastle Disease in Local Chickens in Tanzania using Natural Challenge by Field Velogenic NDV Strains. Proceedings of the World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, 11.812.   -Aleuy O.A., M. Pitesky, R. A. Gallardo. Using Multinomial and Space -Time Permutation Models to Understand the Epidemiology of Infectious Bronchitis in California Between 2008 and 2012. Avian Dis. 2018. 62:2. 226-232.   -Deist M.S., D.A. Bunn, T.R. Kelly, J.C.M. Dekkers, H. Zhou, S.J. Lamont. Novel Analysis of the Harderian Gland Transcriptome response to Newcastle Disease Virus in two Inbred Chicken Lines. Sci. Reports. 2018.   -Zhang J., M. Kaiser, Deist M.S., R. A. Gallardo, D.A. Bunn, T.R. Kelly, J.C.M. Dekkers, H. Zhou, S.J. Lamont. Transcriptome Analysis in Spleen Reveals Differential Regulation of Response to Newcastle Disease Virus in Two Chicken Lines. Sci. Rep. 2018. 8:1278. DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-19754-8   -Wilson B. K, T. Kelly, D.A. Bunn, and H. Zhou. 2018. Key criteria and models for implementing a sustainable chicken breeding and distribution program for smallholder poultry producers. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 30 (4), Article #67. Retrieved April 13, 2018, <a href="http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd30/4/wils30067.html">http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd30/4/wils30067.html</a>.   - Wang, Y., P. Saelao, K. Chanthavixay, R. A. Gallardo, D. Bunn, S. Lamont, J. Dekkers, T. Kelly, H. Zhou. Physiological Responses to Heat Stress in Two Genetically Distinct Chicken Inbred Lines. Poultry Science. 2017. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pex363">https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pex363</a>   -Deist M.S., R. A. Gallardo, D.A. Bunn, T.R. Kelly, J.C.M. Dekkers, H. Zhou, S.J. Lamont. Resistant and susceptible chicken lines show distinctive responses to Newcastle disease virus infection in the lung transcriptome. BMC Genomics. 18:989. 2017. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-017-4380-4">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-017-4380-4</a>   -Derksen T.J., Lampron R., Hauck R., M. Pitesky, R. A. Gallardo. Biosecurity Assessment and Seroprevalence of Respiratory Diseases in Backyard Poultry Flocks Located Close and Far from Commercial Premises. Avian Diseases. 2017. 62:1 1-5. <a href="http://www.aaapjournals.info/doi/pdf/10.1637/11672-050917-Reg.1">http://www.aaapjournals.info/doi/pdf/10.1637/11672-050917-Reg.1</a>   -Da Silva A.P., Hauck R., H. Zhou, R. A. Gallardo, Understanding Immune Resistance to Infectious Bronchitis Using Major Histocompatibility Complex Chicken Lines. Avian Diseases. 61(3):358-365. 2017.   -Deist M.S., R. A. Gallardo, D.A. Bunn, T.R. Kelly, J.C.M. Dekkers, H. Zhou, S.J. Lamont. NovelMechanisms Revealed in the Trachea Transcriptome of Resistant and Susceptible Chicken Lines Following Infection with Newcastle Disease Virus. Clinical and vaccine immunology. 2017. <a href="http://cvi.asm.org/content/24/5/e00027-17.short">http://cvi.asm.org/content/24/5/e00027-17.short</a>   -Li, J., Zeinab H. Helal, Brian Ladman, Christopher Karch, Jack Gelb Jr, Peter Burkhard and Mazhar I. Khan. Nanoparticle vaccine for avian influenza virus: A challenge study against highly pathogenic H5N2 subtype. J Virol Antivir Res. 6:4:1-5: doi: 10.4172/2324-8955. <ol start="1000179"> <li>December 30, 2017.</li> </ol>   -Ebrahimi-Nik, H., M. R. Bassami, M. Mohri, M. Rad and M. I. Khan. Bacterial ghost of avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) serotype O78:K80 as a homologous vaccine against avian colibacillosis. PLOS-one: 1-16: doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194888. March 22, 2018.   -Li J, Helal ZH, Karch CP, Mishra N, Girshick T, Garmendia A, et al. (2018). A selfadjuvanted nanoparticle based vaccine against infectious bronchitis virus. PLoS ONE 13(9): e0203771. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.%20pone.0203771">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0203771</a>   -Li, J., Z. H. Helal and M.I. Khan. Self-assembling protein nanoparticles open a new avenue for next generation veterinary vaccines. J Nanomed Res. 7: (2), 82-84. 2018.   -Li J, Helal Z, Ladman B, Karch C, Gelb J, et al. (2018) Nanoparticle Vaccine for Avian Influenza Virus: A Challenge Study against Highly Pathogenic H5N2 Subtype. J Virol Antivir Res 7:1. doi: 10.4172/2324-8955.1000179   -Ponnuraj NP, Tien YT, Vega Rodriguez W, Krieter A, and Jarosinski, KW. The Herpesviridae conserved multifunctional infected cell protein 27 (ICP27) is important, but not required for replication and oncogenicity of Marek’s disease alphaherpesvirus (MDV). JVI (in revisions).   -Jang H, Elaish M, Kc M, Abundo MC, Ghorbani A, Ngunjiri JM, Lee CW. Efficacy and synergy of live-attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines in young chickens. PLoS One. 13(4):e0195285. 2018.   -Ghorbani A, Ngunjiri JM, Xia M, Elaish M, Jang H, KC M, Abundo MC, Jiang X, Lee CW. Heterosubtypic protection by live attenuated and chimeric norovirus P-particle-M2e vaccines in chickens. Submitted.   -Lee, D., Bertran, K., Kwon, J., Swayne, D.E. 2017. Evolution, global spread, and pathogenicity of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4. Journal of Veterinary Science. 18(S1):269-280. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2017.18.S1.269">https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2017.18.S1.269</a>.   -Kapczynski, D.R., Sylte, M.J., Killian, M.L., Torchetti, M.K., Chrzastek, K., Suarez, D.L. 2017. Protection of commercial turkeys following inactivated or recombinant H5 vaccine application against the 2015 U.S. H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 191(2017):74-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.08.001.   -Bertran, K., Balzli, C.L., Lee, D., Suarez, D.L., Kapczynski, D.R., Swayne, D.E. 2017. Protection of White Leghorn chickens by U.S. emergency H5 vaccines against clade 2.3.4.4 H5N2 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus. Vaccine. 35:6336-6344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.051.   -Santos, J., Obadan, A., Cardenas Garcia, S., Carnaccini, S., Pantin Jackwood, M.J., Suarez, D.L., Kapczynski, D.R., Perez, D.R. 2017. Short- and long-term protective efficacy against clade 2.3.4.4 H5N2 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus following primeboost vaccination in turkeys. Vaccine. 35:5637-5643. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.059">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.059</a>.   -Stephens, C., Spackman, E. 2017. Thermal inactivation of avian influenza virus in poultry litter as a method to decontaminatepoultry houses. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 145:73–77. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/jpreventmed.2017.06.012">https://doi.org/10.1016/jpreventmed.2017.06.012</a>.   -Bertran, K., Swayne, D.E., Pantin Jackwood, M.J., Kapczynski, D.R., Spackman, E., Suarez, D.L. 2016. Lack of chicken adaptation of newly emergent Eurasian H5N8 and reassortant H5N2 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in the U.S. is consistent with restricted poultry outbreaks in the Pacific flyway during 2014-2015. Virology. 494:190-197. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2016.04.019">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2016.04.019</a>.   -Lee, D., Bahl, J., Torchetti, M.K., Killian, M.L., Ip, H.S., Swayne, D.E. 2016. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus and generation of novel reassortants, United States, 2014-2015. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 22(7):1283-1285. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2207.160048">http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2207.160048</a>.   -Reeves, A.B., Poulson, R.L., Muzyka, D., Ogawa, H., Imai, K., Bui, V., Hall, J.S., Pantin Jackwood, M.J., Stallknecht, D.E., Ramey, A.M. 2016. Limited evidence of intercontinental dispersal of avian paramyxovirus serotype 4 by migratory birds. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 40:104-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2016.02.031.   -Dimitrov, K.M., Zarkov, I.S., Dinev, I., Goujgoulova, G.V., Miller, P.J., Suarez, D.L. 2016. Histopathological characterization and shedding dynamics of guineafowl (Numida meleagris) intravenously infected with a H6N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza virus. Avian Diseases. 60(1s):279-85. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1637/11141-050815-Reg">https://doi.org/10.1637/11141-050815-Reg</a>.   -Xu, Y., Bailey, E., Spackman, E., Li, T., Wang, H., Long, L., Baroch, J.A., Cunningham, F.L., Lin, X., Jarman, R.G., Deliberto, T.J., Wan, X. 2016. Limited antigenic diversity in contemporary H7 avian-origin influenza A viruses from North America. Scientific Reports. 6:20688. http://doi.org/10.1038/srep20688.   -Sims, L., Swayne, D.E. 2016. Avian influenza control strategies. In: Swayne, D.E., editor. Animal Influenza. 2nd edition. Ames, IA: Wiley- Blackwell. p.363-377. Swayne, D.E., Kapczynski, D.R. 2016. Vaccines and vaccination for avian influenza in poultry. In: Swayne, D.E., editor. Animal Influenza. 2nd edition. Ames, IA: Wiley- Blackwell. p.378-434.   -Chrzastek, K., Lee, D., Gharaineh, S., Zsak, A., Kapczynski, D.R. 2018. Characterization of H9N2 avian influenza viruses from the Middle East demonstrates heterogeneity at amino acid position 226 in the hemagglutinin and potential for transmission to mammals. Virology. 518: 195-2017. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2018.02.016">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2018.02.016</a>.   -Spackman, E. 2018. Reovirus infections. In: Saif, Y.M., Toro, H., editors. Diagnosis of Major Poultry Diseases. Zaragoza, Spain: Editorial Servet. P. 35-37.   -Bertran, K., Balzli, C.L., Kwon, Y., Tumpey, T.M., Clark, A., Swayne, D.E. 2017. Airborne transmission of highly pathogenic influenza virus during processing of infected poultry. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 23(11):1806-1814. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2311.170672">https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2311.170672</a>.   -Kapczynski, D.R., Pantin Jackwood, M.J., Spackman, E., Chrzastek, K., Suarez, D.L., Swayne, D.E. 2017. Homologous and heterologous antigenic matched vaccines containing different H5 hemagglutinins provides variable protection of chickens from the 2014 U.S. H5N8 and H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Vaccine. 35:6345-6353. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.04.042">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.04.042</a>.   -Bertran, K., Lee, D., Pantin Jackwood, M.J., Spackman, E., Balzli, C.L., Suarez, D.L., Swayne, D.E. 2017. Pathobiology of clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx high pathogenicity avian influenza virus infections in minor gallinaceous poultry supports early backyard flock introductions in Western U.S., 2014-2015. Journal of Virology. 91(21):e00960-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00960-17. -Chen,L., Lee, D., Liu, Y., Li, W., Swayne, D.E., Chang, J., Chen, Y., Lee, F., Tu, W., Lin, Y. 2018. Reassortant clade 2.3.4.4 of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N6) virus, Taiwan, 2017. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 24(6):1147-1149. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2406.172071">https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2406.172071</a>.   -Balzli, C.L., Bertran, K., Lee, D., Killmaster, L.F., Pritchard, N., Linz, P., Mebastsion, T., Swayne, D.E. 2018. The efficacy of recombinant turkey herpesvirus vaccines targeting the H5 of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus from the 2014/2015 North American outbreak. Vaccine. 36:84-90. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.026">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.026</a>.   -Ramey, A.M., Deliberto, T.J., Berhane, Y., Swayne, D.E., Stallknecht, D.E. 2018. Lessons learned from research and surveillance directed at highly pathogenic influenza A viruses in wild birds inhabiting North America. Virology. 518:55-63. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2018.02.002">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2018.02.002</a>.   -Muzyka, D., Pantin Jackwood, M.J., Starick, E., Fereidouni, S. 2015. Evidence for genetic variation of Eurasian avian influenza viruses, subtype H15: The first report of an H15N7 virus. Archives of Virology. 161(3):605-612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705- 015-2629-2.   -Spackman, E. 2018. Newcastle disease and other avian paramyxoviruses. In: Saif, Y.M., Toro, H., editors. Diagnosis of Major Poultry Diseases. Zaragoza, Spain: Editorial Servet. P. 7-10.   -Liu, Y., Lee, D., Chen, L., Lin, Y., Li, W., Hu, S., Chen, Y., Swayne, D.E., Lee, M. 2018. Detection of reassortant H5N6 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in a black-faced spoonbill (Platalea minor) found dead, Taiwan, 2017. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 62:275-278. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2018.04.026">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2018.04.026</a>.   -Lee Dong-Hun, Torchetti, M.K., Killian, M.L., Berhane, Y., Swayne, D.E. 2017. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, Tennessee, USA, March 2017. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 23(11):1860-1863. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2311.171013">https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2311.171013</a>.   -Dimitrov, K. M., Afonso, C. L., Yu, Q., Miller, P. J. Newcastle disease vaccines—A solved problem or a continuous challenge? Veterinary Microbiology, 206:126-136. 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.019. Log No. 334453.   -Ji, Y., Liu, T., Jia, Y., Liu, B., Yu, Q., Cui, X., Guo, F., Chang, H., Zhu, Q. Two single mutations in the fusion protein of Newcastle disease virus confer hemagglutinin-neuraminidase independent fusion promotion and attenuate the pathogenicity in chickens. Virology, 509:146-151. 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.06.021.   -Hu, H., Roth, J., Zsak, L., Yu. Q. Engineered Newcastle disease virus expressing the F and G proteins of aMPV-C confers protection against challenges in turkeys. Scientific Reports, 2017 Jun 22;7(1):4025. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04267-7. Log No. 338700.   -Eldemery, F., Li, Y., Yu, Q., van Santen, V., Toro, H. Infectious bronchitis virus S2 of 4/91 expressed from recombinant virus does not protect against Ark-type challenge. Avian Diseases, 61(3):397-401, 2017.   -Yu, Q. Metapneumovirus infections. In Diagnosis of Magior Poultry Diseases, pp. 38-40. Edited by Y. M. Saif & H. Toro. Zaragoza, Spain: Servet. 2017.   -Ji, Y., Tao Liu, T., Du, Y., Cui, X., Yu, Q., Wang, Z., Zhang, J., Li, Y., Zhu, Q. A novel genotype VII Newcastle disease virus vaccine candidate generated by mutation in the L and F genes confers improved protection in chickens. Veterinary Microbiology, 216:99-106. 2018. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.01.021">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.01.021</a>.   -Butt, S. L., Taylor, T. L., Volkening, J., Dimitrov, K. M., Williams-Coplin, D., Lahmers, K. K., Rana, A. M., Suarez. C. L., Afonso, C. L., Stanton, J. B., 2018. Rapid and sensitive virulence prediction and identification of Newcastle disease virus genotypes using third-generation sequencing. Virology Journal, Accepted manuscript.   -He, Y., Taylor, T. L., Dimitrov, K. M.*, Butt, S. L., Stanton, J. B., Goraichuk, I. V., Fenton, H., Poulson, R., Zhang, J., Brown, C. C., Ip, H. S., Isidoro-Ayza, M., Afonso, C. L., 2018. Whole-genome sequencing of genotype VI Newcastle disease viruses from formalin fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from wild pigeons reveals continuous evolution and previously unrecognized genetic diversity in the U.S. Virology Journal. 15:9. <a href="https://doi.org10.1186/s12985-017-0914-2">https://doi.org10.1186/s12985-017-0914-2</a>.   -Susta, L., Segovia, D., Olivier, T. L., Dimitrov, K. M., Shittu, I., Marcano, V., Miller, P. J. 2018. Newcastle Disease Virus Infection in Quail. Veterinary Pathology. 55, 682-692, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0300985818767996">https://doi.org/10.1177/0300985818767996</a>.   -Dimitrov, K. M., Sharma, P., Volkening, J. D., Goraichuk, I. V., Wajid, A., Rehmani, S. F., Basharat, A., Shittu, I., Joannis, T. M., Miller, P. J., Afonso, C. L., 2017. A robust and cost-effective approach to sequence and analyze complete genomes of small RNA viruses. Virology Journal 14, 72. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-017-0741-5">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-017-0741-5</a>.   -Ramey, A. M., Goraichuk, I. V., Hicks, J.T., Dimitrov, K. M., Poulson, R. L., Stallknecht, D. E., Bahl, J., Afonso, C. L., 2017. Assessment of contemporary genetic diversity and inter-taxa/inter-region exchange of avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 in wild birds sampled in North America. Virology Journal 14, 43. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-017-0714-8">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-017-0714-8</a>.   -Sabra, M., Dimitrov, K. M., Goraichuk, I. V., Wajid, A., Sharma, P., Williams-Coplin, D., Basharat, A., Rehmani, S. F., Muzyka, D. V., Miller, P.J., Afonso, C. L., 2017. Phylogenetic assessment reveals continuous evolution and circulation of pigeon-derived virulent avian avulaviruses 1 in Eastern Europe, Asia, and Africa. BMC Veterinary Research 13, 291. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-017-1211-4">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-017-1211-4</a>.   -Wajid, A., Dimitrov, K. M., Wasim, M., Rehmani, S. F., Basharat, A., Bibi, T., Arif, S., Yaqub, T., Tayyab, M., Ababneh, M., Sharma, P., Afonso, C. L., 2017. Repeated isolation of virulent Newcastle disease viruses in poultry and captive non-poultry avian species in Pakistan from 2011 to 2016. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 142, 1-6. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.04.010">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.04.010</a>.   -Taylor, T. L., Dimitrov, K. M., Afonso, C. L., 2017. Genome-wide analysis reveals class and gene specific codon usage adaptation in avian paramyxoviruses 1. Infection, genetics and evolution 50, 28-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2017.02.004.   -Taylor, T. L., Miller, P. J., Olivier, T. L., Montiel, E., Cardenas Garcia, S., Dimitrov, K. M., Williams-Coplin, D., Afonso, C. L., 2017. Repeated Challenge with Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Does not Decrease the Efficacy of Vaccines. Avian Diseases, 61:245- 249. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1637/11555-120816-ResNote.1">https://doi.org/10.1637/11555-120816-ResNote.1</a>.   -Goraichuk, I. V., Dimitrov, K. M., Sharma, P., Miller, P. J., Swayne, D. E., Suarez, D. L., Afonso, C. L., 2017. Complete Genome Sequences of Four Avian Paramyxoviruses of Serotype 10 Isolated from Rockhopper Penguins on the Falkland Islands. Genome Announcements 5, e00472-00417. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/genomeA.00472-17">http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/genomeA.00472-17</a>.   -Fuller, C., Londt, B., Dimitrov, K. M., Lewis, N., van Boheemen, S., Fouchier, R., Coven, F., Goujgoulova, G., Haddas, R., Brown, I., 2017. An Epizootiological Report of the Re-emergence and Spread of a Lineage of Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus into Eastern Europe. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 64, 1001-1007. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12455">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12455</a>.   -Vagnozzi, A. E., G. Beltran, G., Zavala, L. R. Read, S. Sharif, and M. García. Cytokine gene transcription in the trachea, harderian gland, and trigeminal ganglia of chickens inoculated with virulent infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) strain. Avian Pathology. doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2018.1492090. 2018.   -Loncoman, C. A., Hartley, C.A., Coppo, M.J.C., Browning, G.F., Beltran, G., Riblet, S., Devlin, <ol> <li>M. and García M. (2018). The snp genotyping assay shows that vaccination can limit the</li> </ol> number and diversity of recombinant progeny of infectious laryngotracheitis viruses from the USA. Appl Environ Microbiol. doi: 10.1128/aem.01822-18   -García, M. and G. Zavala. Commercial vaccines and vaccination strategies against infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT): What we have learned and knowledge gaps that remain. Submitted Avian Diseases.   -Spatz, S. J., M. Garcia, S. M. Ribletb, T. A. Ross, J. D.Volkening, T. L. Taylor, T. Kim and C. L. Afonso. MinION sequencing to genotype US strains of Infectious laryngotracheitis virus. Submitted Avian Pathology.   -Dunn, J. R., K. M. Dimitrov, P. J. Miller, M. García, A. Brown, A. Hartman. Evaluation of protective efficacy when combining HVT vector vaccines. Submitted Avian Diseases.   -Aston, E.J., B.J Jordan, S.M. Williams, M. Garcia, M.W. Jackwood. Effect of pullet vaccination development on development and longevity of immunity. Submitted 2018 Avian Diseases.   -Aston, E.J., M.W. Jackwood, R.M. Gogal Jr., D. J. Hurley, B.D. Fairchild, D.A. Hilt, S. Cheng, L.R. Tensa, M. Garcia and B.J Jordan. Ambient ammonia does not inhibit the immune response to infectious bronchitis virus vaccination and protection from homologous challenge in broiler chickens. Submitted 2018 Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology.   Presentations: -Farjana, S., Eldemery, F., Zegpi, R.A., Gulley, S.L., Mishra, A., van Santen, V.L., H. Toro (2018) Early Vaccination of Chickens Induces Suboptimal Immunity to Infectious Bronchitis Virus. 2nd International Avian Respiratory Disease Conference. Athens, GA.   -Van Santen, V., H. Toro (2018). Role of S1 N-terminal domain amino acid differences among ArkDPI IBV vaccine subpopulations in differential binding to chicken tissues and selection in chickens. 2nd International Avian Respiratory Disease Conference. Athens, GA.   -Zegpi, R., K. Joiner, A. Mishra, S. Gulley and H. Toro (2018). Age of Vaccination Influences Infectious Bronchitis Virus Cross-protection. Annual Convention AVMA/AAAP, July 13-17, Denver, CO.   -H. Toro Vicky van Santen, Kellye S. Joiner, Russell Cattley (2018). Early Vaccination Induces Suboptimal Immunity against Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases (CRWAD), Dec 1-4, Chicago, IL.   -Vicky L. van Santen, Fatma E. Eldemery, Kellye S. Joiner (2018). Role of S1 N-terminal Domain Amino Acid Differences Among ArkDPI IBV Vaccine Subpopulations in Differential Binding to Chicken Tissues and Selection in Chickens. AAAP meeting, Denver, CO   -G.C. Chiwanga, A. P. Muhairwa, J.R. Mushi, P.L.M Msoffe, R.A. Max, E.N. Amuzu-Aweh, J. Dekkers, R. Gallardo, S.J. Lamont, T. R. Kelly, and H. Zhou. 2018. Viral clearance in Free-range local chicken in Tanzania following challenge by Lentogenic Newcastle Disease virus. Avian Immunology Research Group meeting, Oxford, UK.   -Princess K. Botchway, Esinam N. Amuzu-Aweh, Muhammed Walugembe, Augustine Naazie, George K. Aning, Perot Saelao, Ying Wang, Huaijun Zhou, Jack Dekkers, Sue J. Lamont, Rodrigo Gallardo, Terra R. Kelly, and Boniface B. Kayang. Genome Wide Association Analysis for Response to Newcastle Disease Virus in Local Chicken Ecotypes of Ghana. Avian Immunology Research Group meeting, Oxford, UK.   -Mushi. J.R., A. P. Muhairwa, G.C. Chiwanga, P.L.M Msoffe, J. Dekkers, R. Gallardo, S.J. Lamont, T. R. Kelly, and H. Zhou, M. Walugembe. 2018. Immunological phenotypes of Tanzanian free range local chickens (FRLC) to lentogenic Newcastle disease virus. Avian Immunology Research Group meeting, Oxford, UK.   -K. Rowland. H. Zhou, R. Gallardo, T. Kelly, A. Wolc. J. Dekkers, Lamont. S.J. 2018. Genomewide association study of complex traits in response to Newcastle disease virus in chickens. Poultry Science Annual Meeting, San Antonio, TX   -Karen Tracy, Perot Saelao, Ying Wang, Rodrigo A. Gallardo, Susan J. Lamont, and Huaijun Zhou. 2018.Dynamics of antiviral response to Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and heat stress in chicken spleen. Poultry Science Annual Meeting, San Antonio, TX   -Karen Tracy, Stephen Preston, Perot Saelao, Ying Wang, Rodrigo A. Gallardo, Susan J. Lamont, Adrian Smith, and Huaijun Zhou. 2018. Immune Repertoire Analysis and the Systemic Immune Response during Newcastle Disease Virus Infection in Chickens. Avian Immunology Research Group meeting, Oxford, UK   -Karen Tracy, Stephen Preston, Perot Saelao, Ying Wang, Rodrigo A. Gallardo, Susan J. Lamont, Adrian Smith, and Huaijun Zhou. 2018. Immune repertoire analysis during Newcastle Disease Virus infection in two genetically distinct chicken lines. The 14th Congress of the International Society for Developmental and Comparative Immunology, Santa Fe, NX, US.   -K. Chanthavixay,Y. Wang, Saelao, P., T.R. Kelly, J.M. Dekkers, R. Gallardo, S.J. Lamont. Zhou, H. 2018. Transcriptome Analysis in Two Inbred Chicken Lines Showing Sex-Differential Response to NDV Infection Under Heat Stress. Plant & Animal Genome XXVI, San Diego, CA.   -Y. Wang, X. Li, Saelao, P., K. Chanthavixay, T.R. Kelly, J.M. Dekkers, R. Gallardo, S.J. Lamont. Zhou, H. 2018. Transcriptome Analysis of Host Response to NDV Infection under Heat Stress in Two Genetically Distinct Chicken Inbred Lines. Plant & Animal Genome XXVI, San Diego, CA   -Y. Wang, Saelao, P., K. Chanthavixay, T.R. Kelly, J.M. Dekkers, R. Gallardo, S.J. Lamont. Zhou, H. 2018. Genomic Analysis of Responses to Heat Stress in Three Chicken Genetic Lines. Plant & Animal Genome XXVI, San Diego, CA   -Saelao, P., Y. Wang, K. Chanthavixay, D. Bunn, R. Gallardo, T.R. Kelly, S.J. Lamont. Zhou, H. <ol start="2018"> <li>Proteomic Analysis of Liver Tissue from Heat Stressed and Newcastle Disease Virus</li> </ol> Infected Inbred Chicken Lines.   -S.J. Lamont., C. Schmidt, and Zhou, H. 2018. Role of Animal Genetic Improvement in Enhancing Food Security? Plant & Animal Genome XXVI, San Diego, CA   - A.P. Da Silva, K.A. Schat, R.A. Gallardo. (2018). Understanding Innate Responses to IBV Using Tracheal Organ Cultures. American Veterinary Medical Association / American Association of Avian Pathologists (AVMA/AAAP) Annual Meeting, Denver, CO.   -R.A. Gallardo, A.P. Da Silva, H. Zhou, C. Kern. (2018). Tracheal Immune Pathways and its Virome in Chickens Challenged with Different IBV Genotypes. merican Veterinary Medical Association / American Association of Avian Pathologists (AVMA/AAAP) Annual Meeting, Denver, CO.   - Derksen, T., R. Lampron, R.A. Gallardo. (2018). California Backyard Poultry as a Reservoir for Respiratory Diseases and their Seroprevalence of Salmonella sp. American Veterinary Medical Association / American Association of Avian Pathologists (AVMA/AAAP) Annual Meeting, Denver, CO.   - R.A. Gallardo, A.P. Da Silva, S. Egaña, S. Stoute, A. Mete, C, K. Clothier, C. Corsiglia, G. Cutler, C. Kern, H. Zhou. Coryza Outbreaks in Chickens: Persistence, Molecular and Pathogenic Characterization. (2018). American Veterinary Medical Association / American Association of Avian Pathologists (AVMA/AAAP) Annual Meeting, Denver, CO.   -S. Egaña, H. Roh, C. Corsiglia, S. Stoute, H.L. Shivaprasad, B. Crossley, R.A. Gallardo. (2018). Molecular Surveillance of Avian Reoviruses and Efforts Towards a Comprehensive Classification Method. American Veterinary Medical Association / American Association of Avian Pathologists (AVMA/AAAP) Annual Meeting, Denver, CO.   -S. Egaña, H. Roh, H. Zhou, C. Corsiglia, B. Crossley, R.A. Gallardo. Attempts Towards a Better Classification of Avian Reovirus Variants. (2018). 67th Western Poultry Disease Conference (WPDC) Salt Lake City, UT.   -A. Figueroa, D. Rejmanek, T. Derksen, R. Lampron, B. Crossley, R.A. Gallardo. (2018). Persistence of LPAI and HPAI in Treated and Reused Poultry Litter. 67th Western Poultry Disease Conference (WPDC) Salt Lake City, UT.   -R.A. Gallardo, C. Corsiglia, S. Stoute, A. Mete, A.P. Da Silva, K. Clothier, C. Kern, H. Zhou. (2018). Understanding Coryza Outbreaks, Persistence and Molecular Biology. 67th Western Poultry Disease Conference (WPDC) Salt Lake City, UT.   -Derksen, T., R. Lampron, R.A. Gallardo. (2018). Backyard Poultry Flocks Salmonella sp. Seroprevalence. 67th Western Poultry Disease Conference (WPDC) Salt Lake City, UT.   -Da Silva, A.P., R. Hauck, H. Zhou, R.A. Gallardo. (2018). Understanding Immune Resistance to Different Infectious Bronchitis Virus Genotypes. 67th Western Poultry Disease Conference (WPDC) Salt Lake City, UT.   -Li, J., Z. H. Helal, C. Karch, P. Burkhard and M.I. Khan. The Development of a Vaccine Prototype for Infectious Bronchitis Virus Using Peptide Nanoparticles AVMA, Convention, Indianapolis, IN, July 22-25, 2017.   -Khan, M. I, Li, J., Z. H. Helal, C. Karch, P. Burkhard. Peptide Nanoparticle-based Vaccine Induced Immune Responses against Infection of High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus in Chickens. AVMA, Convention, Indianapolis, IN, July 22-25, 2017.   -Ortega-Heinly Nastassja, T. Girshick, M. I. Khan. Expression of Chicken Parvovirus Page 3 Structural Proteins VP1 and VP2 Using a Pichia pastoris System. AVMA, Convention, Indianapolis, IN, July 22-25, 2017.   -Lopardo Roxanne, N. Ortega-Heinly, T. Girshick and M. I. Khan. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Using Chicken Parvovirus Recombinant VP1 and VP2 derived from a Pichia pastoris Expression System. AVMA, Convention, Indianapolis, IN, July 22-25, 2017.   -Khan, M. I. Molecular diagnostic tests and novel vaccines for poultry diseases. Beijing Academy of Agriculture Seminar series. Beijing China, August 18, 2017.   -Khan, M. I. & P. Burkhard. Development of novel nanoparticle-based vaccines for infectious bronchitis virus in chickens. PRD-CAP, 3rd Annual PRD-CAP meeting, San Diego, California. October 8, 2017.   -Khan M. I. Novel nanoparticle based IBV vaccine. Shandong Veterinary Research Institute, Jinan city, Shandong, China. August 23, 2018.   -In vitro replication of Marek’s disease virus (MDV) does not require infected cell protein 27 (ICP27). 43rd Annual International Herpesvirus Workshop. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, July 21-25, 2018.   -Regulation of Marek’s disease virus (MDV) glycoprotein C (gC) by infected cell protein 27 (ICP27). 43rd Annual International Herpesvirus Workshop. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, July 21-25, 2018.   -Determining the role Marek’s disease virus (MDV) conserved herpesvirus protein kinase (CHPK) plays in host-to-host transmission. 43rd Annual International Herpesvirus Workshop. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, July 21-25, 2018.   -Reynolds, Donald L. Oral presentation. Developing and Evaluating a Biosecurity Plan. Nebraska Poultry Industries Annual Meeting. February 21-22, 2018. Columbus, NE.   -Reynolds, Donald L. Wayne Woldt and Marcia Oetjen. The Big Red Biosecurity Program. Oral presentation with abstract. 69th North Central Avian Disease Conference, Minneapolis, <ol start="2018"> <li>March 12-13, 2018.</li> </ol>   -Reynolds, Donald L. Wayne Woldt and Marcia Oetjen. The Big Red Biosecurity Program for Poultry Develops Drone Technology for Biosurveillance. Poster presentation. American Association of Avian Pathologists / American Veterinary Medical Association annual convention meeting. Denver, CO. July 13 – 17, 2018.   -Woldt, Wayne E., Ph.D.,P.E., Reynolds, Donald L. DVM, Ph.D., Oetjen, M., and Bhatti, S. Unmanned Aircraft Systems for Enhanced Biosecurity Through Aerial Surveillance. Oral paper presentation. Session title: Biosecurity for Animal Facilities. Annual International Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, Detroit, MI – July 29-Aug 3, 2018.   -Habanineza, Algarde Jefferson and Donald L. Reynolds. Big Red Biosecurity Program. Poster presentation. To be presented at the College of Agriculture and Natural Resource’s UNL/Reynolds 5 Undergraduate Scholars Program. August 17, 2018.   -Ngunjiri JM, Abundo MC, Jang H, Elaish M, KC M, Ghorbani A, Youmans BP, Johnson TJ, Lee <ol> <li>Understanding the respiratory microbiome of commercial turkeys and chicken layers. 98th</li> </ol> Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases meeting. Chicago, IL. December 3-5, 2017.   -Jang H, Ngunjiri JM, Elaish M, Lee CW. Efficacy and Synergy of Live-attenuated and Inactivated Influenza Vaccines in Young Chickens. 98th Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases meeting. Chicago, IL. December 3-5, 2017.   -Michael C. Abundo, John M. Ngunjiri, Hyesun Jang, Mohamed Elaish, Mahesh KC, Amir Ghorbani, Bonnie P. Youmans, Timothy J. Johnson, Chang-Won Lee. Successional changes in respiratory microbiome in clinically healthy chicken layers. 98th Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases meeting. Chicago, IL. December 3-5, 2017.   -Abundo MC, Ngunjiri JM, Jang H, Elaish M, KC M, Ghorbani A, Youmans BP, Johnson TJ, Lee <ol> <li>Successional changes in respiratory microbiome and variation of microbiome in the upper</li> </ol> and lower respiratory tract in clinically healthy chicken layers. 69th North Central Avian Disease Conference. Minneapolis, MN. March 12-13, 2018.   -Ngunjiri JM, Elaish M, Abundo MC, Ghorbani A, Jang H, KC M, Lee CW. Influenza virus infection and respiratory microbiome of turkeys. 10th International Symposium on Avian Influenza. Brighton, UK. April 15-18, 2018.   -Ngunjiri JM, KC M, Abundo MC, Elaish M, Ghorbani A, Jang H, Lee CW. Influenza virus infection and respiratory microbiome in chickens infected with infectious bursal disease virus. 10th International Symposium on Avian Influenza. Brighton, UK. April 15-18, 2018.   -Lee CW, Jang H, Ngunjiri JM, Elaish M, Ghorbani A, KC M, Abundo M. Prime-boost vaccination using live and inactivated virus vaccines for broader protection against avian influenza. 10th International Symposium on Avian Influenza. Brighton, UK. April 15-18, 2018.   -Abundo MC, Ngunjiri JM, Jang H, Elaish M, KC M, Ghorbani A, Youmans BP, Jonson TJ, Lee <ol> <li>Microbiome in the upper and lower respiratory tract and standardization of sample</li> </ol> collection methods in clinically healthy chicken layers. AVMA/AAAP Annual Convention, Denver, CO. July 13-17, 2018.   -Maekawa, D., G. Beltrán, S. M. Riblet and M. García. Transmission assessment of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) in recombinant (r)HVT-ILT in ovo vaccinated broilers after experimental challenge. Annual meeting of the American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP). Oral presentation. Denver, CO., July 13 to 14, 2018.   -Beltrán, G., S. M. Riblet, D. J. Hurley, M. García. Changes in CD4+/CD8+ T cells in the conjunctiva associated-lymphoid tissue (CALT) and Harderian gland (HG) during infection or vaccination with Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). Annual meeting of the American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP). Poster presentation. Denver, CO., July 13 to 14, 2018.   -Loncoman, C. A., M. García, and S. M. Riblet and J. M. Devlin. Assessment of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) recombination in non-vaccinated and vaccinated chickens after coinfection with genotype V and VI virulent strains of the virus. Annual meeting of the American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP). Oral presentation. Denver, CO., July 13 to 14, 2018.   -García, M. Infectious laryngotracheitis commercial recombinant vaccines and vaccination strategies. Annual meeting of the American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP). Oral presentation. Denver, CO., July 13 to 14, 2018.   -S. J. Spatz, García, M., W. Fuchs, T. Ross, S. M. Riblet, T. Kim, C. A. Loncoman and J. Volkening. Reconstitution of the Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus using Bacterial and Yeast Genomic Assembly. Annual meeting of the American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP). Oral presentation. Denver, CO., July 13 to 14, 2018.   -García, M. Infectious laryngotracheitis vaccination strategies. Poultry Health Day. Stratford, Ontario Canada. June 20, 2018.   -Maekawa, D., G. Beltrán, S. M. Riblet and M. García. Protection efficacy of a Herpesvirus of Turkey (HVT) recombinant vaccine against Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) in broilers administered in ovo at three standardized doses. 2nd International Avian Respiratory Disease Conference. Oral presentation. Athens, GA., May 29 to June 1, 2018   -Beltrán, G., S. M. Williams, G. Zavala, J. S. Guy and M. García. The replication patterns of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) pathogenic strain and chicken embryo origin (CEO) vaccine are ruled by the route of inoculation. 2nd International Avian Respiratory Disease Conference. Oral presentation. Athens, GA., May 29 to June 1, 2018   -García, M. Vaccination against infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT). What we have learned and the knowledge gaps that remain. 2nd International Avian Respiratory Disease Conference. Oral presentation. Athens, GA., May 29 to June 1, 2018.   -Maekawa, D., G. Beltrán, S. M. Riblet and M. García. Protection efficacy of a Herpesvirus of Turkey (HVT) recombinant vaccine against Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) in broilers administered in ovo at three standardized doses. Southern Conference for Avian Diseases (SCAD) Oral presentation, Atlanta, GA, January 29-30, 2018.   -Investigation of Environmental Fomites and Their Role in the Transmission of Mycoplasma synoviae. Brandon T. Armwood, Abigail Reith, Luke Baldwin, Nils Schoof, Rosetta Barber, Rachel Jude, Marianne Dos Santos and Naola Ferguson-Noel). American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Annual Convention, Denver, CO. July 13th -17th, 2018.   -Development of Mycoplasma gallisepticum F- Strain Vaccine Specific PCR Protocols. Naola Ferguson-Noel, Marianne Dos Santos, and John Maurer. American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Annual Convention, Denver, CO. July 13th -17th, 2018.   -The Development of Real time PCR protocols to Differentiate Mycoplasma synoviae Vaccine and Field Strains. Mohammadreza Ehsan, Marianne Dos Santos, Amanda Olivier and Naola Ferguson-Noel. American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Annual Convention, Denver, CO. July 13th -17th, 2018.   -Tracheal Lesion Evaluation of broilers co-infected with Mycoplasma synoviae and Infectious Laryngotracheitis. Valerie C Marcano, Susan M Williams, Maricarmen García, Marianne Dos Santos, and Naola Ferguson-Noel. American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Annual Convention, Denver, CO. July 13th -17th, 2018.   -Aston, E.J., B. J. Jordan, M. Garcia and M.W. Jackwood. Effect of pullet Vaccination on Development and Longevity of Immunity. American Association of Avian Pathologists, AVMA Convention. Indianapolis, IN, July 2017     Reported Grants: -Toro H., Q. Yu, V.L. van Santen, F.W. van Ginkel, K. Joiner. Infectious Bronchitis Virus S2 Expressed from Recombinant Virus to Confer Protection across Serotypes in Chickens. USDA/AFRI Ohio State University, 2015-2020. $246,158 (Collaboration with SEPRL)   -Toro, H., V.L. van Santen, R. Cattley, K. Joiner. Early Vaccination of Chickens Significantly Decreases Induction of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Specific Immunity. USDA NIFA #2016- 67015-24916 2016-2019, $498,988   -The project titled “Improving food security in Africa by enhancing resistance to disease and heat in chickens; Feed the future innovation lab for genomics to improve poultry”, USAID AID-OAA-A- 13-00080 H. Zhou, T. Kelly, R. Gallardo, S. J. Lamont, J. Dekkers etc.   -Jarosinski, K.W. (PD) and Grose, C. (Co-PD). The role of the conserved alphaherpesvirus glycoprotein C in host-to-host transmission. NIH/USDA-NIFA-AFRI #2018-08536; 2019- 2023, $1,624,996.   -Jarosinski, K.W. (PD). Determining the role of Marek’s disease virus UL13 protein kinase in horizontal transmission. USDA-NIFA-AFRI #2016-67015-26777; 2016-2019, $499,838.   -Jarosinski, K.W. (PD. Determining viral factors important for generation of cell-free Marek’s disease vaccines. USDA-NIFA-AFRI #2013-67015-26787; 2013-2016, $499,807.   -Reynolds, D. L. and W. Woldt. USDA contract for the Poultry Respiratory Disease Coordinated Agricultural Program. $25,000/ year for 2 years. Big Red Biosecurity Program: A Comprehensive Educational Biosecurity Program for Nebraska Poultry That Explores Use of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (Drone) Technology. 2018. 2nd year funded Sept. 2018.   -Reynolds, D. L. and Jay Reddy. USDA contract for the Poultry Respiratory Disease Coordinated Agricultural Program. $25,000. Immune Conditioning for Better Respiratory Disease Protection. Funded July, 2018.   -Reynolds, D. L. Nebraska Poultry Industries. Biosecurity Assessment of In-House Composting for Use with Routine Mortalities. $5,000. Sept. 2018.   -Lee CW. USDA contract (SCA58-6040-7-005). $65,000. Transmission of influenza viruses to turkeys. 2018.

Impact Statements

-Obtained data suggest that the rLS/IRESRFP/GFP virus may be used as a multivalent vector for the development of vaccines and gene therapy agents (SEPRL).

Date of Annual Report: 12/26/2018

Report Information

Annual Meeting Dates: 10/25/2018 - 10/25/2018
Period the Report Covers: 10/01/2017 - 10/01/2018

Participants

Participants Attachment:

NC1180_Report_2018.docx

Brief Summary of Minutes

Brief summary of minutes of the annual meeting:

Business meeting adjourned 9:15am.

The meeting adjourned at 2:00 pm.

Accomplishments

Publications

Impact Statements

Impacts: Objective 1. Identify reservoirs of infectious respiratory disease agents in wild birds and poultry. - Avian influenza subtype H5 and H7 were negative from the LBM and domestic poultry birds in New England states. There is a need to perform virus isolation studies to confirm and identify other subtypes in LBM, domestic and wild birds (CT). -Identification of genes that are associated with resistance to heat stress and Newcastle disease virus and can be used to genetic enhancement of disease resistance of chicken in adaption to hot climate. Knowledge of genes associated with enhanced immune response may inform further information on vaccine efficacy in poultry production (UCD in collaboration with IA, UCD, DE and multistate NE1334). -Understanding the virome of the upper respiratory tract might help manipulation of its components reducing infectious disease challenges (UCD, in collaboration with multistate NE1334). -Understanding the persistence and effect of LA will help strategize responses to LP and HPAI events in poultry production (UCD). -Management focusing on ventilation, better vaccination protocols and reduction of infectious challenges need to exist to avoid these disease outcomes (UCD). - Methods have been developed which can be used to determine the composition of the avian respiratory microbiome from tracheal samples (DE). -This information helps in understanding the evolution of H5Nx HPAI viruses and how they spread by migratory birds (SEPRL). -The whole-genome sequence of the genotype VI Newcastle disease viruses obtained from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues revealed the utility of the technique to track virulent viruses in the U.S to allow improved epidemiological findings and monitor evolution and genetic diversity of the virus (SEPRL). -Because of the proximity with the US, these Mexican regions present a high risk of introduction through trade, wild birds and illegal transport of birds and are important to the US poultry industry (SEPRL). -Understanding the evolution, current spread and methods of detection of these viruses is important to develop diagnostic reagents that are effective (SEPRL). - A comprehensive biosecurity program is important to control the spread of several poultry diseases (UGA). - Surveillance of emerging ILTV strains could greatly benefit from real time amplicon sequencing using the single allele assay and MinION sequencing (UGA in collaboration with SEPRL). - The PCRs developed can be used to detect F-strain vaccine without the time, expense and specialized equipment needed for DNA sequencing (UGA). - This molecular assay that can differentiate, at a high level, between the M. synoviae live vaccine strain MS-H and field isolates can be used to detect the vaccine without the time, expense and specialized equipment needed for DNA sequencing (UGA). Objective 2. Develop improved diagnostic capabilities including real time PCR as well as other rapid on-farm tests for economically important respiratory diseases. -Complete genome sequencing can be used for the analysis and characterization of field isolates of ILTV (DE). -The detection of AI during processing of infected carcasses can be adaptable to other RNA viruses due to the nonspecific nature of the amplification technique (SEPRL). Objective 3. Investigate the pathogenesis and polymicrobial interactions of specific infectious agents associated with poultry respiratory diseases (including interactions with immunosuppressive agents). -Knowledge on the association of resistance to IBV and MHC lines can assist the development of new preventative tools that are non-specific and cross-protective between different IBV genotypes (UCD in collaboration with NE1334) -TOC’s are a good method to use when we need to understand innate immune response in Tracheas (UCD in collaboration with NE1334). -Identification of MDV genes essential for transmission could have major implications in the design of vaccines that could target MDV spread in a chicken house. Blocking infection and subsequent immune suppression would be highly beneficial (IL). -Better feed formulation in early stages of chick’s life would provide better responses to respiratory pathogens (NE). -Based on these data, we conclude that the chicken thrombocytes can be analyzed for their functionalities at a single cell level by flow cytometry (NE). -Studies will help better define the role of immune suppression on respiratory disease in chickens. The role of IBDV induced immune suppression on these respiratory agents will provide practical information on when and how IBDV should be controlled to prevent respiratory disease in chickens. In addition, information gathered from the 16S rRNA microbiome analysis will be used in devising microbiome modulation-based control strategies for multifactorial respiratory diseases (OH). -It is important to explore the use of turkeys as a model to study avian influenza interspecies transmission and reverse zoonosis (OH). -Investigating the pathobiology of AI viruses affecting the U.S. is highly important to understand the epidemiology of the virus and its control (SEPRL). -It has been demonstrated that low pathogenic AI viruses can mutate to cross species barriers and replicate in mammals. Therefore, the detection and characterization of these low pathogenic AI viruses is critical for identifying emerging strains in poultry with zoonotic potential (SEPRL). -The study of the role of Mallard ducks in AI infections is crucial to understand the ecology of AI in reservoir species (SEPRL). -Abnormal eggs and damage in oviduct can be significantly reduced NDV in well vaccinated animals (SEPRL). -Virulent NDV strains have limited replicative potential and mild to moderate disease-inducing ability in Japanese quail (SEPRL). - The identification of cellular immune responses in the eye associated lymphoid tissues that resulted in either virus clearance or virus persistence after ocular ILTV inoculation and provided a first glimpse on the potential relevance that antigen presentation may play in the outcome of cellular immune responses against ILTV. Understanding the mechanism by which antigen presenting cells (APCs) in the eye associated lymphoid tissue are activated and/or inhibited after stimulation with ILTV antigens is necessary for the development of viral vector, subunits vaccines, as well as adjuvants that could effectively trigger a virus specific T cell response (UGA). -The research highlights the benefit of controlling MS infection as well as the risk of ILT CEO vaccines in MS-infected broiler flocks (UGA). -There is an important benefit of understanding the protection afforded by different vaccine types for ILTV. Knowledge of the immune response to these vaccines provides key information for control of the disease (UGA). -There is importance in controlling ammonia in a commercial chicken house to reduce the incidence of airsacculitis and decrease the need to use antibiotics in the flock (UGA). -It is of ultimate importance to administering attenuated live vaccines at least 2 weeks apart to develop a better immunity to each respiratory agent and maintain it for up to 36 weeks of age (UGA). Objective 4. Develop new prevention and control strategies for poultry respiratory diseases. -It is possible to protect chickens from IBV infection by vaccination with soluble trimeric S-ectodomain protein delivered by a recombinant virus. There is potential for substantial improvement in degree of protection demonstrated by increasing the dose of recombinant vaccine virus and/or decreasing the challenge virus dose (AU in collaboration with USPEA). - Outbreaks of infectious bronchitis are frequently observed in vaccinated chickens. These outbreaks are usually the result of infection with antigenically differing IBV strains. The current findings demonstrate that postponing vaccination beyond 1 day of age improves IBV heterotypic protection (AU) - Because the capacity to elicit effective neutralizing antibodies is likely related to the ability to bind receptors, our results suggest that the context of receptor binding sites might be an important consideration in designing recombinant vaccines (AU). -SAPNs self-adjuvanted vaccines are good alternatives for prevention of respiratory diseases (CT). - The popularity of a vaccine developed under regulation 9CFR PART 107.7(b) to control an avian health issue using a homologous genotype IBV variant vaccine that was not available from biologics manufacturers, continues to grow. No adverse reactions have been reported by any company growing chickens in Delaware, Maryland and/or Virginia (DE). -Vaccines that can spread from bird-to-bird would be beneficial to the poultry industry in order to protect chickens that were missed during the vaccination process. Additionally, it could provide a better vaccination strategy by inoculation of vaccine viruses through natural route of infection, potentially providing better protection against infection through the respiratory route (IL). -IBDV vector could potentially serve as a bivalent vaccine vector for conferring protection against infectious bursal disease and other emerging and re-emerging avian and poultry infectious diseases (IN). -Drone technology may prove to be a useful tool for developing and enhancing biosecurity programs (NE). -Continuous fine-tuning of pc4-LAIV, by selecting the most potent interferon-inducing viral subpopulations, along with the use of multivalent H5 and H7 formulation of pc4-LAIV may protect chickens against the two most important subtypes of avian influenza viruses (OH). - The litter does not have to be disposed of while infections, poultry houses can be decontaminated more efficiently. Finally, the risk of virus spread is reduced because the decontamination process is more efficient that chemical methods (SEPRL). -Adjuvant testing leads to better HPAIV vaccines and more efficient vaccination since lower doses can be Administered (SEPRL). -Vaccines need to be tested periodically in order to check their effectiveness (SEPRL). -It is important to examine not only different vaccine platforms but also vaccination strategies to maximize protection against HPAIV (SEPRL). -These studies support the use of genetically related vaccines for emergency vaccination programs against clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx HPAI virus in young and adult layers (SEPRL). -Allowing the capacity of fixation buffers to preserve surface markers while inactivating NDV, it will allow the conduction immunological studies that are necessary for production of more effective vaccines (SEPRL). -Obtained data suggest that the rLS/IRESRFP/GFP virus may be used as a multivalent vector for the development of vaccines and gene therapy agents (SEPRL).